Esta pesquisa trabalha com dois instrumentos importantes que representam o espaço geográfico, bem como, permitem perceber, conhecer, apreender e atuar sobre a realidade: os mapas e a modelização gráfica. O mapa como uma abstração da realidade espacial, que é modelizado e codificado com o propósito de ser apreendido. Mais que representar fenômenos espaciais, o mapa espacializa os fenômenos que representa, sejam eles espaciais ou não, materiais ou ideais. Todo mapa é fruto de transformações cartográficas espaciais. Transformação no sentido de que vai além da forma original que deveria representar, dando outra forma ao espaço geográfico analisado. Cartográfica, porque o objeto que é transformado é o mapa. Espacial, pois se refere às localizações, direções, distâncias e áreas. A modelização gráfica, por sua vez, é apoiada nos elementos estruturantes primordiais do espaço geográfico: os coremas [chorème]. Sob forma de figuras geométricas simples, os coremas escrituram modelos geográficos e estão estreitamente relacionados e próximos da cartografia, mas não se confundem. A modelização gráfica é geográfica, pois se refere às formas espaciais produzidas na apropriação do espaço pela sociedade. Mapas e modelização gráfica têm a função primordial de comunicar e de serem instrumentos de análise do espaço geográfico. Espaço geográfico compreendido aqui como dimensão da sociedade. Dimensão estabelecida pelo conjunto de relações sociais que se dão simultaneamente e mediadas pela(s) distância(s) que aproximam ou afastam realidade(s) diferentes ou iguais. Para dimensionar esta sociedade usando o mapa e a modelização gráfica, o recorte espacial foi a metrópole de São Paulo. Metrópole como lugar de concentração humana, de equipamentos culturais, sociais, de densidades e diversidades de um modo de vida típico de nosso mundo atual o urbano. Espaço representado em mapas e modelos coremáticos por meio de uma característica fundamental que evidencia seu caráter urbano: a densidade. Densidade expressa em mapa dasimétrico literalmente métrica da densidade evidenciando particularmente a densidade de população da metrópole e os mapas em anamorfose e cartogramas em anamorfose, que alterando o fundo de mapa tradicional, criam imagens de densidades. Estes mapas revelam estruturas e organizações que ajudam a compor uma síntese gráfica final da metrópole de São Paulo. / This research discuss two important ways to represent geographical space. Those representation techniques allow us to notice, know, apprehend and face reality: they are maps and graphic modelization. Map as an abstraction of spatial reality modelized and codified to be apprehended. More than represent spatial phenomena, the map turn visible the element that represent. The spatial distribution element might be spatial or not and might be material and ideal or not. Every map results from a spatial cartographic transformation. Transformation considered in a sense that goes beyond the original form that should be represented, giving another form to the analyzed geographical space. Cartographic, since the map is the object to be transformed. Spatial, since it refers to locations, directions, distances and areas. Graphic modelization, is based in the components that express geographic space: the choremes [chorème]. The choremes describe geographical models in graphical forms and are deeply related to cartography, but are not the same. Graphic modelization is geographical, because it refers to the social appropriation of space. Both, maps and graphic modelization aim to analyze and present the geographical space. To analyze the society spatial dimension through graphic modelization, the São Paulo Metropolitan Area was defined. Metropolis characterized by the concentration of people, cultural equipment, densities and diversities of urban life. Space that is represented in maps and with chorematic models that make evident their urban character: density. Density presented in dasymetric maps showing the metropolis population density and the cartogram. Those cartograms presenting the transformed map background generates an image of the densities. Those maps present structure and organization that contribute in the comprehension of the Sao Paulo Metropolis.

