Este trabalho diz respeito às três seguintes questões gerais (e que possuem certas inter-relações): (i) Qual seria o lugar do comportamento em uma análise plausível das categorias psicológicas ordinárias (tais como as emoções, os humores, as chamadas atitudes proposicionais, dentre outras)? (ii) O que é comportamento, isto é, quais são as condições que delimitam o que conta e o que não conta como tal? (iii) Seria ou não valiosa a adoção de conceitos psicológicos ordinários em análise do comportamento? Com respeito à questão (i), eu procuro: (i.1) clarificar o leque de categorias exatamente envolvidas nela, por meio da elaboração de uma taxonomia relativamente neutra dessas categorias; e (i.2) formular e apoiar uma forma de perspectiva comportamental como resposta, com base em algumas abordagens comportamentais anteriores, dentre outras. Com respeito à questão (ii), procuro: (ii.1) clarificar a noção de comportamento, elucidando suas diferentes acepções e, em especial, as fronteiras que delimitam o que conta como comportamento em uma acepção aqui relevante dela (a saber, comportamento como ocorrência de uma ação ou reação de um organismo), por meio de análise conceitual; e (ii.2) apontar dificuldades (conceituais) em várias definições de comportamento (naquela acepção específica) encontradas na literatura científica e filosófica. Com respeito à questão (iii), procuro: (iii.1) apresentar uma reconstituição semiformal de argumentos de Skinner (behaviorismo radical), Rachlin (behaviorismo teleológico) e Foxall (behaviorismo intencional) sobre ela, com base no modelo de solução de problemas de Laudan sobre a estrutura e a dinâmica de teorias; e (iii.2) oferecer um breve balanço crítico dessas três perspectivas nesse tocante, com base na abordagem que sugiro como resposta a (i). / This work deals with the following three (to some extent interrelated) questions: (i) What is the place of behavior in a plausible analysis of ordinary psychological categories (such as emotions, moods, so-called propositional attitudes, and so on)? (ii) What is behavior, that is, what are the conditions that distinguish behaviors from non-behaviors? (iii) Would it be useful enough to embrace ordinary psychological concepts in behavior analysis? Concerning question (i), I attempt (i.1) to clarify the range of categories pertaining thereto, by providing a relatively neutral taxonomy of these categories; and (i.2) to put forward and support a particular form of behavioral approach as an answer, by drawing upon some previous behavioral approaches, among others. Concerning question (ii), I attempt (ii.1) to clarify the concept of behavior, by distinguishing different senses thereof and elucidating, in particular, the boundaries of behavior qua occurrence of an organism\'s action or reaction; and (ii.2) to identify (conceptual) difficulties with some definitions of behavior (in that particular sense of the concept) found in the scientific and philosophical literature. Finally, concerning question (iii), I endeavor (iii.1) to present a semiformal reconstruction of arguments supported by Skinner (radical behaviorism), Rachlin (teleological behaviorism), and Foxall (intentional behaviorism), by taking advantage of Laudan\'s problem-solving model of the dynamic and structure of theories; and, based upon the approach outlined as an answer to (i), (iii.2) to provide a brief critical assessment of these three perspectives in this regard.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:15:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e analisar as informações de gestão estratégica de custos (GEC) encontradas nos relatórios das companhias abertas brasileiras listadas nos níveis de governança corporativa da BOVESPA. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa nos relatórios de 2005, 2006 e 2007 de 30 companhias dos níveis 1, 2 e Novo Mercado de governança corporativa, em quantidade proporcional ao total de 140 companhias listadas nesses níveis no segundo semestre de 2007. A amostra foi constituída por escolha aleatória das companhias e calculada utilizando o maior Coeficiente de Variação de Pearson e grau de significância de 5%. Utilizando a técnica de análise de conteúdo, os relatórios foram analisados e as informações sobre GEC foram classificadas em 16 categorias. As categorias foram definidas com base nos temas-chaves de GEC, propostos por Shank e Govindarajan (1997): Análise dos direcionadores de custos, Análise da cadeia de valor e Análise do posicionamento estratégico. Para validá-las utili / The main objective of this paper was to identify and analysis which strategic cost management (SCM) information may be found in the Brazilian open companies’ reports listed in BOVESPA’s corporate governance levels. To do that, some