Les constructions causatives ont fait l’objet d’une attention particulière dans les études linguistiques, non seulement parce qu’elles font partie des innombrables expressions qui composent le système langagier humain, mais parce qu'elles reflètent également la mesure dans laquelle la cognition humaine perçoit et interprète la nature de la causation. Parmi les diverses causatives prédicatives, nous accordons une attention particulière aux causatives analytiques tirées des données anglaises et mandarines – deux langues qui comptent le plus grand nombre de locuteurs au monde : les constructions cause, make, have, shi (使) et rang (让). Guidé par le programme cartographique et minimaliste de la syntaxe générative, ce travail fournit, dans un premier temps, une recension des caractéristiques sémantico-syntaxiques qui permettent d’unir ou de distinguer les causatives de l’anglais et du mandarin. Ensuite, nous passons en revue les approches existantes qui discutent de la structure sous-jacente des constructions visées afin d’examiner à quel point ces approches pourraient nous guider dans la description des données interlinguistiques. Finalement, sur la base de ces approches, nous tentons de proposer une structure syntaxique plus universelle des causatives anglaises/mandarines tout en tenant compte des particularités sémantiques et des spécificités interlinguistiques. En plus d'adopter une configuration syntaxique monoclausale qui scinde la couche vP en deux, nous insistons également sur la nécessité d’introduire un trait évènementiel [contrôle] et de déterminer la valeur sémantique des verbes impliqués dans chaque structure causative anglaise/mandarine. / Causative constructions have received particular attention in linguistic studies, not only because they are part of the countless expressions that constitute the human language system, but also because they reflect the extent to which human cognition perceives and interprets the nature of causation. Among the various predicative causatives, this study focuses on analytic causatives drawn from English and Mandarin data - two languages with the largest number of speakers in the world: the cause, make, have, shi (使) and rang (让) constructions. Driven by the cartographic and minimalist program of generative syntax, this work first provides a survey of the semantic-syntactic features that unite or distinguish English and Mandarin causatives. Next, we review existing approaches that discuss the underlying structure of the target constructions to examine how these approaches might guide us in describing cross-linguistic data. Finally, based on these approaches, we attempt to propose a more universal syntactic structure of English/Mandarin causatives while considering semantic particularities and cross-linguistic specificities. In addition to adopting a monoclausal structure that splits the vP layer in two, we also insist on the need to introduce an event feature [control] and to determine the semantic value of verbs involved in each English/Mandarin causative structure.

In geography, maps are a tool of placement which locate both the cartographer and the territory made cartographic. In order to place objects in space, the cartographer inserts his own judgment into the scheme of his design. During the Early Modern period, maps were no longer suspicious icons as they were in the Middle Ages and not yet products of science, but subjects of discourse and works of art. The image of a cartographer’s territory depended on his vision—both the nature and placement of his gaze—and the product reflected that author’s judgment. This is not a study of maps as such but of Early Modern literature, cartographic by nature—the observations of the author were the motif of its design. However, rather than concretize observational judgment through art, the Early Modern literature discussed asserts a reverse relation—the generation of the material which may be observed, the reality, by the views of authors. Spatiality is now an emerging philosophical field of study, taking root in the philosophy of Deleuze & Guattari. Using the notion prevalent in both Postmodern and Early Modern spatiality, which makes of perception a collective delusion with its roots in the critique of Kant, this thesis draws a through-line across time, as texts such as Robert Burton’s An Anatomy of Melancholy, Thomas More’s Utopia, and selections from William Shakespeare display a tendency to remove value from the standard of representation, to replace meaning with cognition and prioritize a view of views over an observable world. Only John Milton approaches perception as possibly referential to objective reality, by re-inserting his ability to observe and exist in that reality, in a corpus which becomes less generative simulations of material than concrete signposts to his judgment in the world.