Plusieurs ressources publiées sur le Web de données sont dotées de références spatiales qui décrivent leur localisation géographique. Ces références spatiales sont un moyen favori pour interconnecter et visualiser les ressources sur le Web de données. Cependant, les hétérogénéités des niveaux de détail et de modélisations géométriques entre les sources de données constituent un défi majeur pour l’utilisation de la comparaison des références spatiales comme critère pour l’interconnexion des ressources. Ce défi est amplifié par la nature ouverte et collaborative des sources de données du Web qui engendre des hétérogénéités géométriques internes aux sources de données. En outre, les applications de visualisation cartographique des ressources géoréférencées du Web de données ne fournissent pas une visualisation lisible à toutes les échelles.Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un vocabulaire pour formaliser les connaissances sur les caractéristiques de chaque géométrie dans un jeu de données. Nous proposons également une approche semi-automatique basée sur un référentiel topographique pour acquérir ces connaissances. Nous proposons de mettre en oeuvre ces connaissances dans une approche d’adaptation dynamique du paramétrage de la comparaison des géométries dans un processus d’interconnexion. Nous proposons une approche complémentaire s’appuyant sur un référentiel topographique pour la détection des liens de cardinalité n:m. Nous proposons finalement des applications qui s’appuient sur des données topographiques de référence et leurs liens avec les ressources géoréférencées du Web pour offrir une visualisation cartographique multiéchelle lisible et conviviale / Many resources published on the Web of data are related to spatial references that describe their location. These spatial references are a valuable asset for interlinking and visualizing data over the Web. However, these spatial references may be presented with different levels of detail and different geometric modelling from one data source to another. These differences are a major challenge for using geometries comparison as a criterion for interlinking georeferenced resources. This challenge is even amplified more due to the open and often volunteered nature of the data that causes geometric heterogeneities between the resources of a same data source. Furthermore, Web mapping applications of georeferenced data are limited when it comes to visualize data at different scales.In this PhD thesis, we propose a vocabulary for formalizing the knowledge about the characteristics of every single geometry in a dataset. We propose a semi-automatic approach for acquiring this knowledge by using geographic reference data. Then, we propose to use this knowledge in approach for adapting dynamically the setting of the comparison of each pair of geometries during an interlinking process. We propose an additional interlinking approach based on geographic reference data for detecting n:m links between data sources. Finally, we propose Web mapping applications for georeferenced resources that remain readable at different map scales

This work approaches the organization of aerial images by remote sensor, maps, photos, topographical letters, in the System SIE, module library, of the System of Libraries used in the Federal University of Santa Maria UFSM. Some steps for the inclusion of bibliographical registers are presented and registering item, which those compose the search system, by Internet from the university site. The choice for using a free software as a result from analysis of the four great available programs in the market such as Aleph, Pergamum, Gnuteca and SIE. Those systems available, the SIE, the module library was considered the most appropriate for the purpose in question. The application of the test pilot, carried out through in the Sector Library of the Center of Agricultural Sciences component of the System of Libraries of this related institution. It was confirmed the relevancy for this choice because the results were positive and meaningful. In this way, the System SIE becomes of great value for the information managers. It corresponds to be a useful tool for the dissemination of the information. It is a major importance for all the users in potential of this and other institutions of education. / Este trabalho aborda a organização de imagens de sensoriamento remoto, mapas, fotos aéreas, cartas topográficas, no Sistema SIE, módulo biblioteca, do Sistema de Bibliotecas utilizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM. São apresentados os passos para a inclusão de registros bibliográficos e itens de um registro, que compõem o sistema de busca, via Internet, do site da própria universidade. A escolha por se trabalhar com software livre resultou da análise dos quatro grandes programas disponíveis no mercado: Aleph, Pergamum, Gnuteca e SIE. Desses sistemas, o SIE, módulo biblioteca foi considerado o mais apropriado para a finalidade em questão. A aplicação do teste piloto, realizado na Biblioteca Setorial do Centro de Ciências Rurais componente do Sistema de Bibliotecas da referida instituição, confirmou a pertinência dessa escolha, uma vez que os resultados obtidos por meio dele foram positivos. Desse modo, o Sistema SIE faz-se de grande valor para os gestores da informação, haja vista que corresponde a uma ferramenta útil para a disseminação da informação, sendo de fundamental importância para todos os usuários em potencial desta e de outras instituições de ensino.