research was conducted in the 2005, 2006 and 2007 reports of 30 companies of levels 1, 2 and New Market of corporate governance, in proportional amount to the total of 140 companies listed in those levels in the second semester of 2007. The sample was made up of companies randomly chosen and calculated by using the highest Pearson’s Variation Coefficient and a significance degree of 5%. The reports were analyzed through the content analysis technique and the information on SCM was classified in 16 categories. The categories were set based on SCM key-topics, proposed by Shank and Govindarajan (1997): Cost Driver Analysis, Value Chain Analysis, and Strategic Positioning Analysis. In order to validate them, the Delphi Run technique was used. The information on SCM, after being classif

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PED - Renata Pascoto.pdf: 411874 bytes, checksum: 55c651ebfabbdefc6e4bdd609638501c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Human sexuality is a theme that awakes interest of the society as a whole, by raising curiosity, anticipation, besides being one more determinant of every individual s personality formation. Former studies have suggested that, far before age three, children start to categorize objects and express gender-based preference, that is, they tend to choose objects which, according to their culture, are appropriate to their biological sex. This research deals with the early manifestations of gender identity. It aims at investigating whether young children´s behavior is associated to their sexual categories: male and female. 20 children have taken part of the experiment: 10 girls and 10 boys between 16 and 18 months of age coming from middle-low income households. The children have been filmed in the presence of toys considered to be adequate either to female or male gender. Their preferential choices and toy handling period has been assessed. The results have showed that since 16 to 18 months of age, boys and girls make different choices based on the Male/Female dichotomy, and express preference for toys which are regarded in their culture as suitable to the sexual category to which they belong / A sexualidade humana é um tema que desperta o interesse da sociedade de forma geral, promovendo curiosidade, expectativas e também é mais uma condição de formação da personalidade de todo indivíduo. Estudos anteriores sugerem que bem antes dos três anos de idade, as crianças começam a categorizar os objetos e manifestam preferências em função do gênero, ou seja, tendem a escolher aqueles que em sua cultura são considerados apropriados ao seu sexo biológico. Esta pesquisa trata das manifestações precoces de identidade de gênero. O objetivo foi investigar se as crianças mais jovens manifestam comportamentos relacionados às categorias sexuais: masculinas e femininas. Participaram deste experimento 20 crianças, sendo 10 meninas e 10 meninos, com idades entre 16 e 18 meses e de nível socioeconômico médio baixo. As crianças foram filmadas na presença de brinquedos considerados como sendo apropriados ao gênero masculino ou feminino. Foram analisadas as escolhas preferenciais e o tempo de manipulação. Os resultados sugerem que desde a idade de 16 a 18 meses, os meninos e meninas fazem escolhas diferenciadas, de acordo com a dicotomia Masculino/Feminino, e mostram preferência pelos brinquedos que em sua cultura são considerados adequados à categoria sexual a que pertencem

We investigate various relationships between categories of functors. The major examples are given by extending some duality to a larger structure, such as an adjunction or a recollement of abelian categories. We prove a theorem which provides a method of constructing recollements which uses 0-th derived functors. We will show that the hypotheses of this theorem are very commonly satisfied by giving many examples. In our most important example we show that the well-known Auslander-Gruson-Jensen equivalence extends to a recollement. We show that two recollements, both arising from different characterisations of purity, are strongly related to each other via a commutative diagram. This provides a structural explanation for the equivalence between two functorial characterisations of purity for modules. We show that the Auslander-Reiten formulas are a consequence of this commutative diagram. We define and characterise the contravariant functors which arise from a pp-pair. When working over an artin algebra, this provides a contravariant analogue of the well-known relationship between pp-pairs and covariant functors. We show that some of these results can be generalised to studying contravariant functors on locally finitely presented categories whose category of finitely presented objects is a dualising variety.