Disertace je zaměřena na kartografické kulturní dědictví. Zkoumá postupy a stav jeho zpracování i způsoby a nástroje pro zpřístupnění v paměťových institucích. Byly vytčeny dva hlavní cíle práce. Nejprve zpracovat teoretický model online zpřístupnění kartografického kulturního dědictví a ověřit jej na vzorku mapových sbírek. Dále na základě teoretického modelu vytvořit online nástroj pro zlepšení služeb mapových sbírek. K dosažení cíle byly použity kvalitativní výzkumné metody. Konkrétně se jednalo o dotazníkové šetření českých a zahraničních mapových sbírek a také o případové studie českých projektů zaměřených na zpracování a zpřístupnění kartografických památek. K naplnění cílů práce byly podle knihovnického referenčního modelu IFLA navrženy dílčí modely uživatelských úloh, jejichž cílem bylo najít, určit, vybrat, získat a prozkoumat dílo. Na jejich základě byla doporučena kritéria pro hodnocení uživatelských úloh. K ověření funkčnosti modelu došlo testováním 20 digitalizovaných mapových sbírek. Byl vytvořen webový nástroj Databáze digitalizovaných mapových sbírek pro zlepšení služeb mapových sbírek.

L’irrigation a connu de grands changements dans le bassin du Rhône français durant les trente dernières années du vingtième siècle. La mise en œuvre d’un Système d’Information sur le bassin du Rhône (SIR) montre l’existence de quatre grands systèmes d’irrigation qui s’individualisent au sein de plusieurs « régions d’irrigation ». Ces dernières révèlent des dynamiques contrastées, mettant à mal l’idée que l’irrigation aurait connu une expansion continue et homogène, même si les superficies irriguées augmentent globalement. Ces dynamiques spatiales s’expliquent par les profondes transformations d’une pratique modernisée, utilisant des techniques toujours plus économes en eau. C’est d’ailleurs le deuxième enseignement de la recherche : l’accroissement général des superficies irriguées n’a pas entraîné une augmentation des demandes en eau. Celles-ci ont plutôt tendance à diminuer, de l’ordre de 30 % en trente ans. Sous l’impulsion des gestionnaires, les irrigants font un usage de plus en plus raisonné des ressources en eau et, à terme, il ne faut certainement pas considérer l’irrigation comme une menace généralisée pour les équilibres environnementaux... Le mémoire de thèse s’accompagne d’un système de gestion de l’information géographique et d’un atlas en version électronique. / Over the last thirty years of the twentieth century, irrigation in the French basin of the Rhône river has undergone substantial change. The implementation of a Geographic Information System on the Rhône basin (SIR) demonstrates the existence of four main irrigation systems individualized within several “irrigation regions.” These reveal in turn a series of contrasted dynamics, putting into question the idea that irrigation expansion had been both continuous and homogeneous, even though the total surface area irrigated actually increased. These spatial dynamics can be accounted for by the deep transformations due to a modernised practice that relies on techniques ever more sparing with water. This is in fact the second lesson one can draw from this study : the general increase in irrigated surface areas did not lead to an increase in water demand. On the contrary, water demand has tended to diminish, in the order of 30% over thirty years. Driven by management, the cultivators’ use of water resources is more and more reasoned, so that in the long run irrigation is surely no global threat to environmental balance. The thesis includes a system for managing geographic information as well as an electronic atlas.

In the education of Geography, the School Cartography is of basic importance, therefore the people, when she/he are alphabetized cartographyly, he/she has the capacity to interpret maps, images and other geographic representations. In this way, the didatic materials foreseen by the pedagogical conceptions are elaborated in analogical electronic digital means to subsidize the understanding of the local space. The Municipal Electronic Atlas come with a proposal innovative, therefore they motivate and invite learners and teachers to the practice of relating the space representations and also of providing the study of the lived space, sometimes building it, sometimes not building it through the observation of the socio-ambient elements, making with that the people wakes up bigger interest for the study of the geographic space. Inside this preamble, the present research has as main purpose to approach the importance of the study of the local space in the perspective of school cartography, in this case, Restinga Sêca county of RS through the elaboration of these atlases. The Atlas considered, in its conception, it possesses partial interaction with the user and it presents resources of multimedia with texts, images and animation. It allows to the student or user the manipulation of a set of maps, with the possibility to select the socio-economic subject or subjects that they desire to