This paper presents the development of a Learning Object (LO) as a resource to support teaching and learning of cartography in the Education Youth and Adults. To this end, the research outlined four specific objectives: (a) analyze Cartographic Literacy considering the mode of teaching adult education through the Vygotskian perspective, (b) seek the applicability of the theory as sociointeractionists pedagogical model in production and setting of LO, (c) validate the LO in the EJA (d) encourage the teaching and learning of cartographic literacy in adult education. The design of the investigative method and the methodological steps based on the phenomenology, and the development of LO, followed four different stages: conception, planning, implementation and evaluation. The research was conducted with students from Estadual de Ensino Fundamental Marieta D ambrósio and Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental João Belém, located in the district center, Santa Maria/RS. Was possible to verify, through research, that the educational resource on the subject matter presents the cartographic through features animated, interactive and multimedia, enhancing student learning and meeting the needs of teachers, enabling innovation in the teaching of Geography School through digital learning materials. / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um Objeto de Aprendizagem (OA) como recurso didático de apoio ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem da Cartografia na Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Para tanto, a investigação delineou quatro objetivos específicos: (a) analisar a alfabetização cartográfica considerando a modalidade de ensino EJA por meio da perspectiva Vygotskyana; (b) buscar a aplicabilidade da teoria Sociointeracionista como modelo pedagógico na produção e na configuração do OA; (c) validar o OA na EJA; (d) incentivar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem da alfabetização cartográfica na EJA. A definição do método investigativo e das etapas metodológicas baseou-se na fenomenologia e, para o desenvolvimento do OA, seguiram-se quatro diferentes etapas: concepção, planificação, implementação e avaliação. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com alunos da Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental Marieta D ambrósio e Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental João Belém, localizadas no bairro Centro, município de Santa Maria/RS. Constatou-se, através da pesquisa, que o recurso educativo em questão aborda a temática cartográfica por meio de recursos animados, interativos e multimídia, potencializando a aprendizagem dos alunos e atendendo as necessidades dos professores, viabilizando uma inovação nos processos de ensino da Geografia Escolar através de materiais didáticos digitais.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The presented text comprises a Geography teaching proposal based on cartographic literacy in the initial years considering the living space, the municipality, as a reference for mapsreading. In order to understand the student and itscapacity to build skills and abilities in reading the space, this research marks its theoretical contributions in Piaget. We thoughtof an active student subject in modes of acting and thinking, not manipulating objects, but reflecting that knowledge can be built through the exchange of know-how, either, student and teacher, student with student or student with space. In this sense, we design the general objective of this research, understanding the need of cartographic literacy in the initial years in view of our studentssubjectsbeing able to read a map while synthesis of space/place based on these teachings. Specifically (a) recognize the importance of teaching and learning of literacy cartographic notions through experience and living with public school students from the municipalities of Porto Alegre and Agudo, (b) establish relations between Cartography teaching and genetic epistemology of Jean Piaget to understand how to teach cartography in the initial years, (c) propose practical methodologies to assist in cartographic literacy startingwith spatial reading of the municipality through pedagogical workshops and also (d) evaluate the knowledge built by our subjects students during these practicesbased on the approach technique of participatory research. By setting these objectives, the research laboratory was situated in two public schools of two municipalities with territorydistance of 246 km, Agudo (RS) and Porto Alegre (RS). The following questions werediscussed: taking into considerationthat the lived space of students provides a more meaningful learning, since the representations are endowed of significance of the world we experience? Even the subjects not disposing of the same subjective time (insertion or not of information technology and manipulation of distinct information objects) although they experience the same chronological time, have they distinct spatial readings? Do the diversity of elements and the complexity of the studied space interfere in the way of realizing it and so understanding it, since spatial representations will be worked with 4th grade children of elementary school in two municipalities, Agudo and Porto Alegre? In the development of workshops observe the literacy process in Which school mapping was beyond the color decoding and symbols , enabling the revealing reading stories , subjects and movements . The methodological approach of participatory research used was fundamental to apprehend the subjectivity of the subjects involved . Students showed marked