Generation Y intar arbetsmarknaden med särskiljande egenskaper, förväntningar och behov, vilket resulterat i ett mer frekvent byte av arbetsplats än vad tidigare generationer gjort. Chefer och ledare måste således utveckla ny förståelse för hur de skall arbeta med att behålla de yngre medarbetarna, för att undgå risken att förlora företagets viktigaste tillgång, kunskapen.Det finns sedan tidigare omfattande forskning kring hur organisationer arbetar med kunskapsbevaring och dessutom mycket forskning kring den nya generationens egenskaper. Vi upplever däremot att det saknas forskning kring hur organisationer skall ta tillvara på den kunskap som riskerar att försvinna när den nya generationen träder in på arbetsmarknaden. Studien syftar till att söka förståelse i vad det är som gör att medarbetare från generation Y är villiga att stanna kvar inom den studerade organisationen tillräckligt länge för att organisationen skall få möjlighet att ta tillvara på kunskapen.Utförandet av studien har skett genom en abduktiv ansats, där teori och empiri samlats allt efter studiens gång. Insamling av empiri har skett i form av en fallstudie, där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts på ett multinationellt, tidigare svenskägt, teknik- och produktionsföretag, verksamma i bilindustrin, placerat i Göteborgsområdet. Trots att det visade sig att organisationen i dagsläget är relativt duktig på att ta tillvara på och motivera de yngre medarbetarna, kan de inte ta det förgivet. Vi har kommit fram till ett par viktiga slutsatser som vägledning inför framtiden; det första är att utvecklingsmöjligheter, stimulerande arbetsuppgifter och en balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv är de primära incitamenten som motiverar medarbetare från generation Y i den studerade organisationen; för det andra skiljer sig generation Ys tidsuppfattning från övriga generationer. Slutligen behöver chefer och ledare identifiera de arbetsuppgifter som är inre motiverade för de yngre medarbetarna, för att på bästa sätt hålla dem tillfredsställda. / Generation Y enters the labor market with distinctive characteristics, expectations and needs, resulting in the tendency to change workplaces more frequently than previous generations. Managers and leaders must thus develop a new understanding of how they should work to keep younger employees in order to avoid the risk of losing the company's most important asset, knowledge.There has been extensive research in the past about how organizations work with knowledge retention. There is also a lot of research about the new generation's characteristics. We find, however, that there is lack of research in how organizations will utilize the knowledge that is likely to disappear when the new generation enters the labor market. The study aims therefore to seek explanation of the factors that can facilitate the conditions within the studied organization to retain the younger generation's employees, so that the company is undergoing the risk of losing essential knowledge.The study has been conducted through an abductive approach, where theory and empirics were collected according to the course of the study. Empirics has been collected in the form of a case study, in which semistructured interviews were conducted at a multinational, former Swedish-owned technology and production company, active in the automotive industry, located in the Gothenburg area. Even though the organization turned out to be relatively good at utilizing and motivating the younger employees at this time, should it not be taken for granted. We have developed a few important conclusions as guidance for the future; Firstly, the primary incentives that motivate employees of generation Y in the study organization are development opportunities, stimulating tasks, a fun work environment and a balance between working life and privacy; And secondly, generation Y's perception of time differs with the other generations; Finally, managers and leaders need to identify the tasks that are motivated internally for the younger employees, to best satisfy them.This thesis is written in Swedish.

