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Accès aux soins obstétricaux d’urgence au Mali : dépenses catastrophiques et conséquences au sein des ménagesArsenault, Catherine 07 1900 (has links)
Après des années d’efforts, l’Afrique Sub-saharienne n’a connu qu’une faible amélioration de ses indicateurs de santé maternelle. Assurer l’accès aux soins obstétricaux d’urgence (SOU) pour toutes les femmes est une stratégie efficace pour réduire la mortalité maternelle. Cependant, ces soins sont dispendieux et ces dépenses peuvent être « catastrophiques ». Afin d’en réduire le fardeau, le Mali a instauré la gratuité de la césarienne et un système de référence-évacuation. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner la prévalence et les facteurs contribuant aux dépenses catastrophiques liées aux SOU dans la région de Kayes, Mali. Elle vise aussi à étudier les conséquences socioéconomiques de ces dépenses au sein des ménages.
L’étude a révélé que les dépenses lors d’urgences obstétricales sont en moyenne de 71535 FCFA (US$ 152). Entre 20.7% et 53.5% des ménages ont encouru des dépenses catastrophiques supérieures à 15% et 5% de leur revenu annuel respectivement. Les ménages de femmes sans éducation, du milieu rural et ayant souffert d’infection post-partum sont les plus à risque d’encourir des dépenses catastrophiques. La césarienne n’est pas associée à une probabilité réduite de dépense catastrophique malgré la gratuité. Faire des dépenses élevées ne garantie pas la survie de la mère puisque entre 19,4% et 47,1% des décès maternels ont encouru des dépenses catastrophiques. Enfin, les ménages s’endettent et vendent fréquemment des biens pour faire face aux dépenses ce qui créé des difficultés financières importantes à long terme. La création de nouvelles politiques de financement sera nécessaire à l’amélioration de la santé maternelle au Mali. / After years of efforts, countries in sub-Saharan Africa have seen little to no improvement in their maternal health indicators. Ensuring access to emergency obstetric care (EmOC) for all women is a strategy proven to reduce maternal mortality. However, EmOC in sub-Saharan Africa can be extremely costly and can generate ‘’catastrophic’’ expenses. In order to reduce the economic burden of EmOC in Mali, user fees for caesareans were abolished and a maternity referral-system was created. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of and the factors associated with catastrophic EmOC expenditure in the region of Kayes, Mali. It also aims to identify the well-being consequences of high EmOC expenses.
This study brings forth the following points. Firstly, the average EmOC expenditure was 71535 FCFA (US$ 152). Secondly, between 20.7% and 53.5% of households faced catastrophic expenditures greater than 15% and 5% of their annual income respectively. Women with no education, living in rural areas and with a postpartum infection had a higher propensity of catastrophic spending. Having a caesarean was not associated with a reduced risk of catastrophic expenditures despite the abolition of user fees for caesareans. Between 19.4% and 47.1% of households of maternal deaths also had catastrophic spending. Finally, households often had to borrow money and sell assets to pay for EmOC which led to considerable long-lasting financial difficulties. As long as policies fail to protect households from catastrophic EmOC expenditures, we cannot expect to see any great progress in reducing maternal mortality in Mali.