differences in the reading room . This fact is related the experiences of each one , to prove , among other things , of their lived space / O texto apresentado compreende uma proposta de ensino de Geografia com base no letramento cartográfico nos anos iniciais considerando o espaço de vivência, o município, como referência para a leitura dos mapas. Para compreender o aluno e sua capacidade em construir competências e habilidades na leitura do espaço, a pesquisa baliza seus aportes teóricos em Piaget. Pensamos um sujeito aluno ativo em modos de agir e pensamento, não manipulando objetos, mas refletindo que o conhecimento pode ser construído mediante troca de saberes, seja, aluno e professor, aluno com aluno ou ainda aluno com o espaço. Neste sentido delineamos como objetivo geral da pesquisa, compreender a necessidade do letramento cartográfico nos anos iniciais para que os nossos sujeitos alunos, a partir destes ensinamentos sejam capazes de ler um mapa enquanto síntese do espaço/lugar. Especificamente (a) reconhecer a importância do ensino e da aprendizagem das noções de letramento cartográfico por intermédio de experiência e vivência com alunos de escola pública dos municípios de Porto Alegre e Agudo, (b) estabelecer relações entre o ensino de Cartografia e a epistemologia genética de Jean Piaget para compreender como ensinar a cartografia nos anos iniciais, (c) propor práticas metodológicas para auxiliar no letramento cartográfico partindo da leitura espacial do município por intermédio de oficinas pedagógicas e também (d) avaliar com base na técnica de abordagem da pesquisa participante o conhecimento construído por nossos sujeitos alunos durante estas práticas. Ao estabelecermos estes objetivos situamos como laboratório de pesquisa dois municípios distantes territorialmente 246 Km, Agudo (RS) e Porto Alegre (RS) em duas escolas públicas, problematizando as seguintes indagações, levar em consideração o espaço vivido dos alunos proporciona um aprendizado mais significativo, uma vez que as representações são dotadas de significado do mundo que vivenciamos? Os sujeitos mesmo não dispondo do mesmo tempo subjetivo (inserção ou não da tecnologia informacional e manipulação de distintos objetos informacionais) por mais que vivenciam o mesmo tempo cronológico possuem distintas leituras espaciais? A diversidade dos elementos e a complexidade do espaço estudado interferem na forma de percebê-lo e assim compreendê-lo, uma vez que trabalharemos representações espaciais com crianças do 4° ano do ensino fundamental em dois municípios, Agudo e Porto Alegre? No desenvolvimento das oficinas observamos um processo de letramento no qual a cartografia escolar foi além de uma decodificação de cores e símbolos, possibilitando uma leitura reveladora de histórias, sujeitos e movimentos. A abordagem metodológica da pesquisa participante utilizada foi fundamental para apreender as subjetividades dos sujeitos envolvidos. Os alunos apresentaram diferenças marcantes na leitura do espaço. Tal fato está relacionado as experiências de cada um, que provém, entre outros fatores, do espaço vivido deles.

The presented diploma thesis focuses on the map skills' problematic, which is currently becoming widespread in the Czech research environment. In contrast to the previous empirical studies, this thesis is devoted to the thematic map skills and their level of development among students of grammar schools and geographically oriented branches of university studies. Due to the significant differences between used cartographic methods of visualization on thematic maps the main aim of this diploma thesis is to identify and explain used cartographic method's influence on the level of these important skills. To achieve this aim, it was necessary to focus on different parts of the curriculum (intended, implemented, learned) and to use several scientific methods because this topic hasn't been well established yet and therefore only few theoretical and empirical studies dealt with this specific issue. Firstly, the review of literature focused on thematic cartography, map skills and on identifying their level of development among students was done. Due to the lack of specialized resources the model of thematic map skills was created. This specific model was further used during didactic test's designing and also for its results' interpretation. Similarly for the creation of appropriate didactic test -...

Submitted by Sandra Maria Neri Santiago (sandra.neri@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-18T18:41:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação.pdf: 1661681 bytes, checksum: a525e39e828632534b1a6e345c1ba890 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T18:41:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) dissertação.pdf: 1661681 bytes, checksum: a525e39e828632534b1a6e345c1ba890 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-29 / Este trabalho aborda o problema de transpor ferramentas e conceitos cartográficos para aplicações de realidade virtual, focando o uso da generalização cartográfica em mundos urbanos virtuais para turismo. A Generalização Cartográfica é uma área de Cartografia utilizada para se obter versões de mapas cartográficos. Em mundos virtuais este processo pode ser implementado com a geração de níveis de detalhamento (Level of Detail – LOD), mas não existem regras precisas para construir esses níveis de forma automática; grande parte dos trabalhos encontrados na literatura foca apenas na simplificação de polígonos. Para se obter versões generalizadas de mapas, a cartografia faz uso de doze operadores, aplicados pelo Cartógrafo segundo o seu