visualize, being able to combine predefined subjects and to configure a map. In this study, it structuralized itself of according to the municipal approach considering whole area of the county and, in specific the urban area, it chose twelve groups of socio-economics variables for the elaboration of the urban thematic maps, in both approaches was considered as space unit the census sector. Methodologily, it was followed the proposal of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for the definition of the variables according to Demographic Census 2000. In this way, a resource to verify if the map is fulfilling its function of communicator is the elaboration and application of tests with the users to verify the acceptability of it, in order to validate it as map pertaining to the Eletronic Atlas. The pilot test of these maps consist of many tests of isolated maps or of sets with the intention to become legitimate the maps that compose the Eletronic Socio-Economic of Restinga Sêca and to verify the learning easiness. The pilot test should be applied as a test to the public target: detainer and user of these Atlas. In this direction, it chose the five serie of high school due to be the period of training that the child starts the study of the cartography and studies of Restinga Sêca county. As results, it was observed that the rightness indices of peoples had been over of 60% practically at all the modules. In some cases, the index of rightnesss of people was low and the maps had been reworked and adapted for a better understanding. This facilitates the learning. Many maps had taken care of the goals and it was not necessary great alterations for their use. Ahead of the results, it considered the Atlas a didactic material and a resource of learning in digital means propitious digital for the use at school environment for the study of this county. / No ensino da Geografia, a Cartografia Escolar é de fundamental importância, pois o aluno, quando alfabetizado cartograficamente, tem a capacidade de interpretar mapas, imagens e outras representações geográficas. Desse modo, os materiais didáticos previstos pelas concepções pedagógicas são elaborados em meio analógico, eletrônico e digital para subsidiar a compreensão do espaço local. Os Atlas Eletrônicos Municipais vêm com uma proposta inovadora, pois motivam e convidam os discentes e docentes à prática de relacionar as representações espaciais e, também, oportunizam o estudo do espaço vivido, ora construindo-o, ora desconstruindo-o através da observação dos elementos socioambientais, fazendo com que o aluno desperte maior interesse pelo estudo do espaço geográfico. Dentro deste preâmbulo, a presente pesquisa tem como finalidade precípua abordar a importância do estudo do espaço local na perspectiva da cartografia escolar, neste caso o município de Restinga Sêca, RS, através da elaboração deste Atlas. O Atlas proposto, em sua concepção, possui interação parcial com o usuário e apresenta recursos de multimídia com textos, imagens e animações. Permite ao aluno ou usuário a manipulação de um conjunto de mapas, com a possibilidade de selecionar o tema ou os temas socioeconômicos que deseja visualizar, podendo combinar temas pré-definidos e configurar um mapa. Este estudo estruturou-se a partir de uma abordagem municipal e considerou-se toda área do Município e, em específico a área urbana, selecionou-se doze grupos de variáveis socioeconômicas para a elaboração dos mapas temáticos urbanos. Em ambas abordagens, considerou-se como unidade espacial o setor censitário. Metodologicamente, seguiu-se a proposta do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística para a definição das variáveis conforme o Censo Demográfico 2000. Desta maneira, um recurso para verificar se o mapa está cumprindo sua função de comunicador é a elaboração e aplicação de testes com os usuários para verificar a aceitabilidade dele, a fim de validá-lo como mapa pertencente ao Atlas Eletrônico. O teste piloto destes mapas consiste de muitos testes de mapas isolados ou em conjuntos com o intuito de tornar legítimos os mapas que compõem o Atlas Eletrônico e Socioeconômico de Restinga Sêca e verificar a facilidade de aprendizagem. O teste piloto deve ser aplicado como um teste ao público alvo: o detentor e o usuário deste Atlas. Neste sentido, selecionou-se a 5ª série do Ensino Fundamental, devido a ser o estágio em que a criança inicia o estudo da cartografia e estuda o município de Restinga Sêca. Como resultados, observou-se que os índices de acertos dos alunos foram acima de 60% praticamente em todos os módulos. Em alguns casos, o índice de acertos dos alunos foi baixo, e os mapas foram retrabalhados e adaptados para uma melhor compreensão, facilitando o aprendizado. Muitos mapas atenderam ao objetivo e não foram necessárias grandes alterações para a sua utilização. Diante dos resultados, considerou-se o Atlas um material didático e um recurso de aprendizagem em meio digital propício para a utilização no ambiente escolar para o estudo do Município.