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Impact of the elderly on household health expenditure in Bihar and Kerala, IndiaLoutfi, David 08 1900 (has links)
Dans le contexte d’une population vieillissante, nous avons étudié l’impact de la présence de personnes âgées sur les dépenses catastrophiques de santé (DCS), ainsi que leur impact sur trois effets reliés (le fait d’éviter des traitements, la perte de revenu, et l’utilisation de sources de financement alternatives). Nous avons utilisé les données d’une enquête du National Sample Survey Organization (Inde) en 2004, portant sur les dépenses reliées à la santé. Nous avons choisi un état développé (Kerala) et un état en voie de développement (Bihar) pour faire une comparaison des effets de la présence de personnes âgées sur les ménages. Nous avons trouvé qu’il y avait plus de DCS au Kerala et que ceci était probablement lié à la présence accrue de personnes âgées au Kerala ce qui mène à plus de maladies chroniques. Nous avons supposé que l’utilisation de services de santé privés serait lié à une augmentation de DCS, mais l’effet a varié en fonction de l’état, du présence d’une personne âgée, et du type de service utilisé (ambulatoire ou hospitalisation). Nous avons aussi trouvé que les femmes âgées au Bihar utilisait les services de santé moins qu’elle ne devrait, que les ménages ayant plus de 4 personnes ont possiblement un effet protecteur pour les personnes âgées, et que certains castes et group religieux ont dû emprunter plus souvent que d’autres groupes pour payer les frais de santé. La présence de personnes âgées, les maladies chroniques, et l’utilisation de services de santé privées sont tous liés aux DCS, mais, d’après nos résultats, d’autres groupes retardent les conséquences économiques en empruntant ou évitant les traitements. Nous espérons que ces résultats seront utilisés pour approfondir les connaissances sur l’effet de personnes âgées sur les dépenses de santé ou qu’ils seront utilisés dans des discussions de politiques de santé. / In the context of an ageing population in India, we have examined the impact of the elderly on catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and three related access impacts (avoidance of treatment, loss of income, and alternate sources of funding). We used data from the National Sample Survey Organization (India) survey on healthcare in 2004. We chose one developed state (Kerala) and one developing state (Bihar) to compare and contrast the impact of ageing on households. Our results showed that CHE was higher in Kerala and that this was likely due to more elderly that in turn have more chronic disease. We expected the use of private treatment to lead to higher levels of CHE, and while it did for some households, the impact of private treatment on CHE, varied by state, presence of elderly, and type of health service (inpatient or outpatient). We also found that elderly females in Bihar were at a disadvantage with regards to health services utilizations, that larger household size might have a protective effect on elderly households, and that some scheduled caste and Muslim households have to borrow more often than other groups in order to fund their treatment. While the elderly, chronic disease and private treatment are linked to CHE, our results suggest that other groups may simply be delaying the consequences of paying for healthcare, by avoiding treatment or borrowing money. We hope that these results be used to explore the impact of the elderly in more detail in future research, or that it contribute to health policy discussions.
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Les risques catastrophiques au Maroc : aspects de gestion de risque et d'assurance / Catastrophic risk in Morocco : aspect of Risk Management and InsuranceOuazzani Chahdi, Abdelkader 17 October 2012 (has links)
Nos sociétés actuelles sont fortement exposées aux risques de catastrophes qu’ils soient d’origine naturelle ou humaine. Le problème des risques majeurs évolue dans le temps, les facteurs favorisant cette évolution sont nombreux : ils peuvent être d’ordre environnemental, technologique, démographique ou socio-économique.La vulnérabilité des pays en voie de développement aux risques de catastrophes est beaucoup plus importante. Cette situation s’explique par plusieurs facteurs dont notamment la qualité de l’infrastructure susceptible d’être touchée, l’absence d’une cartographie de risques qui a pour conséquence directe la construction dans des zones fortement exposées aux catastrophes, l’absence de mesures de prévention, l’absence de politique de financement et de reconstruction des catastrophes. Ceci-dit une conscience est entrain de se développer dans ces régions. Le Maroc figure parmi les pays qui sont très vulnérables aux risques majeurs et c’est pour cela que le gouvernement marocain, avec le concours de la Banque Mondiale et de la coopération Suisse, a décidé de mettre en place une stratégie nationale de gestion intégrée des catastrophes qui comprend un volet indemnisation post-catastrophes inspiré du « régime Cat Nat » français. En effet les assureurs marocains se verront obliger de couvrir les risques catastrophiques par des garanties obligatoires adossées à certains contrats d’assurance.Ce travail propose ainsi d’analyser d’un point de vue opérationnel les différents aspects juridiques de la gestion des risques majeurs : la prévention et le financement des catastrophes. / Our societies are becoming increasingly exposed to the risks of natural or human disasters. Major risks change over time, the factors affecting these changes are diverse and can be environmental, technological, demographic or socio-economic. The vulnerability of developing countries to catastrophic risk is much higher than that of developed nations. This can be explained by several factors, including the quality of infrastructure likely to be affected, the lack of a risk mapping that has the direct consequence of construction in areas highly exposed to disasters, the absence of preventive measures, and the lack of funding and reconstruction policies. That being said, there is growing awareness around these areas.Morocco is among the countries that are highly vulnerable to major risks and that is why the Moroccan government, with the assistance of the World Bank and the Swiss Cooperation has decided to implement a national strategy for integrated management of disasters which includes a post-disaster compensation component based on the French "Cat Nat Plan". Therefore, Moroccan insurers will be required to cover catastrophic risks through mandatory coverage backed by certain insurance contracts.This work proposes to analyze from an operational point of view the various legal aspects of major risks management: prevention and disaster funding.