conhecimento do problema. Estes operadores são: simplificar, suavizar, agregar, amalgamar, “merging”, colapsar, refinar, exagerar, aumentar, deslocar, classificação e simbolização. É realizada uma análise destes operadores verificando a viabilidade de sua aplicação em mundos virtuais. O conhecimento de um especialista na área de Cartografia é modelado através de regras de conhecimento, as quais alimentam um sistema especialista utilizado para selecionar os objetos de acordo com o tema, que nesta dissertação é o turismo, e para a aplicação dos operadores sobre o mundo virtual. Três dos operadores cartográficos foram escolhidos para serem implementados para mundos virtuais, pois já eram utilizados de forma isolada: simplificar, suavizar e simbolização. A partir destas informações, o SisGen3D, Sistema de Generalização para mundos virtuais construídos em VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language), é apresentado e validado com um mundo virtual, o Recife Antigo Virtual. Este sistema foi desenvolvido em JAVA, modelado com UML (Unified Modelling Language) e utiliza o gerenciador de banco de dados MySQL. / This work deals with the transposition of cartographic concepts and tools to virtual reality applications, using cartographic generalization in virtual urban worlds for tourism applications. Cartographic Generalization is an area in Cartography concerned with the generation of versions of cartographic maps. In virtual worlds, it can be implemented using Levels of Detail - LODs, but there are no known rules for constructing these levels automatically; most of the literature concentrates in polygon simplification. To get versions of maps, Cartography uses twelve operators, applied by the cartographer using domain-specific knowledge: simplification, smoothing, aggregation, amalgamation, merging, collapse, refinement, exaggeration, enhancement, displacement, classification and symbolization. An analysis of these operators is performed in the context of virtual reality. The cartographer domain-specific knowledge is modelled in knowledge rules in an expert system. This expert system is responsible for the selection of important objects and of the application of cartographic operators in virtual worlds. Three operators were implemented to virtual worlds: simplification, smoothing and symbolization. Finally, SisGen3D, a system for generalization virtual VRML worlds is presented. This system, developed in Java, modelled in UML and using the MySQL database, is validated using the Recife Antigo Virtual as a testbed.

This master thesis deals development of geographical names, cartographic symbols and on thematically maps documents changes of land use in microregion Lomnicko. Basis for its elaboration were analog and digital topographical and thematically maps from various sources and different time of periods. A part of the thesis are characteristics of used maps documents and conditions of their obtaining. Development of names and cartographic symbols is documented by tables and charts.

Memoria para optar al título de Geógrafo / En la presente investigación se estudia la producción social de espacios en la Región de Aysén desde una perspectiva cartográfica, durante el periodo que abarca desde el siglo XIX hasta el presente. La finalidad de este estudio es indagar si los mapas, en distintos periodos del tiempo, han influido de alguna forma en la producción social de espacios de esta región. Metodológicamente, este trabajo responde principalmente a una investigación de carácter cualitativa, la cual se desarrolló mediante un análisis de mapas desde un enfoque hermenéutico y un análisis contextual-descriptivo de estos de acuerdo a los períodos definidos en la investigación, con la finalidad de identificar y definir discursos cartográficos e imaginarios geográficos. Respecto a los resultados obtenidos, estos han permitido establecer que los mapas pueden y han sido utilizados como estrategias de producción social de espacios cuando han sido elaborados con la finalidad de instaurar una mirada o perspectiva determinada del territorio. Por lo que a partir del análisis interpretativo de mapas se ha logrado revelar una nueva forma de entender los procesos constitutivos de los espacios, permitiendo al mismo tiempo entender, proponer, reafirmar y complementar ciertas percepciones y discursos sobre el territorio de Patagonia-Aysén. / In the present investigation the social production of spaces in the Region of Aysén and Patagonia is studied from a cartographic perspective, during the period from the 19th century to the present. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the cartographic production, in different periods of time, has influenced in some way the conformation of the social space of Patagonia-Aysén. For its realization, a qualitative methodology was used, which consists in the analysis of maps from a hermeneutic approach and a contextual-descriptive analysis in relation to the periods defined in the investigation, with the purpose of identifying and defining cartographic discourses and geographical imaginaries. Regarding the results obtained, these have allowed to establish that the maps can and have been used as strategies of social production of spaces when they have been elaborated with the purpose of establishing a perspective or determined perspective of the territory. So from the interpretative analysis of maps it has been possible to reveal a new way of understanding the constitutive processes of the spaces, allowing at the same time to understand, propose, reaffirm and complement certain perceptions and discourses about the Patagonia-Aysén territory.