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Dans la prise en charge globale du VIH dans les hôpitaux au Cameroun, le suivi psychosocial bouscule les savoirs et pratiques dans les hôpitaux en intégrant de nouveaux acteurs : Agent Relais Communautaire, Conseillère Psychosociale… Cette introduction entraîne l’intrusion dans l’espace soignant d’associations de PVVIH et de lutte contre le sida au sein desquelles est recruté ce nouveau personnel mais surtout de la PVVIH, non plus comme patient dans le circuit de soins, désormais comme acteur d’offre de soins. Cette thèse analyse ce suivi psychosocial des patients VIH+ dans les structures de santé tout en relevant l’implication de ces acteurs non soignants sur l’hôpital et l’association de provenance. Les observations directes des pratiques et des entretiens individuels ont permis d'avoir dans dans 5 régions du Cameroun, 193 enquêtés pris dans 15 hôpitaux et 26 associations. Les données relèvent qu'il n’existe pas pour cette nouvelle profession un cadre systématique pour la formation. Des modules sont proposés par des acteurs de la société civile et, sur concours aux professionnels de la santé. Pourtant, les acteurs du suivi psychosocial sont majoritairement issus des associations. Leurs pratiques sont un mixte comprenant: le counselling, l'accompagnement psychologique, le relais communautaire, l'animation thérapeutique… Ces activités conduisent à une réorganisation de l’espace soignant et conséquemment du circuit du patient. Bien qu'acceptés et reconnus pour leur témoignage du vécu de la maladie, les acteurs associatifs ne sont pas vus comme des soignants. Ils recherchent une reconnaissance de leurs activités hospitalières à travers une intégration à la fonction publique. / The reorganisation of HIV care in Cameroon, now essentially driven by the will to control the social aspects of the illness, disturbs the usual knowledge and practices of hospitals carriers. Firstly, the psychosocial work appears as a mix of nutritional education, social assistance and psychology follow-up. Secondly, new actors, coming in major from HIV/AIDS associations without any diploma training as doctors and nurses, are introducing as counsellors to insure the psychosocial care. The HIV patient is integrating in the treatment process by bringing models of seropositivity’s acceptation and as well as therapeutic follow up. They also insure the “pair-seropositive” psychological support. Yet, although these new agents play a central role in HIV care, they are not considering as health professionals. The tag of this thesis is to analyse how psychosocial care is ensure and how it brings out the lay expertise in order of understanding the impact of counsellor’s activities on HIV health centre and on the associations they are affiliated. This study is based on ethnographic data collected from the interview and observation of the professional practises of 193 interviewers in 15 health centres and 26 associations against HIV/AIDS were observed in 5 regions in Cameroon.

This thesis explores the working lives of British Born South Asian Ethnic Minorities (BB SAEMs), critiquing the homogenous identities ascribed to them in previous research. Its methodology is life-story interviews analysed using Nvivo. This identified four hybrid categories emerging from two cultures. I fitted myself neatly into just one. However the reflexive analysis required in good qualitative research led me to realise that I fitted into not one, but all four categories, and into others not yet recognised. At this point, my thesis had to take a new turn. An auto-ethnographic, moment-by-moment study led to an ‘unhybrid categorisation of hybridities’ acknowledging ‘fuzziness and mélange, cut ‘n’ mix, and criss and crossover’ where identity is a complex-mix, always in flux. I conclude not only with this new theory of identity formation in the working lives of BB SAEMs, but also by arguing that by imposing the requirement to categorise, research methods lead to over-simplification and misunderstanding.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a Technology Outreach Programme on Public Understanding of Science, Engineering and Technology (PUSET). The study further intended to give feedback to the management of the Tsebo Koloing Technology Outreach Programme, to assist them to make an informed decision with regard to the continuation, termination or revision of the existing programme, which represent a major investment of resources. It was also foreseen that the findings of this study could contribute towards the design and successful implementation of similar PUSET programmes elsewhere. To facilitate the understanding of the problem statement of this study, an evaluation framework based on the Context-Input-Process-Product (CIPP) model of Stufflebeam, Madaus&Kellaghan, (2000) was applied. The research was carried out at four secondary schools that were considered disadvantaged situated in townships near Pretoria, South Africa. Secondary school learners and science and technology teachers, who visited the Tsebo Koloing programme, as well as members of the executive