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Thermography of semiconductor lasersZiegler, Mathias 29 June 2009 (has links)
Halbleiterlaser stellen mit über 70% Wirkungsgrad einzigartig effiziente Lichtquellen dar. Dennoch ist ihre zuverlässige Nutzung, insbesondere im Bereich hoher Leistungsdichten, von thermischen Limitierungen geprägt. Einen grundlegenden Beitrag zu deren physikalischen Verständnis leistet die Analyse der thermischen Eigenschaften und Degradationsprozesse solcher Bauelemente. In dieser Arbeit wird hierzu die Thermographie als innovative Analysemethode untersucht. Das Plancksche Strahlungsgesetz erlaubt die radiometrische Ermittlung der Temperatur. Die wichtige physikalische Kenngröße Emissivität wird in dieser Arbeit für Halbleiter und Halbleiterlaserstrukturen spektral gemessen und auf fundamentale physikalische Eigenschaften zurückgeführt. Auf dieser Grundlage werden methodische Aspekte der Thermographie diskutiert, welche durch den thermischen Hintergrund und die teilweise Transparenz der Halbleitermaterialien geprägt sind. Die daraus folgenden analytischen Fähigkeiten erlauben unter anderem die orts- und zeitaufgelöste Bestimmung der thermischen Eigenschaften von komplexen Hochleistungslasern unterschiedlichster Bauart. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht die Kenntnis der beteiligten thermischen Zeitkonstanten die Extraktion von lokalen Überhöhungen in der Infrarotemission, deren Zusammenhang zur Degradation der Bauelemente untersucht wird. Eine grundsätzliche Begrenzung der Ausgangsleistung ist durch einen abrupten Degradationsprozess gegeben, welcher maßgeblich durch eine Reabsorption der Laserstrahlung an der Frontfacette verursacht wird. Mithilfe einer kombinierten Thermographie-Nahfeld-Messung wird dieser Prozess orts- und zeitaufgelöst analysiert. Die Erweiterung des Messfensters zu kürzeren Wellenlängen hin erlaubt die Detektion strahlender Übergänge unter Einbeziehung von Defektzentren welche als strahlende Signaturen von graduellen Degradationsprozessen aufzufassen sind. / Semiconductor lasers are unequaled efficient light sources, reaching efficiencies of more than 70%. Nevertheless, thermal limits govern their reliable application, in particular in the field of high power densities. The analysis of thermal properties and degradation processes in such devices contributes essentially to the understanding of these limits. This work exploits thermography as an innovative analytical technique for such purpose. Planck''s law allows for a radiometric detection of temperatures. In this work, the important physical parameter emissivity is measured spectrally resolved for both semiconductors and semiconductor laser structures and is related to fundamental physical properties. Based on that, methodological aspects are discussed, which are affected on the one hand by the omnipresent thermal radiation and on the other hand by the partial transparency of the semiconductor materials. The resulting analytical capacities allow, for instance, for the determination of the thermal properties of complex high-power lasers of a wide range of different designs in a spatio-temporally resolved fashion. Furthermore, does the knowledge of the involved thermal time constants allow for an extraction of localized peaks of the infrared emission that is analyzed for its relationship with device degradation. The output power of high-power devices is fundamentally limited by the catastrophic optical damage, an abrupt degradation process that is induced significantly by reabsorption of laser radiation at the front facet. This process is analyzed spatio-temporally resolved with help of a combined thermography and optical near-field technique. Extending the detection range down to shorter wavelengths allows for imaging of radiative transitions that are related to defect centers, which are interpreted as radiative signatures of gradual device degradation processes.