Die mobile Kartographie bedient sich dem mobilen Internet und der zivilen Nutzung des GPS-Signals. Der damit einhergehenden Mobilität des Benutzers, aber auch den technischen Schranken mobiler Endgeräte (wie geringen Prozessorleistungen, kleinen Displays und begrenzten Batterielaufzeiten) muss in Form einer Adaption der mobilen Karten Rechnung getragen werden. Die Adaption geschieht hinsichtlich des Informationsbedarfs, der sich aus dem aktuellen Nutzungskontext des Benutzers (d.h. seiner räumlich-zeitlichen Situation, seinen Interessen, Aufgabenkontext, aktuellen Umständen, Zielen, Bedürfnissen etc) ableiten lässt sowie hinsichtlich des Interaktionsgrades und der Interaktionsarten. Ein weiterer Aspekt mobiler Kartographie sind nutzergenerierte Inhalte. Dank der ständigen Verfügbarkeit des Internets und einer unkomplizierten Art der Positionsbestimmung können auch Amateurnutzer problemlos selber räumliche Daten erheben und veröffentlichen. Der Kartograph rückt damit mehr in den Hintergrund und stellt sein Fachwissen in Form von Komponenten wie Basiskarten, Software oder Interaktionsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Dadurch bedürfen traditionelle kartographische Kommunikationsmodelle hinsichtlich der mobilen Kartographie einer grundsätzlichen Weiterentwicklung, da eine strikte Trennung in Kartenhersteller und Kartennutzer nicht mehr vorgenommen werden kann. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit stellt ein abgeleitetes kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell für mobile, interaktive Karten vor. Ein Anwendungsgebiet der mobilen Kartographie sind mobile touristische Applikationen, welche im mobilen Technologie- und Informationszeitalter eine zeitgemäße Form der Reiseinformation und des Reiseservices darstellen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene existierende touristische Anwendungen für Smartphones analysiert und eine eigene mobile Kartenapplikation für Wanderungen in der Pilotregion Sächsische Schweiz konzipiert und prototypisch implementiert. Diese Applikation schlägt Wanderrouten vor, liefert zahlreiche Informationen sowie Kartenmaterial und ist an den Wanderkalender der Sächsischen Zeitung angelehnt, welcher jährlich von Kartographie-Studenten der Technischen Universität Dresden erarbeitet wird.:Abbildungsverzeichnis IV Tabellenverzeichnis V Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 1. Motivation 1 2. Definitionen und Grundlagen 3 2.1 Mobile Kartographie 3 2.2 Adaption 3 2.2.1 Adaptierbarkeit 4 2.2.2 Adaptivität 4 2.3 Benutzermodellierung 4 2.4 Kontext 4 2.5 Interaktion 5 2.6 Mensch-Computer-Interaktion 5 2.7 Kartographische Kommunikation 5 2.8 User Generated Content 6 2.9 Location-based Services 7 2.10 Smartphone 7 2.11 Applikation 8 3. Angepasste, personalisierte Informationsübermittlung in der mobilen Kartographie 9 3.1 Kontext 10 3.1.1 Kontextdimensionen 11 3.1.2 Kontextmodellierung 13 3.1.3 Benutzermodellierung 16 3.2 Adaption 20 3.2.1 Adaptionsobjekte 21 3.2.2 Adaptionsmethoden 22 3.2.4 Adaptionsprozess 23 3.2.5 Egozentrische Karten 24 3.3 User Generated Content in der Kartographie 25 3.3.1 Vorteile, Nachteile und Kritik 26 3.3.2 Motivationen für Nutzung und Erstellung von User Generated Content 27 3.3.3 EveryTrail - ein Beispiel für User Generated Content 28 3.4 Kartographische Kommunikationsmodelle 29 3.4.1 Die kartographische Kommunikationstheorie 30 3.4.2 Bestehende kartographische Kommunikationsmodelle 31 3.4.3 Ableitung eines Kommunikationsmodells für mobile, interaktive Karten 33 4. Touristische Applikationen für mobile Endgeräte 36 4.1 Analyse bestehender touristischer Applikationen 38 4.1.1 Analyse des Funktionsumfangs 39 4.1.2 Allgemeine Klassifizierung der untersuchten Applikationen 43 4.2 Theoretische Grundlagen für die Konzeption und Entwicklung einer mobilen Applikation 44 4.2.1 Die Software-Plattform Android 45 4.2.2 Lebenszyklus einer Activity 48 4.2.3 Design-Guidelines für Android-Applikationen 49 4.3 Eine mobile Applikation für touristische Aktivitäten in der Pilotregion Sächsische Schweiz 52 4.3.1 Der Wanderkalender der Sächsischen Zeitung 52 4.3.2 Konzeption der Applikation 53 4.3.3 Umsetzung der Konzeption 55 4.3.3.1 Autorenwerkzeuge: NetBeans IDE und Eclipse IDE 55 4. 