committee of the programme, participated in the study. This study provided valuable insight into the understanding of the effects of the TK programme on learners and teachers in schools (particularly in a developing nation context) who visited the programme and how the extent to which the programme created and promoted PUSET furthermore this study emphasized the importance of programme evaluation and proper planning of S&T outreach programmes with regard to needs assessment; identification of target groups; programme design; programme development and content; as well as programme implementation and evaluation. Although valuable information was obtained from this research, there is still scope for further research on how to evaluate the effects of S&T programmes on PUSET as well as research on the effectiveness of mobile S&T programmes. / Dissertation (MEd (Assessment and Quality Assurance in Education and Training))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Curriculum Studies / MEd / unrestricted

Cette thèse entend contribuer à l’étude des carrières des associés des firmes professionnelles en s’intéressant en particulier au processus de construction de l’identité d’associé. En nous appuyant sur le concept interactionniste de carrière nous analysons le « devenir associé » dans le contexte des grands cabinets d’audit internationaux (les Big 4). Ce devenir est un processus qui débute quasiment dès le recrutement et qui relève de mécanismes informels et tacites et de manœuvres politiques. Nous caractérisons ces mécanismes par la notion « d’écurie » qui permet à la fois de comprendre le fonctionnement des procédures de cooptation dans sa dimension non-officielle, mais également la hiérarchisation de la partnershipet le déroulement des carrières en son sein, une fois le stade de l’association passé. La conclusion à laquelle nous parvenons est que l’auditeur devient associé bien avant sa cooptation, en se reconnaissant lui-même comme un professionnel. Ce turning point n’est cependant que le premier sur le chemin qui mène à la partnership car c’est seulement au moment où il rejoint cette dernière que l’auditeur devient l’associé qu’il était, en se faisant reconnaître comme tel par ses pairs, achevant ainsi sa conversion identitaire d’auditeur en associé. Par notre travail, nous nous inscrivons dans la lignée des études en sociologie des professions et en théorie des organisations qui ont exploré le champ de la socialisation des professionnels de l’audit et de la construction de leur identité ainsi que le fonctionnement des grands cabinets internationaux / This PhD studies the process of becoming a partner in professional services firms, envisaged through the lens of the building of the partner identity. To this end, it implements the concept of « career » developed by interactionist sociology to analyse the making of a partner in the context of the Big 4 international audit firms. Becoming a partner is a process that starts right after recruitment and which is governed by complex and largely informal mechanisms and political manoeuvring. We characterize these mechanisms with the help of the notion of “stable”, whose purpose is to understand procedures of co-option in their unofficial dimension but also to account for the structuration of the partner level in firms and the role played by hierarchies within this level in post-partner career progression. We come to the conclusion that auditors actually become partners much earlier than their official promotion to the rank, from the moment they consider themselves as such. This awakening is yet only the first turning point on the road to partnership. It is only when they are officially co-opted that auditors become the partners they were, by being recognised as such by their peers, completing therefore their identity conversion.This work contributes to the literature in the sociology of professions and organizational theory fields by investigating how professionals are socialized and how their identity is constructed and by grasping more accurately the organization of professional services firms

Notre recherche, inscrite dans un cadre socio-anthropologique, consiste à étudier les carrières des enseignantes d’Éducation Physique (EP) en Irlande. Notre démarche s’appuie sur l’analyse d’un corpus documentaire permettant de situer la mise en place de l’EP dans le contexte de la fondation de la République d’Irlande. De plus, elle utilise une méthodologie d’enquête qualitative qui consiste à recueillir la parole des femmes enseignantes sous forme d’entretiens compréhensifs. La première partie de la thèse montre comment l’EP, discipline en quête de reconnaissance, se construit à partir d’un modèle sportif, d’influences diverses et dans le cadre d’une interdépendance de l’Eglise catholique et de l’Etat. Dans la deuxième partie, l’interprétation des données recueillies réalisée à l’aide du concept de carrière (H.S. Becker) permet de rendre visibles les choix opérés par ces enseignantes et les processus les justifiant. Cette recherche vise également à comprendre comment se construisent des féminités plurielles dans un