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Mortality linked derivatives and their pricingBahl, Raj Kumari January 2017 (has links)
This thesis addresses the absence of explicit pricing formulae and the complexity of proposed models (incomplete markets framework) in the area of mortality risk management requiring the application of advanced techniques from the realm of Financial Mathematics and Actuarial Science. In fact, this is a multi-essay dissertation contributing in the direction of designing and pricing mortality-linked derivatives and offering the state of art solutions to manage longevity risk. The first essay investigates the valuation of Catastrophic Mortality Bonds and, in particular, the case of the Swiss Re Mortality Bond 2003 as a primary example of this class of assets. This bond was the first Catastrophic Mortality Bond to be launched in the market and encapsulates the behaviour of a well-defined mortality index to generate payoffs for bondholders. Pricing this type of bond is a challenging task and no closed form solution exists in the literature. In my approach, we adapt the payoff of such a bond in terms of the payoff of an Asian put option and present a new methodology to derive model-independent bounds for catastrophic mortality bonds by exploiting the theory of comonotonicity. While managing catastrophic mortality risk is an upheaval task for insurers and re-insurers, the insurance industry is facing an even bigger challenge - the challenge of coping up with increased life expectancy. The recent years have witnessed unprecedented changes in mortality rate. As a result academicians and practitioners have started treating mortality in a stochastic manner. Moreover, the assumption of independence between mortality and interest rate has now been replaced by the observation that there is indeed a correlation between the two rates. Therefore, my second essay studies valuation of Guaranteed Annuity Options (GAOs) under the most generalized modeling framework where both interest rate and mortality risk are stochastic and correlated. Pricing these types of options in the correlated environment is an arduous task and a closed form solution is non-existent. In my approach, I employ the use of doubly stochastic stopping times to incorporate the randomness about the time of death and employ a suitable change of measure to facilitate the valuation of survival benefit, there by adapting the payoff of the GAO in terms of the payoff of a basket call option. I then derive general price bounds for GAOs by employing the theory of comonotonicity and the Rogers-Shi (Rogers and Shi, 1995) approach. Moreover, I suggest some `model-robust' tight bounds based on the moment generating function (m.g.f.) and characteristic function (c.f.) under the affine set up. The strength of these bounds is their computational speed which makes them indispensable for annuity providers who rely heavily on Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the fair market value of Guaranteed Annuity Options. In fact, sans Monte Carlo, the academic literature does not offer any solution for the pricing of the GAOs. I illustrate the performance of the bounds for a variety of affine processes governing the evolution of mortality and the interest rate by comparing them with the benchmark Monte Carlo estimates. Through my work, I have been able to express the payoffs of two well known modern mortality products in terms of payoffs of financial derivatives, there by filling the gaps in the literature and offering state of art techniques for pricing of these sophisticated instruments.
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我國住宅地震保險法制重要問題研究 / Studies on the Legislations Regarding Residential Earthquake Insurance in Taiwan葉伊馨 Unknown Date (has links)
因台灣全島具有許多地震斷層,各處均有可能發生地震,又大型地震易伴隨之地震變動,常有斷層、山崩、地裂、地盤隆起、陷沒、崩崖、噴沙、噴泥、土壤液化、井水變化之情形發生。地震所造成之損失相當嚴重,若僅賴政府之事後救濟,將造成納稅人及國家沉重之財政負荷,相形之下,使人民事前投保地震保險,共同分散損失,乃較佳選擇。有鑑於位於高地震風險地區之國家,例如,位於「環太平洋地震帶」之日本、紐西蘭、美國加州,及位於「歐亞地震帶」之土耳其等,均陸續發展地震保險制度,故本論文欲藉各國地震保險制度,探討我國目前住宅地震保險制度之完善性。
本論文以此為主題,探討之內容包含地震風險是否具可保性、政府是否應介入地震保險市場、綜合天災保險之可行性、地震保險保費釐定之考量因素、是否應強制投保地震保險、強制承保之必要性、目前之投保方式是否構成違法之搭售行為、及理賠標準之爭議等問題,於論文最後並提出相關條文之修正建議。 / Earthquakes occur frequently in Taiwan, and they always lead to catastrophic losses. If the government invests more taxpayer dollars into ex post compensation, it will be unfair to other taxpayers. For insurance plays an important role in the modern societies. It can successfully distribute the risks ex ante and contribute to make societies more stable. So this paper introduces Earthquake Insurance to solve the problem, discusses the topic from different aspects, and does a comparative research on legislation between America, Japan, New Zealand, Turkey and Taiwan.
The outline of this paper discusses the insurability, the ways of risk management, the need of government intervention, whether to introduce mandatory insurance, the coverage extent the insurer can provide, and how to determine the premium. At the last of this paper, the author also raises some suggestions of Insurance Law.