Zur Unterstützung der inhaltlichen Aussage von Zeitungs- oder Zeitschriftenartikeln wird mitunter auf die Abbildung von thematischem Kartenmaterial gesetzt. Diese Karten stammen zum Teil aus wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen. In der Arbeit wird die Nachnutzung von Karten des Leibniz-Instituts für Länderkunde untersucht. Bei der Verwendung der kartographischen Darstellungen kommt es teilweise zu inhaltlichen oder gestalterischen Änderungen der zur Verfügung gestellten Materialien. In diesem Zusammenhang wird gezielt auf kartographische Infografiken eingegangen, bei denen eine veränderte kartographische Gestaltung der ursprünglichen Karten stattfand. Den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bilden empirische Untersuchungen, welche feststellen sollen, ob sich die vorgenommenen Veränderungen beeinflussend auf die Wahrnehmung der dargestellten Inhalte auswirken. Zusätzlich werden das typische Nutzungsszenario für thematisch-kartographische Infografiken vorgestellt und Hinweise zur Nachnutzung herausgearbeitet.:Aufgabenstellung................................................................................... II Selbstständigkeitserklärung................................................................. III Danksagung.......................................................................................... IV Kurzzusammenfassung.......................................................................... V Abstract.................................................................................................. V Abbildungsverzeichnis............................................................................ X Tabellenverzeichnis.............................................................................. XII Abkürzungsverzeichnis....................................................................... XIII 1 Einleitung............................................................................................ 1 2 Infografik............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Etymologie und Definition des Begriffes Infografik........................... 3 2.2 Einordnung von Infografiken............................................................ 6 2.3 Infografiktypen................................................................................. 7 2.4 Funktionen und Zweck................................................................... 10 2.5 Regeln zur Erstellung..................................................................... 11 2.6 Kritische Betrachtungen................................................................. 16 2.7 Die kartographische Infografik....................................................... 18 2.7.1 Arten der kartographischen Infografik........................................ 19 2.7.2 Sicht der Kartographie ............................................................... 22 2.7.3 Regeln zur Erstellung ................................................................. 24 2.7.4 Fehler, Probleme und Manipulationsgefahr.................................. 26 3 Empirische Forschung........................................................................ 28 3.1 Empirische Kartographie................................................................ 28 3.2 Empirische Sozialforschung............................................................ 32 3.2.1 Quantitative und qualitative Forschung...................................... 33 3.2.2 Wahrnehmungsuntersuchung..................................................... 36 3.2.2.1 Das Interview als Methode qualitativer Forschung.................. 37 3.2.2.2 Das fokussierte Interview.........................................................39 3.2.2.3 Auswertung erhobener Daten aus qualitativen Interviews...... 41 3.2.2.4 Gütekriterien qualitativer Forschung........................................ 42 3.2.3 Präferenzuntersuchung............................................................... 43 3.2.3.1 Ratingskalen als Methode quantitativer Forschung.................. 43 3.2.3.2 Explorative Datenanalyse der Skalierung................................. 45 3.2.3.3 Gütekriterien quantitativer Forschung...................................... 47 4 Konzeptionelle Betrachtungen des Untersuchungsgegenstandes.... 50 4.1 Kartennachnutzung........................................................................ 50 4.1.1 Nachnutzung als Folgekarte........................................................ 51 4.1.2 Nachnutzung als kartographische Infografik............................... 53 4.2 Analytische Evaluation repräsentativer Untersuchungsbeispiele... 57 4.3 Journalistische und grafisch-gestalterische Sichtweise.................. 60 4.3.1 Journalistische Sichtweise........................................................... 62 4.3.2 Grafisch-gestalterische Sichtweise.............................................. 63 4.4 Beschreibung des typischen Nutzungsszenarios........................... 64 5 Empirische Untersuchungen.............................................................. 66 5.1 Wahrnehmungsuntersuchung........................................................ 66 5.1.1 Ziel und Methode der Untersuchung........................................... 66 5.1.2 Das Untersuchungsmaterial........................................................ 67 5.1.3 Die Befragung............................................................................. 68 5.1.4 Voruntersuchung, Stichprobe und Durchführung der Befragung. 69 5.1.5 Auswertung der Interviews......................................................... 73 5.1.6 Evaluation der Erhebungsmethode............................................. 75 5.2 Präferenzuntersuchung.................................................................. 77 5.2.1 Ziel und Methode der Untersuchung........................................... 