espace d’enseignement particulier où le corps est en jeu et dans un contexte issu de la tradition religieuse. Pour cela, nous avons construit une typologie (Max Weber) des carrières de nos enquêtées et repéré un type « stable », un type « en rupture » et un type « progressif ». Nous montrons ainsi l’ambivalence de ces carrières : à travers leurs pratiques sportives, elles transgressent les normes genrées. Mais, en s’engageant dans leur métier, elles pérennisent en partie des stéréotypes de genre par leur discours et leurs modalités d’enseignement en contexte mixte ou non. / Our research project is a sociological investigation into the careers of physical education (PE) teachers in Ireland.Our enquiry focuses firstly on an enhanced analysis of the literature within the context of the newly established Republic of Ireland. Secondly, it draws on extensive qualitative interviews of female PE teachers which reveal women teachers lacking legitimization within their own profession. It does this by setting standards rooted in the notion of the perfect athlete, supported by input from the military and medical worlds. This in turn is subject to the interdependence of the Catholic Church and the state. H.S Becker’s approach to the concept of career allows for a diachronic and synchronic interpretation of the data collected. Here, the choices made by the female PE teacher and the rationale behind them are clarified. This enquiry also aims to understand the development of womanhood in its varied forms when both the educational environment and the body are subject to religious tradition. We therefore developed a typology (Max Weber) of our respondents' careers and identified a ‘stable’ type of career, a ‘breaking’ type and a ‘progressive’ one. Our findings here suggest an ambivalence in the careers of PE teachers in Ireland – characterised first by a transgression of gender norms when practising sports. However, through their commitment, female PE teachers have achieved a tenacious spirit in the face of gender stereotypes and their influence on education.

Uno degli aspetti più documentati del comportamento deviante è che una porzione considerevole di reati è commessa da più persone che collaborano tra loro, e non da criminali che agiscono in autonomia. Oltre ad analizzare le caratteristiche della compartecipazione nei reati, alcuni studi recenti si sono focalizzati sulla comprensione della sua evoluzione lungo la carriera criminale dell’individuo, e sul suo impatto sulla traiettoria criminale. Il concetto di collaborazione criminale è particolarmente rilevante nel contesto dei gruppi criminali organizzati, per i quali le interazioni tra i membri costituiscono l’essenza del loro funzionamento, e i reati commessi sono spesso logisticamente complessi. Ciononostante, il fenomeno della collaborazione criminale ha ricevuto scarsa attenzione nella ricerca sulla criminalità organizzata, e nessuno studio analizza il suo ruolo nel definire la traiettoria criminale del singolo individuo che entra a fare parte di un'organizzazione criminale. Il presente studio mira a colmare questa lacuna in letteratura analizzando i dati sui 178.427 reati commessi da tutti gli 11.138 individui condannati per associazione mafiosa in Italia tra il 1985 e il 2017. I dati includono informazioni sull’eventuale concorso in reato per ogni crimine commesso. L’analisi condotta si avvale di diverse metodologie quantitative con lo scopo di fornire un quadro descrittivo della collaborazione criminale nella criminalità organizzata; determinare se i membri delle organizzazioni criminali hanno diverse traiettorie longitudinali di collaborazione criminale; comprendere quale sia l’impatto di commettere crimini in collaborazione con altri individui sul comportamento criminale futuro; e studiare come la collaborazione criminale sia correlata con il reclutamento nella criminalità organizzata. I risultati dell’analisi dimostrano che il concorso in reato non è una caratteristica incidentale dei crimini commessi dagli individui che fanno parte dei gruppi criminali organizzati. Alcune delle caratteristiche della collaborazione criminale nel contesto della criminalità organizzata riflettono i risultati principali ottenuti negli studi condotti in altre popolazioni criminali, ma emergono alcune peculiarità. Inoltre, il trend aggregato di compartecipazione nei reati dei mafiosi italiani può essere approssimato da cinque traiettorie che raggruppano individui con caratteristiche specifiche. Infine, la collaborazione criminale appare correlata con dei cambiamenti nei successivi comportamenti criminali degli individui: in particolare, è connessa a una più alta probabilità di commettere reati violenti, e di entrare a far parte dell’organizzazione criminale nel breve periodo. Lo studio discute questi risultati alla luce della letteratura sullo sviluppo dei comportamenti criminali per i membri dei gruppi criminali organizzati, e in relazione alla ricerca esistente sulle cause e conseguenze di commettere reati in collaborazione con altri individui. / One of the most documented findings on delinquent behavior is that many crimes are committed