Cette recherche vise à établir les propriétés fondamentales d'un système formel aux preuves circulaires introduit par Santocanale, auquel on a rajouté la règle de coupure. On démontre, dans un premier temps, qu'il y a une pleine correspondance entre les preuves circulaires et les flèches issues des catégories dites µ-bicomplètes. Ces flèches sont celles que l'on peut définir purement à partir des outils suivants: les produits et coproduits finis, les algèbres initiales et les coalgèbres finales. Dans la catégorie des ensembles, les preuves circulaires dénotent donc les fonctions qu'on peut définir en utilisant les produits cartésiens finis, les unions disjointes finies, l'induction et la coinduction. On décrit également une procédure d'élimination des coupures qui produit, à partir d'une preuve circulaire finie, une preuve sans cycles et sans coupures, mais possiblement infinie. On démontre que l'élimination des coupures fournit une sémantique opérationnelle aux preuves circulaires, c'est-à-dire qu'elle permet de calculer les fonctions dénotées par celles-ci, par le moyen d'une sorte d'automate avec mémoire. Enfin, on s'intéresse au problème de la puissance expressive de cet éliminateur de coupures, c'est-à-dire à la question de caractériser la classe des expressions qu'il peut calculer. On démontre, par une simulation, que l'éliminateur des coupures est strictement plus expressif que les automates à pile d'ordre supérieur. / This research aims at establishing the fundamental properties of a formal system with circular proofs introduced by Santocanale, to which we added the cut rule. We first show that there is a full correspondence between circular proofs and arrows from the so-called µ-bicomplete categories. These arrows are those that can be defined purely from the following tools: finite products and coproducts, initial algebras and final coalgebras. In the category of sets, circular proofs denote functions that one can define by using finite cartesian products, finite disjoint unions, induction and coinduction. We also describe a cut-elimination procedure that produces, from a given finite circular proof, a proof without cycles and cuts, but which may be infinite. We prove that cut-elimination gives an operational semantics to circular proofs, which is to say that they allow to compute the functions denoted by them, by using a sort of automaton with memory. Finally, we are interested in finding the expressive power of that cut-eliminating automaton. In other words, we want to characterize the class of functions that it can compute. We show, through a simulation, that the cut-eliminating automaton is strictly more expressive than higher-order pushdown automata.

Le règlement Rome II sur la loi applicable aux obligations non contractuelles énonce une règle de conflit commune aux États membres de l’Union européenne. La sécurité juridique représente son objectif substantiel premier. Sur ce fondement en particulier, le texte érige un élément principal de rattachement relativement inédit en droit international privé comparé : le dommage. La confrontation de ce critère à l’exigence de sécurité juridique met cependant en lumière le caractère inachevé de l’œuvre européenne. L’amphibologie de la notion de dommage risque, en effet, de mettre à mal la satisfaction de l’exigence de sécurité. Cette recherche entend proposer des solutions à l’incomplétude du critère du dommage. Des réflexions d’ordre théorique et pratique conduisent à envisager deux séries de réponses. Les premières s’adressent au praticien. Elles consistent en l’élaboration d’une notion conflictuelle autonome de dommage, distincte de la notion substantielle de préjudice. Une seconde solution s’adresse directement au législateur de l’Union, dans l’hypothèse d’une révision de la règle européenne de conflit de lois. Il s’agit de proposer une autre méthodologie, qui repose sur la consécration d’un droit international privé européen du dommage. Celle-Ci s’entend de l’élaboration de nouvelles catégories conflictuelles, exclusivement organisées autour du dommage. / The Rome II regulation on the law applicable to non-Contractual obligations states a common rule of conflict into the European Union. Legal security is one of its main purposes and justifies more specifically the choice of an unprecedented connecting factor in comparative international private law: the damage. Nevertheless, the notion of damage covers many different meanings in the different countries of European Union. This plurality may compromise the satisfaction of legal security and, by failing to address this specific issue, the European regulation Rome II turns out to be unfinished.This study intends to suggest solutions to effectively complement and harmonize the notion of damage as a connecting factor in European international private law.Some theoretical and practical reflections lead us to consider two types of answer. The first one is aimed at practitioners. It consists in drawing up an autonomous notion of damage distinct from the material notion of prejudice. A second solution is aimed at the European legislator. It consists in a new methodology based on the adoption of a European international private law of the damage. This means drawing up new conflict categories, exclusively organized around the notion of damage.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-11-25T21:36:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Romeiro.pdf: 2803893 bytes, checksum: 1b596e766e1fdb4352135427aa5f1336 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-25T21:36:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Romeiro.pdf: 2803893 bytes, checksum: 1b596e766e1fdb4352135427aa5f1336 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-27 / The intervention-research that bases the reflection of this dissertation comes from the idea that the nowadays society shows in many situations interpersonal relations getting more and more distant, situations that need a more sympathetic attention. This interpersonal relation pattern reflects itself in educational ways that see people not as individuals but as numbers, as duty as performance. In this dissertation the clown formation has the objective of suggesting didactic experiments and behaviors and also strategies for the improvement of the every-day interpersonal educator relations. In the intervention research experiment, Paulo Freire´s categories were emphasized in a clown formation course, for instance: can good mood be considered a didactic “re-source” improving curiosity? The use of a semi-structured questionary allowed us forecast some demands: relation improvement in school environment through a conscious body reading, sensation perceptions and the use of ludic-pedagogical resources. The method used turned into a planned intervention for the clown formation with a ten-day course. The results obtained showed that