77 5.2.2 Das Untersuchungsmaterial........................................................ 78 5.2.3 Die Befragung............................................................................. 78 5.2.4 Voruntersuchung, Stichprobe und Durchführung der Befragung. 79 5.2.5 Datenauswertung....................................................................... 81 5.2.6 Evaluation der Erhebungsmethode............................................. 82 6 Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchungen................................... 84 6.1 Wahrnehmungsuntersuchung........................................................ 84 6.1.1 Wahrnehmung und Verständnis der kartographischen Darstellung ................................................................................. 84 6.1.1.1 Kartentitel................................................................................ 85 6.1.1.2 Begleitender Text und Legendentext....................................... 85 6.1.1.3 Methode der kartographischen Darstellung............................. 86 6.1.1.4 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse......................... 87 6.1.2 Beurteilung von Kartenelementen............................................... 88 6.1.2.1 Kartentitel................................................................................ 89 6.1.2.2 Begleitender Text..................................................................... 89 6.1.2.3 Kartographische Darstellung.................................................... 90 6.1.2.4 Orientierung............................................................................. 90 6.1.2.5 Bezug der dargestellten Inhalte.............................................. 92 6.1.2.6 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse......................... 92 6.1.3 Typisches Nutzungsszenario....................................................... 94 6.1.3.1 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse......................... 96 6.2 Präferenzuntersuchung.................................................................. 98 6.2.1 Untersuchungsbeispiel Moscheen............................................... 99 6.2.1.1 Analyse nach Altersgruppen..................................................... 99 6.2.1.2 Analyse nach dem Geschlecht................................................ 101 6.2.1.3 Analyse nach der fachlichen Qualifikation............................... 102 6.2.1.4 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse....................... 105 6.2.2 Untersuchungsbeispiel Kinderbetreuung.................................. 106 6.2.2.1 Analyse nach Altersgruppen................................................... 106 6.2.2.2 Analyse nach dem Geschlecht................................................ 109 6.2.2.3 Analyse nach der fachlichen Qualifikation............................... 110 6.2.2.4 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse....................... 113 7 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick.................................................... 116 Literaturverzeichnis............................................................................ 120 Quellenverzeichnis der Abbildungen.................................................. 127 Anhang............................................................................................... 128 / Thematic maps are sometimes used to support statements in newspaper or magazine articles. Some of these maps were created in scientific institutions. This diploma thesis examines the reuse of maps of the Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography. When used, the provided materials are changed at times in their content or design. In this context, cartographic information graphics, whose design was changed compared to the original map, are discussed. The main focus lies on empirical studies that are to determine whether these changes influence the perception of the presented content. In addition, the typical usage scenario for thematiccartographic information graphics is presented and instructions for future use are worked out.:Aufgabenstellung................................................................................... II Selbstständigkeitserklärung................................................................. III Danksagung.......................................................................................... IV Kurzzusammenfassung.......................................................................... V Abstract.................................................................................................. V Abbildungsverzeichnis............................................................................ X Tabellenverzeichnis.............................................................................. XII Abkürzungsverzeichnis....................................................................... XIII 1 Einleitung............................................................................................ 1 2 Infografik............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Etymologie und Definition des Begriffes Infografik........................... 3 2.2 Einordnung von Infografiken............................................................ 6 2.3 Infografiktypen................................................................................. 7 2.4 Funktionen und Zweck................................................................... 10 2.5 Regeln zur Erstellung..................................................................... 11 2.6 Kritische Betrachtungen................................................................. 16 2.7 Die kartographische Infografik....................................................... 18 2.7.1 Arten der kartographischen Infografik........................................ 