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以全民健保資料庫探討長期照顧需求 / Using Taiwan National Health Insurance Database to Explore the Need of Long-term Care鄭志新 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,隨著我國國民的壽命持續增長,人口老化愈加明顯。預期臺灣在2021年將進入人口零成長,2025年65歲以上人口比例也將超過20%(來源:國家發展委員會2014年人口推估)。人口老化帶來許多問題,如老年生活、醫療、以及長期照顧等需求,其中照顧需求與年齡正相關,預期需求將隨壽命延長而增加,需要及早規劃及因應,這也是今年通過長期照護法的原因。由於各國國情不同,對於長期照護的定義、補助及需求也不盡相同,有必要發展適用於臺灣特性的,推估長期照顧需求的所需之資源。重大傷病中的許多疾病與失能、甚至長期照護有關,由於全民健保實施至今已逾20年,重大傷病的認定標準及程序相對客觀、中立,受到民眾、學術、政府各界肯定。
有鑑於此,本文以全民健保資料庫的重大傷病資料庫為基礎,挑選八類引發長照的重大傷病,作為規劃長期照護保險的參考。本文以這些傷病的發生率、罹病後死亡率、罹病後存活率等,結合國發會所人口推估的結果,利用年輪組成法(Cohort Component Method)推估長期照顧的未來需求。研究發現:未來需求人口從2013年約10萬人,迅速增加至2060年的21萬人,增加速度相當快。而參考「長期照顧保險法」草案的給付內容,若聘請一名外籍看護每月20,000元計算,每人分擔將從2012年的$530元/月升至2060年的2,728元/月;若不調整保費且以隨收隨付計算,每人每月繳交400元長照保費,長照給付將從2012年每月13,353元降至2060年每月3,556元,由此可知壽命延長、人口老化將造成長照保險的財務問題。另外,本文考量的八項重大傷病較為保守,沒有加入老化、遺傳等因素的長照需求,預期將不足以因應實際需求,未來有必要引入商業保險來彌補社會保險的不足。 / In recent years, with the sustainable growth of the life expectancy in our country, population aging becomes more apparent. Taiwan’s population of ages 65 and over will exceed 20% within 10 years, before 2025. (Source: National Development Council - Population Projection on 2014). The population aging an prolonging life incurs a big demand for caring the elderly, such as the economic need after the retirement, medical cost, and long-term care. Among these needs, the demand of long term care was under-estimated and is only recognized recently.
Thus, this study focuses on predicting the need of long-term care in Taiwan. Specifically, the definition and standard (as well as types and amounts of subsidy) for juding whether one needs long-terma care is not yet determined, although Taiwan’s government passed the long-term care law (Long-Term Care Insurance Law) earlier this year. We should adapt the notion of catastrophic illness (CI) and use certain CI categories, which are related to long-term care, to design the long-term care insurance.
Catastrophic illness (CI) is one of the key features of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI), and the definition and process of evaluating if one is with the CI is quite complete. We choose eight categories of CI and use the NHI database to obtain their incidence rates, mortality rates, and survival probability. Together with the population projection from National Development Council in 2014 and the cohort component method to predict the long-term care demand in Taiwan. The syudy result shows that the population needing long-term care will rise from about 100 thousands in 2013 to about 210 thousands in 2060. Moreover, if the long-term care insurance is funded via pay-as-you-go, the individual premium required will rise 5 times from 2012 to 2060. This indicates that the long-term care might be too expensive and the commercial insurance can play an important role as a supplement.
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Accès aux soins obstétricaux d’urgence au Mali : dépenses catastrophiques et conséquences au sein des ménagesArsenault, Catherine 07 1900 (has links)
Après des années d’efforts, l’Afrique Sub-saharienne n’a connu qu’une faible amélioration de ses indicateurs de santé maternelle. Assurer l’accès aux soins obstétricaux d’urgence (SOU) pour toutes les femmes est une stratégie efficace pour réduire la mortalité maternelle. Cependant, ces soins sont dispendieux et ces dépenses peuvent être « catastrophiques ». Afin d’en réduire le fardeau, le Mali a instauré la gratuité de la césarienne et un système de référence-évacuation. L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner la prévalence et les facteurs contribuant aux dépenses catastrophiques liées aux SOU dans la région de Kayes, Mali. Elle vise aussi à étudier les conséquences socioéconomiques de ces dépenses au sein des ménages.
