Widely viewed as under-valued and under-paid, yet sentimentalized as working more for love than money, the social care workforce is a fundamental economic and social resource; the importance of which is growing in line with the rapidly aging, global and national population (Care Quality Commission, 2012; DoH 2009; International Helptheaged, 2013). Classic motivation theories, which focus on economic and individualistic work motives, fail to fully account for the high rates of satisfaction and commitment among care workers, (Skills for Care 2007, 2013; Stevens et al 2010). Yet a growing body of empirical research demonstrates that health and social care workers’ motivation is related to patient/client satisfaction and wellbeing (Maben et al., 2012). Moreover the quality of the relationship between the carer and client contributes to the motivation and the wellbeing of both (Wilson, 2009; Wilson et al., 2009). Therefore this thesis seeks to better understand the collective and relational aspects of care workers’ motivation. It does this by detailing a program of research which examines care workers motivations through a social identity lens that asks ‘what’s in it for us’ as well as ‘what’s in it for me’ (Haslam 2004). A social identity perspective on motivation focuses on how workers experience themselves and their work at a personal, relational and organizational level (Ashforth et al 2008; Ellemers et al., 2004). In doing so it offers a multi-dimensional, theoretical framework through which to understand the dynamics of care workers’ motivations. Moreover, this framework offers an empirically proven psychological framework for explaining why adopting a relationship-centered approach to care is pivotal for organizations to achieve a compassionate care culture. The first study explored care workers’ experience of work and inquired about what they did and why it mattered to them. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 care workers who worked in residential and domiciliary care settings. A thematic analysis of the transcripts identified four overarching themes that contributed to care workers’ motivation, those of fulfillment’, ‘belonging’, ‘valuing’ and ‘pride’. These motives were found to be actualized in their shared experience of caring, particularly with clients and also with co-workers and as an organizational member. The findings of the study shed light on the content of care workers’ personal, relational and social identities and the interactions between them. Care workers primarily emphasized the meaningfulness of their work in terms of its caring nature. They expressed this is terms of their personal attributes, their relational role with clients and their perceptions of how the organisation treated them. This led us to hypothesize that their identification with the organisation is likely to increase to the extent they feel the organisation ‘cares’. Indeed to build on and harness care workers’ identities at work, the findings suggest that organisations need to place care workers’ relationships with clients at the heart of what they do. The second study was a longitudinal quantitative analysis of care workers’ motivations which consolidated and extended the findings of the first study. It had two parts, the first part was an examination of how care workers’ motivations are shaped by their sense of identity, and the second part tested how a professionalization intervention affected their motivation. To achieve this we administered an organisational survey at two time points, one year apart (T1 n = 643, T2 n = 1274, T1 & T2 n = 204). Analaysis of the survey responses assessed what it was that incentivized care workers (love and/or money), the relationship of this to work outcomes (i.e. job satisfaction, pride, stress, turnover intentions and positivity about professionalisation) and the extent to which it was affected by patterns of identification. We also examined variation in responses over time as a function of whether or not people had undertaken professional qualifications in the intervening period (so that, in effect, undertaking a qualification constituted an experimental treatment). This meant that the study had a quasi-experimental design in which we could examine the putative impact of exposure to a professionalisation intervention on organizational identification and motivation (for a similar logic see Lim & Putnam, 2010). In line with the five main hypotheses that were generated from the findings of Study 1 and from predominant findings in organisational and social identity research; the results showed first (H1), that care workers’ collective identification with different groups at work, was positively related to their motivation (Ellemers et al., 2004). More specifically, their work motivation was predicted by their identification with (a) the people they care for (client identification), and (b) the care organization they work for (organisational identification). Furthermore, although care workers indicated strongest identification with clients, it was their identification with the organisation that was the most proximal indicator of increased motivation. Second (H2 & H3), although care workers were most incentivized by their relationships with clients and the least incentivized by the pay; the extent to which either led to improved work outcomes was mediated by client and organisational identification. Where being incentivized by relationships with clients led to improved work outcomes, client identification predicted organisational identification, whereas client identification played a lesser role in mediating the likelihood of being incentivized by pay leading to improved work outcomes. In addition (H4), care workers’ identity varied as a function of the work context. More specifically, whether they worked in residential / nursing home care or in domiciliary