Fundamentada a importância da utilização da Teoria dos Intervalos em computação científica, é realizada uma revisão da Teoria Clássica dos Intervalos, com críticas sobre as incompatibilidades encontradas como motivos de diversas dificuldades para desenvolvimento da própria teoria e, consequentemente, das Técnicas Intervalares. É desenvolvida uma nova abordagem para a Teoria dos Intervalos de acordo com a Teoria dos Domínios e a proposta de [ACI 89], obtendo-se os Domínios Intervalares da Matemática Computacional. Introduz-se uma topologia (Topologia de Scott) compatível com a idéia de aproximação, gerando uma ordem de informação, isto é, para quaisquer intervalos x e y, diz-se que se x -c y , então y fornece mais (no mínimo tanto quanto) informação, sobre um real r, do que x. Prova-se que esta ordem de informação induz uma topologia To (topologia de Scott) , que é mais adequada para uma teoria computacional que a topologia da Hausdorff introduzida por Moore [MOO 66]. Cada número real r é aproximado por intervalos de extremos racionais, os intervalos de informação, que constituem o espaço de informação II(Q), superando assim a regressão infinita da abordagem clássica. Pode-se dizer que todo real r é o supremo de uma cadeia de intervalos com extremos racionais “encaixados”. Assim, os reais são os elementos totais de um domínio contínuo, chamado de Domínio dos Intervalos Reais Parciais, cuja base é o espaço de informação II (Q). Cada função contínua da Análise Real é o limite de sequências de funções contínuas entre elementos da base do domínio. Toda função contínua nestes domínios constitui uma função monotônica na base e é completamente representada em termos finitos. É introduzida uma quasi-métrica que induz uma topologia compatível com esta abordagem e provê as propriedades quantitativas, além de possibilitar a utilização da noção de sequências, limites etc, sem que se precise recorrer a conceitos mais complexos. Desenvolvem-se uma aritmética, critérios de aproximação e os conceito de intervalo ponto médio, intervalo valor absoluto e intervalo diâmetro, conceitos compatíveis com esta abordagem. São acrescentadas as operações de união, interseção e as unárias. Apresenta-se um amplo estudo sobre a função intervalar e a inclusão de imagens de funções, com ênfase na obtenção de uma extensão intervalar natural contínua. Esta é uma abordagem de lógica construtiva e computacional. / The importance of Interval Theory for scientific computation is emphasized. A review of the Classical Theory is macle, including a discussion about some incompatibities that cause problems in developing interval algorithms. A new approach to the Interval Theory is developed in the light of the Theory of Domains and according to the ideas by Acióly [ACI 89], getting the Interval Domains of Computational Mathematics. It is introduced a topology (Scott Topology), which is associated with the idea of approximation, generating an information order, that is, for any intervals x and y one says that if x -c y, then "the information given by y is better or at least equal than the one given by x". One proves that this information order induces a To topology (Scott's topology) which is more suitable for a computation theory than that of Hausdorff introduced by Moore [MOO 66]. This approach has the advantage of being both of constructive logic and computational. Each real number is approximated by intervals with rational bounds, named information intervals of the Information Space II(Q), eliminating the infinite regression found in the classical approach. One can say that every real a is the supreme of a chain of rational intervals. Then, the real numbers are the total elements of a continuous domain, named the Domain of the Partial Real Intervals, whose basis is the information space II (Q). Each continuous function in the Real Analysis is the limit of sequences of continuous functions among any elements which belong to the base of the domain. In these same domains, each continuous function is monotonic on the base and it is completely represented by finite terms. It is introduced a quasi-metric that leads to a compatible topology and supplies the quantitative properties. An arithmetic, some approximation criteria, the concepts of mean point interval, absolute value interval and width interval are developed and set operations are added. The ideas of interval functions and the inclusion of ranges of functions are also presented, and a continuous natural interval extension is obtained.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A teoria do objeto de Emil Lask - J Resende.pdf: 1357581 bytes, checksum: aa3206cca43099b9aee518f3bbdc405e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of the present work is to introduce the object theory developed by Emil Lask in his Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1910). Even if such theory is not its goal, it works as auxiliary support in the attainment of book´s aim: to hold categorically the validity (Geltung) and save it from all hypostases forms, through that Lask deepens and transforms the value theory (Werttheorie) of Windelband and Rickert indeed under the critics of Husserl and the influence of the Lebensphilosophie. The present work will just expose and analyse the objectivity (Gegenständlichkeit) species developed by Lask, among which is included, for instance, objects as the tree, the green, the being, the beautiful, the ethical, the language and the numbers. In fact