L’étude a révélé que les dépenses lors d’urgences obstétricales sont en moyenne de 71535 FCFA (US$ 152). Entre 20.7% et 53.5% des ménages ont encouru des dépenses catastrophiques supérieures à 15% et 5% de leur revenu annuel respectivement. Les ménages de femmes sans éducation, du milieu rural et ayant souffert d’infection post-partum sont les plus à risque d’encourir des dépenses catastrophiques. La césarienne n’est pas associée à une probabilité réduite de dépense catastrophique malgré la gratuité. Faire des dépenses élevées ne garantie pas la survie de la mère puisque entre 19,4% et 47,1% des décès maternels ont encouru des dépenses catastrophiques. Enfin, les ménages s’endettent et vendent fréquemment des biens pour faire face aux dépenses ce qui créé des difficultés financières importantes à long terme. La création de nouvelles politiques de financement sera nécessaire à l’amélioration de la santé maternelle au Mali. / After years of efforts, countries in sub-Saharan Africa have seen little to no improvement in their maternal health indicators. Ensuring access to emergency obstetric care (EmOC) for all women is a strategy proven to reduce maternal mortality. However, EmOC in sub-Saharan Africa can be extremely costly and can generate ‘’catastrophic’’ expenses. In order to reduce the economic burden of EmOC in Mali, user fees for caesareans were abolished and a maternity referral-system was created. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of and the factors associated with catastrophic EmOC expenditure in the region of Kayes, Mali. It also aims to identify the well-being consequences of high EmOC expenses.
This study brings forth the following points. Firstly, the average EmOC expenditure was 71535 FCFA (US$ 152). Secondly, between 20.7% and 53.5% of households faced catastrophic expenditures greater than 15% and 5% of their annual income respectively. Women with no education, living in rural areas and with a postpartum infection had a higher propensity of catastrophic spending. Having a caesarean was not associated with a reduced risk of catastrophic expenditures despite the abolition of user fees for caesareans. Between 19.4% and 47.1% of households of maternal deaths also had catastrophic spending. Finally, households often had to borrow money and sell assets to pay for EmOC which led to considerable long-lasting financial difficulties. As long as policies fail to protect households from catastrophic EmOC expenditures, we cannot expect to see any great progress in reducing maternal mortality in Mali.
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全民健保資料庫分析:重大傷病及癌症之研究 / A Study of Cancer and Catastrophic Illness based on Taiwan National Health Insurance Database蘇維屏, Su Wei Ping Unknown Date (has links)
重大傷病是我國全民健康保險的重要特色之一,透過社會保險的風險分擔機制,病患享有免部分負擔等優惠,降低因為罹病帶來的財務負擔,但重大傷病同時也成為全民健保的主要支出項目。民國102年領取重大傷病證明者不過98餘萬人(約總人口的4%),但其一年的醫療費用多達一千五百多億元(接近總支出的27%),平均每位重大傷病患者的醫療費用約為平均值的7.34倍,其中癌症又是重大傷病中人數最多者,大約佔了49%(資料來源:衛生福利部中央健康保險署)。因為許多重大傷病的發生率、盛行率與年齡成正比(黃泓智等人,2004),未來隨著人口老化,全民健保支出也將跟著上升。
本文使用全民健保資料庫,探討近十年重大傷病(尤其是癌症)趨勢,估計重大傷病的年齡別發生率、死亡率,評估人口老化對全民健保造成的影響,其中承保資料檔(ID)、重大傷病檔(HV)為本研究主要的依據資料。而由於健保資料庫的資料種類及數量龐雜,在初期資料的偵錯及處理上非常重要但也相當費時,至於發生率、死亡與否的判斷亦十分棘手,因此過程中我們將一一說明資料分析步驟及注意事項。本文發現癌症及重大傷病的盛行率逐年上升,但發生率並沒有明顯變化,加上近年癌症死亡率幾乎不變(但台灣全體國民的死亡率逐年遞降),因為台灣的人口老化,預期未來罹患癌症人數會逐年增加,癌症將繼續蟬聯十大死因之首,但罹癌死亡率的下降也可發現近年醫療進步所造成的影響。此外,我們也考量隨機死亡模型(Lee-Carter Model),發現無論是癌症死亡率、或是罹癌死亡率都有不錯的估計結果。而在文末也提出癌症病患的就醫行為以供後續研究者參考。 / Catastrophic illness (CI) is one of the key features of Taiwan’s National Health Insurance (NHI). Through risk-sharing mechanisms of social insurance, it can reduce the financial burden of the CI patients since treating the CI is usually expensive. However, the CI also becomes a major expenditure item of NHI. The people receiving the CI card are just 0.98 million in 2013 (about 4% of the total population), but their smedical costs are over 150 billion NT dollars (nearly 27% of total expenditures). The average medical cost per CI patient is about 7.34 times of the national average. (Source: Department of Health and National Health Insurance Agency). Because the incidence and prevalence rates increase with age (Huang et al, 2004), the total NHI expenditure is expected to increase in the future due to population aging.