care affected the nature and extent of their relational identification with their clients and the congruence between client identification and organizational identification (Ashforth et al 2008, Haslam et al 2003). Finally (H5), care workers’ motivations were enhanced by the professionalization intervention of undertaking a qualification, to the extent that it built on and maintained meaningful work-related identities. In particular, the results showed that, care workers’ motivation increased as a result of undertaking a qualification to the extent that the training increased identification with the organisation and other groups at work (Pidd 2004). Study 3 further investigated the effects of identification on motivation, learning and performance by examining the likelihood of professionalisation training being transferred to the workplace. A 2 × 2 longitudinal study evaluated the effects of a new generic professionalisation (NGP) training program, that tapped into distal work identities, and a standard localized professionalisation (SLP) training program, which spoke more to localised identities, on participants’ identification and motivation at work. Overall the findings indicated that compared to the NGP, the SLP (H1) maintained and strengthened participants’ work identification. Furthermore compared to the SLP, the NGP was associated with (H2) a reduction in trainees’ perception of the relevance and usefulness of the training, (H3) a reduction in motivation to enact the training, and (H4) a reduction in trainees’ immersion in the program. Moreover the findings demonstrated that (H5) the reduction in motivation to transfer learning associated with the NGP relative to the SLP, was explained by the reduction in identification it engendered, which in turn reduced participants’ sense of relatedness within the training context. These findings imply that learning is more likely to be applied when it (a) has relevance to identities which are more meaningful to participants, in this case local identities, (b) is delivered by people with whom care workers identify, (c) is validated by others in the workplace environment with whom the participants’ identify. Taken together, this program of research demonstrates that care workers’ motivations can be understood through a social identity perspective that incorporates the collective, relational and personal dimensions of providing care. It concludes by considering how organisations can tap into, harness, strengthen and develop care workers’ identification at work as a means of enhancing their motivation and retaining professional care staff. Through bridging theoretical and applied concerns, this research has wide-reaching implications for developing and maintaining compassionate work cultures within care organisations and other helping professions.

abstract: This dissertation is an examination of a modernist desire to construct future materiality via material language, which represents a desire to overcome biology and the biological body. As such, modernist discourses of material language must be understood within their broader historical context, as these textual constructs developed against a cultural backdrop replete with eugenicist ideologies. Modernists wielded discourses of material language to determine via cultural reproduction which futures might materialize, as well as which bodies could occupy those futures and in what capacities. This dissertation argues that these modernist constructs contain their own failure in their antibiologism and their refusal to acknowledge the agency of corporeal materiality before them. Unlike language, the body expresses biopower through its material (re)productivity—its corpo-reality—which, though it can be shaped and repressed by discourse, persistently ruptures through the restraints of eugenicist ideologies and the autonomous liberal model of white masculine embodiment they uphold. This work analyses sexually marginalized bodies in texts by Mina Loy, Djuna Barnes, Nathanael West, and Ernest Hemingway that, through their insistently persistent biological materiality, disrupt modernist discourses of material language that offer no future for feminine, queer, and disabled corporeality. By exploring how intersecting issues of gender, sexuality, and disability complicate theories of language’s materiality in modern American literature, this dissertation brings attention to writers and texts that challenge broader attempts in the early decades of the twentieth century to subvert the biological body through eugenicist projects of cultural reproduction. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2019

Departing from the statement of the Swedish member of the European Parliament Eva-Britt Svensson that the EU could threat the Swedish development in gender politics this essay aims to investigate if this is possible and probable. In order to acquire a view of the actual differences between European and Swedish gender politics in the domain of family- and employment policies and how they affect one another I have conducted interviews with Swedish members of the European Parliament, civil servants and a lobbyist. By subjecting the answers to critical feminist theory the essay tries to explain the difference in the view of women and gender between the EU and Sweden and what it implicates. It seems that the basic ambition of equality between women and men is to be found at both the European level and at Swedish level. But the view of the family and the role of the women as responsible for care work differ. Swedish gender politics don’t seem to have been affected in any negative way by EU rulings so far. The risk of Sweden to compare itself with other European countries could, however, lead to stagnation in the struggle for equality between women and men as an effect of Sweden considering itself to be far ahead.