19 2.7.2 Sicht der Kartographie ............................................................... 22 2.7.3 Regeln zur Erstellung ................................................................. 24 2.7.4 Fehler, Probleme und Manipulationsgefahr.................................. 26 3 Empirische Forschung........................................................................ 28 3.1 Empirische Kartographie................................................................ 28 3.2 Empirische Sozialforschung............................................................ 32 3.2.1 Quantitative und qualitative Forschung...................................... 33 3.2.2 Wahrnehmungsuntersuchung..................................................... 36 3.2.2.1 Das Interview als Methode qualitativer Forschung.................. 37 3.2.2.2 Das fokussierte Interview.........................................................39 3.2.2.3 Auswertung erhobener Daten aus qualitativen Interviews...... 41 3.2.2.4 Gütekriterien qualitativer Forschung........................................ 42 3.2.3 Präferenzuntersuchung............................................................... 43 3.2.3.1 Ratingskalen als Methode quantitativer Forschung.................. 43 3.2.3.2 Explorative Datenanalyse der Skalierung................................. 45 3.2.3.3 Gütekriterien quantitativer Forschung...................................... 47 4 Konzeptionelle Betrachtungen des Untersuchungsgegenstandes.... 50 4.1 Kartennachnutzung........................................................................ 50 4.1.1 Nachnutzung als Folgekarte........................................................ 51 4.1.2 Nachnutzung als kartographische Infografik............................... 53 4.2 Analytische Evaluation repräsentativer Untersuchungsbeispiele... 57 4.3 Journalistische und grafisch-gestalterische Sichtweise.................. 60 4.3.1 Journalistische Sichtweise........................................................... 62 4.3.2 Grafisch-gestalterische Sichtweise.............................................. 63 4.4 Beschreibung des typischen Nutzungsszenarios........................... 64 5 Empirische Untersuchungen.............................................................. 66 5.1 Wahrnehmungsuntersuchung........................................................ 66 5.1.1 Ziel und Methode der Untersuchung........................................... 66 5.1.2 Das Untersuchungsmaterial........................................................ 67 5.1.3 Die Befragung............................................................................. 68 5.1.4 Voruntersuchung, Stichprobe und Durchführung der Befragung. 69 5.1.5 Auswertung der Interviews......................................................... 73 5.1.6 Evaluation der Erhebungsmethode............................................. 75 5.2 Präferenzuntersuchung.................................................................. 77 5.2.1 Ziel und Methode der Untersuchung........................................... 77 5.2.2 Das Untersuchungsmaterial........................................................ 78 5.2.3 Die Befragung............................................................................. 78 5.2.4 Voruntersuchung, Stichprobe und Durchführung der Befragung. 79 5.2.5 Datenauswertung....................................................................... 81 5.2.6 Evaluation der Erhebungsmethode............................................. 82 6 Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchungen................................... 84 6.1 Wahrnehmungsuntersuchung........................................................ 84 6.1.1 Wahrnehmung und Verständnis der kartographischen Darstellung ................................................................................. 84 6.1.1.1 Kartentitel................................................................................ 85 6.1.1.2 Begleitender Text und Legendentext....................................... 85 6.1.1.3 Methode der kartographischen Darstellung............................. 86 6.1.1.4 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse......................... 87 6.1.2 Beurteilung von Kartenelementen............................................... 88 6.1.2.1 Kartentitel................................................................................ 89 6.1.2.2 Begleitender Text..................................................................... 89 6.1.2.3 Kartographische Darstellung.................................................... 90 6.1.2.4 Orientierung............................................................................. 90 6.1.2.5 Bezug der dargestellten Inhalte.............................................. 92 6.1.2.6 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse......................... 92 6.1.3 Typisches Nutzungsszenario....................................................... 94 6.1.3.1 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse......................... 96 6.2 Präferenzuntersuchung.................................................................. 98 6.2.1 Untersuchungsbeispiel Moscheen............................................... 99 6.2.1.1 Analyse nach Altersgruppen..................................................... 99 6.2.1.2 Analyse nach dem Geschlecht................................................ 101 6.2.1.3 Analyse nach der fachlichen Qualifikation............................... 102 6.2.1.4 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse....................... 105 6.2.2 Untersuchungsbeispiel Kinderbetreuung.................................. 106 6.2.2.1 Analyse nach Altersgruppen................................................... 106 6.2.2.2 Analyse nach dem Geschlecht................................................ 109 6.2.2.3 Analyse nach der fachlichen Qualifikation............................... 110 6.2.2.4 Diskussion und Interpretation der Ergebnisse....................... 113 7 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick.................................................... 116 Literaturverzeichnis............................................................................ 120 Quellenverzeichnis der Abbildungen.................................................. 127 Anhang............................................................................................... 128