such objectivity is a sense theory completely independent of subjectivity / Este trabalho visa apresentar a teoria do objeto que Emil Lask desenvolve na sua obra Die Logik der Philosophie und die Kategorienlehre (1910). Apesar de não ser a meta de Lask, esta teoria do objeto se desenvolve como instrumento auxiliar na consecução do objetivo da obra: tratar categorialmente a validade (Geltung) e livra-la de todas as formas de hipóstase, através do que Lask aprofunda e transforma a teoria do valor (Werttheorie) de Windelband e Rickert em face das críticas de Husserl e da influência da Lebensphilosophie. O presente trabalho limita-se à exposição e análise das espécies de objetualidade (Gegenständlichkeit) desenvolvidas por Lask, dentro das quais se incluem, por exemplo, objetos como a árvore, o verde, o ser, o belo, o ético, a linguagem e os números. Objetualidade esta que em última instância se constitui numa teoria do sentido totalmente independente da subjetividade

The thesis offers a comparative analysis of language policies in the EU and India. Specifically, it examines the role of power and ideology in the formulation and implementation of language policies. The need for this thesis emerged in view of the lack of comprehensive comparative analyses of language policies which leads to epistemological gaps, including one-dimensional narratives of language policies, and theories which are lacking in precision. In light of these gaps, the thesis undertakes a comprehensive investigation of policies in eight policy domains (administration, legal safeguards for minority languages, law, education, media, healthcare, business, and social welfare) in the EU and India and in two case studies each from the EU (Luxembourg, Wales), and India (Manipur, Tamil Nadu), chosen on the basis of maximum and minimum deviation from the EU's and Indian policies. The study examines policy texts (statutes on language use in these polities), and contexts which concern the historical and socio-political factors underpinning language policies. The thesis makes three important contributions. First, it marks a break from the prevalent understanding of power in macro-level policymaking. Research to date has tended to view power as a monolithic entity, while this thesis offers evidence that power and ideology are not uniform across policy domains. Second, it bridges the text-context divide of language policy research by conducting an investigation of policy-related legislation, and highlighting the importance of texts in understanding language policies, as they reflect the changes in power structures through time. Third, the thesis proposes a new analytical concept for investigating language policies, Categories of Differentiation (COD). Categories of Differentiation refer to the sets of binaries which underpin language policies in the aforementioned case studies. These binaries include the hills-valley divide (Manipur), the Dravidian-Aryan divide (Tamil Nadu), and the autochthonous-allochthonous divide (EU) among others. Language policies have often been described as 'multilayered', and COD offer a systematic approach to exploring these multiple layers. Overall, the thesis demonstrates how comparative research aids understanding of language policies, and sets out a possible theoretical framework for conducting it.

本研究旨在透過漢字字感教學法，試圖解決前人研究中各式漢字教學法之侷限性，進而發展出能在有限華語教學時數內完成、具有教學成效、符合各類漢字字源演變與特質，且能引起學習者動機，建立字感的漢字教學設計。本研究對字感的定義也同樣是教學目的：學習者經過漢字教學，掌握漢字的大概念後，將所學的知識應用到未學過的漢字上。學習者因而能夠有系統的分析、推測新字的形音義，或者有能力檢視漢字的形音義是否正確合理，如此有助於增進漢字學習效率。 本研究採用教學實驗法，以自編之漢字字感教材，連續十週開設免費班課程，每次上課50分鐘，對初、中級華語學習者進行教學實驗。教材字例以教育部華測會主辦之華語文能力測驗《基礎八百詞》中出現的漢字為主，總共分為五個主題：象形字例教學、指事字例教學、會意字例教學、形聲字例教學、假借字例教學。各教學主題內容主要分為：（1）教學前教師漢字知能建立與教案設計、（2）教學中活動操作步驟、（3）教學後學習評量施測與檢討、（4）學習者課程回饋單。本研究實驗課程合計教授142個漢字。 本研究主要結果如下： 一、字感教學確有教學成效。字感教學可建立教師正確的文字學知識與漢字釋義能力，並協助教師在有限教學時間內，運用本身知能有效率的進行漢字教學，減少學習者學習負擔。 二、字感教學符合教學需求與學習需要。字感教學透過為教育部華語文能力測驗（TOCFL）測驗公布之《基礎八百詞》中常用漢字量身打造教學活動，可以符合華語文教師實際教學需求、學習者學習需要，且讓學習者願意接受、提高學習興趣。 三、字感教學可引起學習動機，有助後續漢字學習。字感教學中的漢字書寫教學讓華語文學習者建立推測漢字「字音、字形、字義」的判斷、自我糾正、自主學習能力，破除漢字難學之迷思。經過有步驟、有系統、有意義、有樂趣、有文化的字感教學後，從客觀的學習評量分析可發現學習者確實能將課堂所學應用至推測與分析未學過的漢字，且可提升華語文學習者漢字書寫能力，從根本改善「動口不動手」的學習結果。 最後，本研究對往後教學實驗可修正與改進的部分提出建議，並期許藉由字感教學，讓全球華語熱因漢字的特色與文化更熱，讓世界各國感受到中華文化的美、智慧與溫度。 / The main purpose of developing the Chinese Character Perception Teaching Approach is to solve the restrictions existing in current Chinese character teaching approaches. Due to the limited time and proportion of Chinese character teaching in teaching Chinese as a second language (CSL), a set of lesson plans are made to possess certain efficiency, meet the different origins and property of each character from the six categories of Chinese characters (liùshū), invoke learners’ motive and build their solid perception toward Chinese characters. The goal of the teaching approach, as well as a more detailed definition of Chinese character perception would be: after going through Chinese character teaching approaches and master the big idea of each category of Chinese characters, learners would be able to transfer their knowledge to comprehend the characters they have not learnt yet. Thus, learners could analyze characters systematically, connect the sound, meaning and structure of characters, or observe whether a character is correctly written or pronounced according to its property. Chinese character learning efficiency would then be improved. In order to prove the positive effects of Chinese Character Perception Teaching Approach, the