in the company of others rather than by solo offenders. Besides studying the characteristics of co-offending, recent works have focused on understanding its evolution over the individual criminal career, and its impact on the offending trajectory. Co-offending is especially relevant within organized criminal groups, where interactions among participating offenders constitute the core functioning of the criminal organization, and crimes committed are often logistically complex. In spite of this, few studies on co-offending in organized crime exist, and none of them investigates the role that co-offending has on the offending pathway of the single individual. This study addresses this gap in research by analyzing data on all the 178,427 crimes committed by 11,138 offenders convicted for mafia association in Italy between 1985 and 2017. The data set includes information on whether each crime was committed with accomplices. The analysis exploits different quantitative methodologies with the aim to describe the characteristics of co-offenses and co-offenders in organized crime; determine whether organized crime offenders have different longitudinal co-offending trajectories; investigate whether committing crimes with others impacts future offending; and understand how co-offending is related to recruitment into organized crime. Results demonstrate that co-offending is not an incidental feature of crimes committed by organized crime offenders. Some of the characteristics of co-offending in organized crime reflect findings from other offending samples, but some peculiarities emerge. Furthermore, the longitudinal co-offending behavior of Italian organized crime offenders is best approximated by five trajectories that group offenders with distinct characteristics. Finally, co-offending is related to changes in the future offending behavior of organized crime offenders: in particular, it is related to higher chances of engaging in violent forms of delinquency and experiencing organized crime recruitment in the short term. These findings are discussed in relation to both research on the developmental course of offending for members of organized criminal groups, and existing knowledge on the causes and consequences of offending with others.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse empirically, proposing new methods to tackle disputed questions in the literature of political and labour economics, the Italian institutional setting both in a political competition context and in the occupational structure. The first paper explores the relationship between transfers from central state to political aligned municipalities and the effect of these transfers on local electoral consensus. This study contributes to the empirical literature of the political determinants of spikes in central transfers in pre-electoral periods and of the electoral benefits of pork barrel measures for incumbent politicians. Despite several findings of strong evidence that intergovernmental fiscal transfers rise during election years, in the Italian case researchers investigated little the political incentives that lay behind these increases or the success of these transfers in attracting votes. We focus on the so called swing municipalities, defined as those in which the probability of winning is close to one-half, analysing data of Italian comuni with more than 15 000 inhabitants, in the period 2007-2014. From an empirical perspective, every attempt to estimate the causal impact of political alignment on the amount of federal transfers is clearly complicated by endogeneity issues. Without a credible source of exogenous variation in political alignment, the empirical correlation between alignment and transfers (if any) can be completely driven by socio-economic factors influencing both dimensions. We propose a new model specification to account for the endogeneity issue arising when estimating the causal impact of political alignment on transfers: the unpredicted change in the government occurred in 2011 after the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi and the following appointment of Mario Monti as prime minister. We perform our empirical estimation in two steps: first, we apply the close-race RDD setup (Lee 2008) to assess the impact of political alignment on transfers. Results from the close-race RDD show that aligned municipalities receive more grants, with this effect being stronger before elections. At a second empirical stage, we perform a local linear regression of the re-election probability of the local incumbent on transfers, including the first stage error term to have our coefficient of interest measuring only the effect of politically-driven transfers on electoral outcomes, and we conclude that this probability increases as grants increase. The second paper stems from the observation of the most recent phenomena in the domestic and foreign labour market: technological progress has been associated to a crowding-out of cognitive-skill intensive jobs in favour of jobs requiring soft skills, such as social intelligence, flexibility and creativity. Soft skills can