<p>Аутоматизована картографска генерализација је од великог значаја у картографији, а правих решења још увек нема. Картографска ге&shy; нерализација полигона и категоријских карата представља веома комплексан проблем, а предложена решења налазе се углавном на концептуалном нивоу. Метода представљена у овој докторској ди&shy;сертацији представља општи приступ аутоматизованој картограф&shy;ској генерализацији категоријских карата применом ГИС софтвера. Као резултат смањења размера, неки од полигона postaju исувише мали да би били приказани у циљаном размеру тако да се морају уклонити, а њихово место ће заузети нека друга појава. Највећи изазов представља смањење семантичких грешака и минимизирање промене удела класа полигона тако да карта више одговара реалности на терену. То је остварено груписањем полигона исте класе, тако што се врши њихово измештање и стапање. На овај начин,одређени број малих полигона који би били елиминисани постају полигони са довољном површином. Други начин&nbsp;&nbsp; мањења грешака је стапање полигона, који имају недовољну површину, са већим полигонима који су им тематски слични. Такође је представљена и метода за&nbsp; откривање и елиминисање уских делова полигона. Све ове методе моrу бити искоришћене за израду било које категориј&shy;ске карте (нпр. климатске, педолошке, карте употребе земљишта, земљишног покривача, геолошке карте итд.) на основу дигиталног модела предела. Посебан софтвер је развијен за измештање градив&shy;них ћелија полигона ипи прецизније њихових центара. Додатни програм је&nbsp; аправљен за решавање проблема уских коридора код полигона. Модел&nbsp;&nbsp; удруживања је направљен у QGIS-y, а модел ста&shy;пања у PostGIS-y, слободном&nbsp;&nbsp; софтверу, отвореног кода. Резултати показују да је изабрани приступ успешан.</p> / <p>Automatizovana kartografska generalizacija je od velikog značaja u kartografiji, a pravih rešenja još uvek nema. Kartografska ge&shy; neralizacija poligona i kategorijskih karata predstavlja veoma kompleksan problem, a predložena rešenja nalaze se uglavnom na konceptualnom nivou. Metoda predstavljena u ovoj doktorskoj di&shy;sertaciji predstavlja opšti pristup automatizovanoj kartograf&shy;skoj generalizaciji kategorijskih karata primenom GIS softvera. Kao rezultat smanjenja razmera, neki od poligona postaju isuviše mali da bi bili prikazani u ciljanom razmeru tako da se moraju ukloniti, a njihovo mesto će zauzeti neka druga pojava. Najveći izazov predstavlja smanjenje semantičkih grešaka i minimiziranje promene udela klasa poligona tako da karta više odgovara realnosti na terenu. To je ostvareno grupisanjem poligona iste klase, tako što se vrši njihovo izmeštanje i stapanje. Na ovaj način,određeni broj malih poligona koji bi bili eliminisani postaju poligoni sa dovoljnom površinom. Drugi način&nbsp;&nbsp; manjenja grešaka je stapanje poligona, koji imaju nedovoljnu površinu, sa većim poligonima koji su im tematski slični. Takođe je predstavljena i metoda za&nbsp; otkrivanje i eliminisanje uskih delova poligona. Sve ove metode moru biti iskorišćene za izradu bilo koje kategorij&shy;ske karte (npr. klimatske, pedološke, karte upotrebe zemljišta, zemljišnog pokrivača, geološke karte itd.) na osnovu digitalnog modela predela. Poseban softver je razvijen za izmeštanje gradiv&shy;nih ćelija poligona ipi preciznije njihovih centara. Dodatni program je&nbsp; apravljen za rešavanje problema uskih koridora kod poligona. Model&nbsp;&nbsp; udruživanja je napravljen u QGIS-y, a model sta&shy;panja u PostGIS-y, slobodnom&nbsp;&nbsp; softveru, otvorenog koda. Rezultati pokazuju da je izabrani pristup uspešan.</p> / <p>Automated cartographic geпeralizatioп is of great importaпce iп cartography апd real solutioпs are still lackiпg. Cartographic geп&shy;eralizatioп of polygoпs апd categorical maps is а high complexity problem апd solutioпs for it аге maiпly proposed оп а coпceptual level. The method iпtroduced iп this PhD thesis preseпts а geпeral approach to automated cartographic geпeralizatioп of categorical maps usiпg GIS software. As а coпsequeпce of scale reductioп some of the polygoпs аге becomiпg too small for the target scale апd must bе removed, so the other feature takes its place оп the map. The biggest challeпge was to Lesseп semaпtic errors апd miп&shy; imize the chaпge of share of feature classes so the map better correspoпds to the reality оп the grouпd. This is achieved bу group-iпg polygoпs of the same class bу displaciпg апd mergiпg them. lп this way the пumber of small polygoпs which should bе elimiпated become опеs with sufficieпt агеа. The other way of lesseпiпg errors are mergiпg polygoпs with iпsufficieпt area with а larger adjaceпt objects that&nbsp; is thematically similar. The method for detectiпg апd elimiпatiпg пarrow sectioпs of polygoпs are also proposed.All those methods could bе used for deriviпg апу categorical map (e.g. climate, soil, laпd use, laпd cover, geological map etc.) from digital laпdscape model. Specific software is developed for displaciпg polygoпs structural cells or more precisely their ceпters. The other software is made for dealiпg with polygoп пarrow sectioпs. The aggregatioп model is desigпed iп QGIS апd the mergiпg model is desigпed iп PostGIS, both free апd ореп source software. The results show that the choseп approach is successful.</p>