3.3.2 Programmiertechnische Umsetzung 56 4. 3.3.3 Design der zu entwickelnden Applikation 65 4. 3.3.4 Icons der Applikation ‚Wandern in der Sächsischen Schweiz’ 70 4. 3.3.5 Probleme mit Android 1.5 72 4.3.4 Derzeitiger Entwicklungsstand der Applikation 74 4.3.5 Ausblick 75 5. Schlussfolgerungen 78 6. Diskussion 81 Quellenverzeichnis VIII Anhangsverzeichnis XVI Anhang I Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von KOLÁČNÝ (1969) XVIII Anhang II Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von OGRISSEK (1974) XIX Anhang III Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von BREETZ (1982) XX Anhang IV Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von PRELL (1983) XXI Anhang V Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von PETERSON (1995) XXII Anhang VI Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von HAKE, GRÜNREICH und MENG (2002) XXIII Anhang VII Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von LECHTHALER (2000) XXIV Anhang VIII Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von KELNHOFER (2003) XXV Anhang IX Übersichtstabelle kartographischer Kommunikationsmodelle XXVI Anhang X Abgeleitetes kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell für mobile, interaktive Karten XXVII Anhang XI Funktionalitäten der untersuchten touristischen Applikationen für Android XXVIII Anhang XII Funktionalitäten der untersuchten touristischen Applikationen für iPhone XXIX Anhang XIII Basislayouts der Android-API XXX Anhang XIV Wanderroute ‚Entlang des Steinbruchpfads Wehlen’ aus dem Wanderkalender 2010 XXXI Anhang XV Konzeption einer mobilen Applikation für Wanderungen in der Pilotregion Sächsische Schweiz XXXIII Anhang XVI Umsetzung der konzipierten Applikation XXXIV Anhang XVII Aufbau der Datenbank wanderfuehrer_db.db der mobilen Applikation XXXV Anhang XVIII Quellcode von DataBaseHelper.java XXXVI Anhang XIX Quellcode von TourenListe.java XXXIX Anhang XX Schematische Darstellung der Views aus tour_route.xml XLV Anhang XXI Quellcode von tour_route.xml XLVI Anhang XXII Quellcode von Tour_Route.java LIV Anhang XXIII Quellcode von CustomOverlay.java LIX Anhang XIV Quellcode von Tour_Karte.java LXII Anhang XXV Quellcode von tab_sel.xml LXXIV Anhang XXVI Tabelle aller in der Applikation verwendeten Icons im Vergleich mit Standard-Icons LXXV / Mobile cartography makes use of mobile internet and the civil utilisation of the GPS signal. The resulting mobility of the user as well as technical restrictions of mobile devices (such as low processor performance, small display sizes and limited battery life) has to be taken into account in the form of an adaption of mobile maps. The adaption is carried out with regard to the current need for information which can be derived from the context of the user (i.e. spatial-temporal situation, interests, task, circumstances, aims, needs etc). Another aspect of mobile cartography is user generated content. The permanent availability of mobile internet as well as the uncomplicated way of location determination makes it easy for amateur users to gather and publish own data. So the cartographer backs out and provides expert knowledge in the form of base maps, software and interaction techniques that can be used by the map user as an user interface for integrating own data. Thereby traditional cartographic communication models require a fundamental further development because a strict separation into map maker and map user can not be made anymore. The diploma thesis introduces a derived cartographic communication model for mobile interactive maps. An application field of mobile cartography are mobile map applications in tourism. These touristic applications are an up-to-date kind of travelling service in the century of mobile technology and information. In the context of this diploma thesis several existing touristic applications for smartphones for were examined and an own mobile application for hiking in Saxon Switzerland was conceived and implemented prototypically. This application suggests hiking trips, provides various information as well as maps and is based on a hiking calendar that is worked out annually by cartography students of Dresden University of Technology.:Abbildungsverzeichnis