<p>Departing from the statement of the Swedish member of the European Parliament Eva-Britt Svensson that the EU could threat the Swedish development in gender politics this essay aims to investigate if this is possible and probable. In order to acquire a view of the actual differences between European and Swedish gender politics in the domain of family- and employment policies and how they affect one another I have conducted interviews with Swedish members of the European Parliament, civil servants and a lobbyist. By subjecting the answers to critical feminist theory the essay tries to explain the difference in the view of women and gender between the EU and Sweden and what it implicates.</p><p>It seems that the basic ambition of equality between women and men is to be found at both the European level and at Swedish level. But the view of the family and the role of the women as responsible for care work differ. Swedish gender politics don’t seem to have been affected in any negative way by EU rulings so far. The risk of Sweden to compare itself with other European countries could, however, lead to stagnation in the struggle for equality between women and men as an effect of Sweden considering itself to be far ahead.</p>

As contemporary health care organizations struggle to control costs, yet deliver quality patient-centred care, the concept of care becomes socially transformed through the use of quality improvement models (i.e., Lean methodology) and quality assurance documentation. This research investigates how nurses’ care work is socially organized in a system that defines care through quality management practices. I use Dorothy E. Smith’s Institutional Ethnography as a feminist mode of inquiry and as a guiding framework for my interviews with nurse participants as I explore the complex social relations within the health care system from the vantage point of nurses undertaking care work. I argue that the social reorganization of care work has affected the emotional lives of nurses as they try to balance actual patient-centred care with their reporting obligations under quality management.

What do art workers, nuns and care workers have in common? How can these commonalities be conceptualised from the perspective of feminist Marxism? How would such conceptualisation open up intersectional and transversal perspectives for social movements struggling against precariousness? Departing from an auto-ethnographic account on activist experiences originating from the art workers’ movement in Tallinn, this thesis aims to theorise the intersection of precarious labour and gender. By using the thinking technology of diffractive reading, it places the debates around unwaged labour within art and care sector into the context of autonomist Marxist thinking. Furthermore, affinities and entanglements between feminist politics and the struggles of precarious workers are configured and imagined, in order to interlink and converge spatially and temporally isolated resistive practices that are constructed from the experience of unwaged and precarious workers.

As contemporary health care organizations struggle to control costs, yet deliver quality patient-centred care, the concept of care becomes socially transformed through the use of quality improvement models (i.e., Lean methodology) and quality assurance documentation. This research investigates how nurses’ care work is socially organized in a system that defines care through quality management practices. I use Dorothy E. Smith’s Institutional Ethnography as a feminist mode of inquiry and as a guiding framework for my interviews with nurse participants as I explore the complex social relations within the health care system from the vantage point of nurses undertaking care work. I argue that the social reorganization of care work has affected the emotional lives of nurses as they try to balance actual patient-centred care with their reporting obligations under quality management.