This study intends to use the NHI database, including the records of personal identification and out-patient visit from all CI patients, to explore the incidence and mortality rates, for example, of CI patients. Because the NHI database is big and messy, we shall first debug and clean them. Also, since the death of CI patients are not fully reported in the NHI database, we propose a method to identify the deaths and use the official statistics to evaluate. The results show that the prevalence rates of all CI increased every year, but their incidence rates did not change significantly. The mortality rates of cancer patients also did not change much. Based on these findings, we expect the proportion of CI patients and their size will continue to grow. In addition, we applied the Lee-Carter model to the cancer mortality rates, and the fit is pretty good.
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Impact of the elderly on household health expenditure in Bihar and Kerala, IndiaLoutfi, David 08 1900 (has links)
Dans le contexte d’une population vieillissante, nous avons étudié l’impact de la présence de personnes âgées sur les dépenses catastrophiques de santé (DCS), ainsi que leur impact sur trois effets reliés (le fait d’éviter des traitements, la perte de revenu, et l’utilisation de sources de financement alternatives). Nous avons utilisé les données d’une enquête du National Sample Survey Organization (Inde) en 2004, portant sur les dépenses reliées à la santé. Nous avons choisi un état développé (Kerala) et un état en voie de développement (Bihar) pour faire une comparaison des effets de la présence de personnes âgées sur les ménages. Nous avons trouvé qu’il y avait plus de DCS au Kerala et que ceci était probablement lié à la présence accrue de personnes âgées au Kerala ce qui mène à plus de maladies chroniques. Nous avons supposé que l’utilisation de services de santé privés serait lié à une augmentation de DCS, mais l’effet a varié en fonction de l’état, du présence d’une personne âgée, et du type de service utilisé (ambulatoire ou hospitalisation). Nous avons aussi trouvé que les femmes âgées au Bihar utilisait les services de santé moins qu’elle ne devrait, que les ménages ayant plus de 4 personnes ont possiblement un effet protecteur pour les personnes âgées, et que certains castes et group religieux ont dû emprunter plus souvent que d’autres groupes pour payer les frais de santé. La présence de personnes âgées, les maladies chroniques, et l’utilisation de services de santé privées sont tous liés aux DCS, mais, d’après nos résultats, d’autres groupes retardent les conséquences économiques en empruntant ou évitant les traitements. Nous espérons que ces résultats seront utilisés pour approfondir les connaissances sur l’effet de personnes âgées sur les dépenses de santé ou qu’ils seront utilisés dans des discussions de politiques de santé. / In the context of an ageing population in India, we have examined the impact of the elderly on catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and three related access impacts (avoidance of treatment, loss of income, and alternate sources of funding). We used data from the National Sample Survey Organization (India) survey on healthcare in 2004. We chose one developed state (Kerala) and one developing state (Bihar) to compare and contrast the impact of ageing on households. Our results showed that CHE was higher in Kerala and that this was likely due to more elderly that in turn have more chronic disease. We expected the use of private treatment to lead to higher levels of CHE, and while it did for some households, the impact of private treatment on CHE, varied by state, presence of elderly, and type of health service (inpatient or outpatient). We also found that elderly females in Bihar were at a disadvantage with regards to health services utilizations, that larger household size might have a protective effect on elderly households, and that some scheduled caste and Muslim households have to borrow more often than other groups in order to fund their treatment. While the elderly, chronic disease and private treatment are linked to CHE, our results suggest that other groups may simply be delaying the consequences of paying for healthcare, by avoiding treatment or borrowing money. We hope that these results be used to explore the impact of the elderly in more detail in future research, or that it contribute to health policy discussions.
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