following items are practiced: the self-designed lesson plans and teaching materials to beginners and intermediate learners in CSL classroom. The experiment lasts for ten weeks, 50 minutes each time. The characters chosen in experiments are from “Standard 800 Phrases,” which is one of the bases of Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL). The teaching experiments are divided into 5 themes: pictographs, self-explanatory characters, associative compounds, pictophonetic characters, and phonetic loan characters. Each theme’s lesson plan contains: 1. before teaching—building teacher’s competence of Chinese characters; 2. during teaching—listing out activities and steps of teaching; 3. after teaching—assessment and review; 4. feedback sheet from students and teaching efficiency analysis. Throughout the experiment, 142 Chinese characters are taught and comprehended in total. The results of this study are listed as following: 1. Chinese Character Perception Teaching Approach is proved to be effective and operative. It provides teacher with appropriate knowledge of etymology and competency to explain the big ideas of different Chinese character categories in a way that is comprehendible to beginners and intermediate learners. 2. Chinese Character Perception Teaching Approach meets the need of both teaching and learning. This teaching approach is tailored to suit requirements in practical teaching and helps learners to prepare themselves for taking TOCFL. Besides, according to feedback sheets, students’ interest towards Chinese characters and related cultural issues are invoked. 3. Chinese Character Perception Teaching Approach can help learners to analyze characters systematically and connect the sound, meaning and structure of characters even before they are taught. Also, through adequate writing practice, students are familiar with the strokes of Chinese characters. Therefore, they are able to write not only correct, but also make words better-looking. Finally, the reaserch brings up some suggestions to modify and improve the Chinese Character Perception Teaching Approach. The author expect that through this effective and interesting way of teaching characters, the myth of “Chinese characters are hard to learn” would be broken, and let students from all over the world truly feel the warmth, the beauty of Chinese language and culture.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to apply a name user perspective to the street names of Stockholm, with a focus on knowledge and views about names among the city’s inhabitants. On the basis of interview surveys, a picture is presented of the knowledge and views of Stockholmers regarding their city’s street names and the semantic or thematic name categories to which many of them belong; that is, the study seeks to identify general features of the ways in which the people of the city relate to their street names. Surveys were carried out in seven districts: Hedvig Eleonora parish, Hjorthagen, Fredhäll, Norra Ängby, Årsta, Fruängen and Akalla. A separate survey studied the range and associative properties of street names among Stockholmers not living in the vicinity of the streets in question.</p><p>General findings emerging from the surveys are that people are very familiar with the names in their local area; that knowledge about these names contributes to their well-being and sense of identity and belonging; that name categories are appreciated and considered to have an orientating function; that names which are seen as elegant or distinguished are regarded as enhancing the image and perceptions of the environment in which they occur; that long names and those made up of several words may be regarded as unwieldy in practical use; and that people need and create names for more limited park and recreational areas, while formally adopted names for larger green spaces are not used or are felt to be unclear in their reference.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to apply a name user perspective to the street names of Stockholm, with a focus on knowledge and views about names among the city’s inhabitants. On the basis of interview surveys, a picture is presented of the knowledge and views of Stockholmers regarding their city’s street names and the semantic or thematic name categories to which many of them belong; that is, the study seeks to identify general features of the ways in which the people of the city relate to their street names. Surveys were carried out in seven districts: Hedvig Eleonora parish, Hjorthagen, Fredhäll, Norra Ängby, Årsta, Fruängen and Akalla. A separate survey studied the range and associative properties of street names among Stockholmers not living in the vicinity of the streets in question. General findings emerging from the surveys are that people are very familiar with the names in their local area; that knowledge about these names contributes to their well-being and sense of identity and belonging; that name categories are appreciated and considered to have an orientating function; that names which are seen as elegant or distinguished are regarded as enhancing the image and perceptions of the environment in which they occur; that long names and those made up of several words may be regarded as unwieldy in practical use; and that people need and create names for more limited park and recreational areas, while formally adopted names for larger green spaces are not used or are felt to be unclear in their reference.