be defined as interpersonal, human, people or behavioural skills necessary for applying technical skills and knowledge in the workplace. The nature of the soft skills make them hardly replaceable by machine work, and Among soft skills, creativity is one of the hardest to define and to codify, therefore, creativity-intensive occupations have been shielded from automation. In our work, we focus on creativity, starting from its definition in order to get significant insights on which occupational profiles in Italy can be considered creative and to explore their dynamics in the labour market. A possible analytical definition of creativity comes from the seminal work of Edward De Bono. According to his pioneering research in the field, lateral thinking is strictly related to creativity and it can be described along four dimensions: 1) fluidity, as the ability of a subject to give the highest possible number of answers to a certain question; 2) flexibility, as the number of categories to which we can bring back these questions; 3) originality: ability of expressing new and innovative ideas; 4) processing: ability of realizing concretely one’s ideas. We apply this definition to a uniquely detailed occupational dataset on tasks, skills, work attitudes, and working conditions regarding all Italian occupations: the Inapp-Istat Survey on Occupations (Indagine Campionaria sulle Professioni, ICP hereafter), an O*NET-type dataset developed by the Italian National Institute for Public Policy Analysis. The Survey on Occupations, in fact, presents a list of skills and competences and workers are asked to identify those they make use of in performing their job. Inside this list, we identify 25 skills associated to creativity and we formulate a Matrix Completion (MC) optimization problem, as discussed theoretically in Mazumder (2010). Matrix Completion is the task of filling in the missing entries of a partially observed matrix, which we generate by obscuring randomly 10%, 25% and 50% of the entries in the columns associated with the creative skills, given a fixed row (occupation). In our analysis, we use a formulation of the problem known as Nuclear Norm Minimization and we solve it with the Soft Impute Algorithm. We conclude our analysis on social skills in our third paper where we analyse the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on soft skills in the context of Italian occupations, operating in about 100 economic sectors. We leverage detailed information from ICP, the Italian O*Net, and we simulate the impact of Covid-19 on those workplace characteristics and working style that were more seriously hit by the lockdown measures and the new sanitary dispositions (physical proximity, face-to-face discussions, working remotely, ecc.). We simulate three possible scenarios based on the intensity of the effects of COVID-19 on some working conditions, such as working from home, keeping physical distance and so on. We then apply matrix completion, a machine learning technique used in recommendation systems, in order to predict the levels of soft skills required for each occupation when working conditions change, as these changes might be persistent in the near future. Professions showing a lower intensity in the use of soft skills, with respect to the predicted one, are exposed to a deficit in their soft-skill endowment, which might ultimately lead to lower productivity or higher unemployment, thus enhancing the negative effects of the pandemic.

I investigated why math capable students are not entering science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers. To research the problem, I explored how highly effective elementary math teachers (HEMT) create student interest in mathematics using the self- efficacy (SE) theory and information and communication technology (ICT). The purpose of the study was to discover if teacher training and instructional strategies can influence student interest in mathematics to improve STEM career entry. The theoretical framework adopted for this study was the SE theory, and the 4-phase model of interest development was the conceptual framework. Participants in this multi-case qualitative study included 5 HEMT who work in a southern ICT-based urban school. The data gathered were individual teacher observations, interviews, and discussions about student artifacts, which were then analyzed for themes and patterns using NVivo software. The results indicated that the teacher participants use vertical curriculum experiences to improve student SE in 4th and 5th-grade students to fill-in curriculum gaps. Also, problem-solving math equations based on real-world simulations are used to stimulate and sustain a perceived student interest in mathematics. Additionally, ICT was used to augment math lessons and to personalize learning. Society will benefit from this information when educational stakeholders implement instructional strategies that improve student interest through the use of real life scenarios. Real-world math applications can influence elementary student interest in taking higher levels of math education that lead to STEM careers.