IV Tabellenverzeichnis V Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 1. Motivation 1 2. Definitionen und Grundlagen 3 2.1 Mobile Kartographie 3 2.2 Adaption 3 2.2.1 Adaptierbarkeit 4 2.2.2 Adaptivität 4 2.3 Benutzermodellierung 4 2.4 Kontext 4 2.5 Interaktion 5 2.6 Mensch-Computer-Interaktion 5 2.7 Kartographische Kommunikation 5 2.8 User Generated Content 6 2.9 Location-based Services 7 2.10 Smartphone 7 2.11 Applikation 8 3. Angepasste, personalisierte Informationsübermittlung in der mobilen Kartographie 9 3.1 Kontext 10 3.1.1 Kontextdimensionen 11 3.1.2 Kontextmodellierung 13 3.1.3 Benutzermodellierung 16 3.2 Adaption 20 3.2.1 Adaptionsobjekte 21 3.2.2 Adaptionsmethoden 22 3.2.4 Adaptionsprozess 23 3.2.5 Egozentrische Karten 24 3.3 User Generated Content in der Kartographie 25 3.3.1 Vorteile, Nachteile und Kritik 26 3.3.2 Motivationen für Nutzung und Erstellung von User Generated Content 27 3.3.3 EveryTrail - ein Beispiel für User Generated Content 28 3.4 Kartographische Kommunikationsmodelle 29 3.4.1 Die kartographische Kommunikationstheorie 30 3.4.2 Bestehende kartographische Kommunikationsmodelle 31 3.4.3 Ableitung eines Kommunikationsmodells für mobile, interaktive Karten 33 4. Touristische Applikationen für mobile Endgeräte 36 4.1 Analyse bestehender touristischer Applikationen 38 4.1.1 Analyse des Funktionsumfangs 39 4.1.2 Allgemeine Klassifizierung der untersuchten Applikationen 43 4.2 Theoretische Grundlagen für die Konzeption und Entwicklung einer mobilen Applikation 44 4.2.1 Die Software-Plattform Android 45 4.2.2 Lebenszyklus einer Activity 48 4.2.3 Design-Guidelines für Android-Applikationen 49 4.3 Eine mobile Applikation für touristische Aktivitäten in der Pilotregion Sächsische Schweiz 52 4.3.1 Der Wanderkalender der Sächsischen Zeitung 52 4.3.2 Konzeption der Applikation 53 4.3.3 Umsetzung der Konzeption 55 4.3.3.1 Autorenwerkzeuge: NetBeans IDE und Eclipse IDE 55 4. 3.3.2 Programmiertechnische Umsetzung 56 4. 3.3.3 Design der zu entwickelnden Applikation 65 4. 3.3.4 Icons der Applikation ‚Wandern in der Sächsischen Schweiz’ 70 4. 3.3.5 Probleme mit Android 1.5 72 4.3.4 Derzeitiger Entwicklungsstand der Applikation 74 4.3.5 Ausblick 75 5. Schlussfolgerungen 78 6. Diskussion 81 Quellenverzeichnis VIII Anhangsverzeichnis XVI Anhang I Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von KOLÁČNÝ (1969) XVIII Anhang II Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von OGRISSEK (1974) XIX Anhang III Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von BREETZ (1982) XX Anhang IV Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von PRELL (1983) XXI Anhang V Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von PETERSON (1995) XXII Anhang VI Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von HAKE, GRÜNREICH und MENG (2002) XXIII Anhang VII Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von LECHTHALER (2000) XXIV Anhang VIII Kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell von KELNHOFER (2003) XXV Anhang IX Übersichtstabelle kartographischer Kommunikationsmodelle XXVI Anhang X Abgeleitetes kartographisches Kommunikationsmodell für mobile, interaktive Karten XXVII Anhang XI Funktionalitäten der untersuchten touristischen Applikationen für Android XXVIII Anhang XII Funktionalitäten der untersuchten touristischen Applikationen für iPhone XXIX Anhang XIII Basislayouts der Android-API XXX Anhang XIV Wanderroute ‚Entlang des Steinbruchpfads Wehlen’ aus dem Wanderkalender 2010 XXXI Anhang XV Konzeption einer mobilen Applikation für Wanderungen in der Pilotregion Sächsische Schweiz XXXIII Anhang XVI Umsetzung der konzipierten Applikation XXXIV Anhang XVII Aufbau der Datenbank wanderfuehrer_db.db der mobilen Applikation XXXV Anhang XVIII Quellcode von DataBaseHelper.java XXXVI Anhang XIX Quellcode von TourenListe.java XXXIX Anhang XX Schematische Darstellung der Views aus tour_route.xml XLV Anhang XXI Quellcode von tour_route.xml XLVI Anhang XXII Quellcode von Tour_Route.java LIV Anhang XXIII Quellcode von CustomOverlay.java LIX Anhang XIV Quellcode von Tour_Karte.java LXII Anhang XXV Quellcode von tab_sel.xml LXXIV Anhang XXVI Tabelle aller in der Applikation verwendeten Icons im Vergleich mit Standard-Icons LXXV