Recent theoretical approaches, such the Psychology of Working perspective (Blustein, 2006; Duffy, Blustein, Diemer, & Autin, 2016), have emphasized social stratification and social justice, and quantitative assessments of these constructs are needed. The current study examines the development and initial validation of the Work and Human Needs Inventory (WAHNI), which assesses the extent to which individuals’ work meets several human needs: survival, power, autonomy, social connection, and purpose. Items were constructed and refined using content analysis of relevant constructs, expert analysis, and a pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 338 working adults revealed five factors: Provision, Purpose, Power, Autonomy, and Connection. Confirmatory factor analyses on a separate sample of 203 working adults supported this factor structure. Scale intercorrelations with the Differential Status Identity Scale (Brown et al., 2002), the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status (Adler, Epel, Castellazzo, & Ickovicks, 2000), and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006) provided validity evidence. Research and practical implications for the WAHNI are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vecchia_m_dr_botfm.pdf: 1239450 bytes, checksum: c949d050a2c589a10605b19f6bdc6bed (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Práticas grupais são usualmente desenvolvidas por trabalhadores envolvidos na implantação de ações e serviços de saúde pública. Porém, frequentemente, tais práticas são realizadas com base em referenciais teórico-metodológicos que promovem análises mais restritas à instância imediata das relações intragrupais. As ações e serviços de atenção primária à saúde (APS) têm dentre suas diretrizes organizativas o trabalho em equipe, no qual se expressam processos grupais. Foram investigadas as manifestações da dialética cooperação-trabalho coletivo no processo de trabalho das equipes de APS, recorrendo ao processo grupal como unidade de análise. Foi sistematizada uma proposta histórico-dialética de análise concreta dos processos grupais, particularizada, posteriormente, para o caso do trabalho em equipe na APS. Inicialmente, examinaram-se as mediações constitutivas da formação do ser humano enquanto ser social. Foi apresentada a formulação da dialética cooperação-trabalho coletivo: o primeiro pólo (cooperação) se remete aos fundamentos histórico-ontológicos do trabalho na constituição do ser social do ser humano e o segundo (trabalho coletivo) trata das diversas formas históricas com que se vale da cooperação, constitutiva da sociabilidade do ser humano, na divisão técnica e social do trabalho. A seguir, investigou-se acerca da viabilidade teórica de que, como mediadores da existência social do ser humano, os processos grupais consistam na unidade de análise da dialética cooperaçãotrabalho coletivo. Posteriormente, particularizou-se essa formulação para o processo de trabalho em saúde com base no referencial teórico-metodológico marxiano. Observou-se que o trabalho em equipe de saúde se apresenta de forma contundente nas propostas de APS... / Group practices are usually performed by agents involved in public health actions and services deployment. However, these practices are frequently based on theoretical and methodological approaches that promote analysis restricted to the immediate dimensions of intragroup relations. The organization of public primary health care (PHC) actions and services include teamwork as an organizational directive, and group processes are part of it. The expressions of the cooperation-collective work dialectic in the work process of PHC teams were investigated, employing the group process as an analysis unit. A historicaldialectical proposition of a concrete analysis of group processes was systematized and, subsequently, particularized to the case of PHC teamwork. First, constitutive mediations regarding the formation of human being as a social being were examined. The cooperation-collective work dialectic formulation was presented: the first pole (cooperation) is related to the historical-ontological foundations of work in the constitution of the social being of human being and the second pole (collective work) is related to the diverse historical forms that cooperation, as a part of human being’s sociability, is used as means to the technical and social division of labour. After that, it was investigated the theoretical viability that group processes, as mediations of human being’s social existence, consist on the analysis unit of cooperation-collective work dialetic. Thereafter, this formulation was particularized to the health care work process grounded on marxian theoretical-methodological referential. It was observed that health care teamwork shows up substantially in PHC and health care model changing proposals developed in Brazilian Unified Health System. This presence is regardless... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-09-21T18:08:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAFG.pdf: 1775320 bytes, checksum: b10f1539b1ba82540cdf33b950040c17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T19:21:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAFG.pdf: 1775320 bytes, checksum: b10f1539b1ba82540cdf33b950040c17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-25T19:21:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAFG.pdf: 1775320 bytes, checksum: b10f1539b1ba82540cdf33b950040c17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T19:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAFG.pdf: 1775320 bytes, checksum: b10f1539b1ba82540cdf33b950040c17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Researching the work of the caregiver of elderly people in the Institution for the Long Stay of the Elderly (ILPI) is therefore a social phenomenon that must be clarified, since it depends on the individual condition of those who perform it. The scientific study of care work becomes increasingly relevant to improve the working conditions afforded by technological and scientific advances. It is noted that several countries are experiencing different aging populations in different ways. Some countries in Europe and Japan have gradually been aging, Brazil is among the countries that ages abruptly. Considering the specificities of the formal care work, emerging from this scenario, especially the long-term care in the context of ILPIs, this study had as objective to investigate the social representations about the work of care elaborated by formal caregivers of elderly people in a Institution of Long Stay for the Elderly (ILPI). This is a case study of a social and qualitative nature. Participants in the study were a group of 9 workers from an ILPI, who work in the care of institutionalized persons of both sexes, located in a municipality in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The data were analyzed starting from the assumptions of the Consensual Universes and Reified Universes and the concepts of Objectivation and Anchoring, as stated in the theory of social representations. Through the systematization of the narratives of the participants, discursive marks and thematic categories delimited, characterizing two distinct and complementary perspectives of social representations. Care work for participants reveals representations of "learning," "love," "art," "caring." Care work also represents "dimensions beyond techniques." Considering the nature and dynamics of a philanthropic, closed and "long-stay" institution, representations emerge of work marked by precarious conditions, lack of capacity to deal with the emotions of the elderly, and also of their own emotions, expressing a "Heavy work" that requires physical effort and recognition. It is verified that the knowledge about the care work is still limited, and it is necessary to develop internal actions of the institution, as well as the public policies of long-term follow-up of the working conditions of care. / Pesquisar o trabalho do cuidador de pessoas idosas em Instituição de Longa Permanência de Pessoas Idosas (ILPI) é, pois, um fenômeno social que deve ser esclarecido, pois, ele depende da condição individual dos que o executam. O estudo científico do trabalho de cuidado se torna cada vez mais relevante para melhorar as condições de trabalho propiciadas por avanços tecnológicos e científicos. Nota-se que diversos países estão atravessando, de formas diferentes o envelhecimento populacional. Alguns países na Europa e o Japão foram envelhecendo aos poucos, o Brasil está entre os países que envelhece bruscamente. Considerando-se a especificidades do trabalho de cuidado formal, emergentes deste cenário, em especial aos cuidados de longa duração no contexto das ILPIs, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as representações sociais sobre o trabalho de cuidado elaborado por cuidadores formais de pessoas idosas em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). Trata-se de um estudo de caso, de natureza social e qualitativa. Participaram do estudo um grupo de 9 trabalhadores de uma ILPI, atuantes no cuidado de pessoas institucionalizadas, de ambos os sexos, que está localizada em um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram analisados partindo-se dos pressupostos dos Universos Consensuais e Universos Reificados e dos conceitos de Objetivação e Ancoragem, enunciados na teoria das representações sociais. Mediante a sistematização das narrativas dos participantes, marcas discursivas e categorias temáticas delimitadas, caracterizando duas perspectivas distintas e complementares das representações sociais. O trabalho de cuidado para os participantes revela representações de “aprendizado”, “amor”, “arte”, “carinho”. O trabalho de cuidado representa também “dimensões para além das técnicas”. Considerando a natureza e a dinâmica de uma instituição – filantrópica, fechada e de “longa permanência” emergem representações de um trabalho marcado por condições precárias, falta de capacitação em como lidar com as emoções das pessoas idosas e também das suas próprias emoções, expressando um “trabalho pesado” que requer um esforço físico e reconhecimento. Constata-se que o conhecimento sobre o trabalho de cuidado ainda é limitado, e é necessário o desenvolvimento de ações internas da instituição, bem como a de políticas públicas de acompanhamento a longo prazo, das condições de trabalho de cuidado.