improvements expected from the experiment were incorporated in the professional performance of the participants analyzed during the course. As a pay back a DVD was produced showing Paulo Freire´s categories and how it affected the life of the participants seven months after. / La pesquisa intervención que apoya las reflexiones de esta disertación parten del presupuesto de que la sociedad actual presenta, en algunas situaciones, relaciones interpersonales cada vez más distantes, situaciones carentes de miradas atentas y empáticas. Tal modelo de relaciones se refleja en modos de educación que perciben las personas impersonalmente, como números, como funciones, como desempeños. En este trabajo, la formación de Payasos objetiva experimentar y proponer posturas, didácticas y estrategias de enseñanza para mejora de las relaciones humanas en el cotidiano de los educadores. En la experiencia de pesquisa intervención, categorías de Paulo Freire se enfatizaron en un curso de formación de Payasos. Por ejemplo: ¿puede el buen humor se considerar un “recurso” didáctico de optimización de la curiosidad? La aplicación de un cuestionario semiestructurado permitió vislumbrar algunas demandas: mejorar las relaciones en el âmbito escolar por medio de la lectura corporal consciente, de la percepción de sensaciones y del uso de recursos lúdicos pedagógicos. La metodología del experimento tomó forma como intervención planificada para el desarrollo del payaso en diez encuentros. Los resultados alcazados se incorporaron en devolutivas que se constituyeron en la propia formación, es decir, el desarrollo de Payasos “incorporados” al desempeño profesional de los estudiantes. Como devolutiva de la intervención, se produjo un DVD que muestra las categorías de Paulo Freire y como la vivencia se reverberó en la vida de los estudiantes después de siete meses. / A pesquisa-intervenção que embasa as reflexões desta dissertação partem do pressuposto de que a sociedade atual apresenta, em muitas situações, relações interpessoais cada vez mais distantes, situações carentes de olhares atentos e empáticos. Tal padrão de relacionamento reflete-se em modos de educação que percebem as pessoas impessoalmente, como números, como funções, como performances. Neste trabalho, a formação de Palhaços tem como objetivo experimentar e sugerir posturas, didáticas e estratégias para a melhoria das relações humanas no cotidiano de profissionais educadores. Na experiência de pesquisa-intervenção, categorias de Paulo Freire foram enfatizadas num curso de formação de Palhaços. Por exemplo: pode o bom humor ser considerado um “re-curso” didático, otimizando à curiosidade? A aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado permitiu entrever algumas demandas: melhorar as relações no ambiente escolar por meio da leitura corporal consciente, da percepção de sensações e do uso de recursos lúdico-pedagógicos. A metodologia experimentada tomou corpo como intervenção planejada para o desenvolvimento do palhaço em dez encontros realizados. Os resultados obtidos foram incorporados em devolutivas que constituíram a própria formação, isto é, o desenvolvimento de Palhaços “incorporados” à performance profissional dos cursistas-estudantes. Como devolutiva foi produzido um DVD evidenciando as categorias de Paulo Freire e como a vivência reverberou na vida dos cursistas após sete meses.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-09-14T18:01:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Genaro.pdf: 2507994 bytes, checksum: 628164f009c25ca35b1d6712f64aed0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T18:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Genaro.pdf: 2507994 bytes, checksum: 628164f009c25ca35b1d6712f64aed0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / In the current view of telecommunications providers, the quality and the constant availability of the services offered to the customers are vital for the continuity of the business, thus avoiding withdrawals and gross revenue reductions. For this purpose, technological, financial and human resources are required, which must be invested in the providers’ main traffic services network, which is called IP backbone. Like any project, IP backbone projects do not flee the rule and are also subject to several risks that, if ignored during the kickoff and planning stages, could jeopardize their implementation by telecommunications providers, impacting on their final results, whether strategic or operational. The objective of this dissertation was to analyze the influence of risk categories in IP backbone projects on strategic and operational results in telecommunications providers. The approach of this work was qualitative with multiple case studies, being taken as units of analysis three IP backbone projects of two Brazilian telecommunications providers. The results showed which categories of risk were found and what impacts they can have on strategic and operational results. / Na visão atual das operadoras de telecomunicações, a qualidade e a disponibilidade constante dos serviços ofertados aos clientes são vitais para a continuidade dos negócios, evitando assim desistências e reduções de faturamento bruto. Para esta finalidade, são necessários recursos tecnológicos, financeiros e humanos, os quais devem ser investidos na principal rede de tráfego de serviços da operadora, a qual é denominada de backbone IP. Como todo projeto, os projetos de backbone IP não fogem à regra e também se encontram sujeitos a riscos diversos que, se ignorados durante as etapas de planejamento e kickoff, podem comprometer sua implantação pelas operadoras de telecomunicações, com impactos em seus resultados finais, sejam eles estratégicos ou operacionais. O objetivo desta dissertação foi o de analisar a influência de categorias de riscos em projetos de backbone IP nos resultados estratégicos e operacionais em operadoras de telecomunicações. A abordagem desta dissertação foi qualitativa com estudos de casos múltiplos, sendo tomados como unidades de análise três projetos de backbone IP de duas operadoras nacionais de telecomunicações. Os resultados encontrados mostraram quais categorias de riscos foram encontradas e quais os impactos que elas podem produzir nos resultados estratégicos e operacionais.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the personal pronoun “we” in a political debate using Conversation Analysis as research method. More specifically, the thesis aims to identify and analyse how the speakers of a political debate use “we” to express different referential domains in terms of group affiliation. Consequently, to support the thesis’s aim, the following research questions have been devised: What different categories of “we” can be found in the debate? How and when are these different categories used to manifest group affiliation and what do they accomplish?

La présente thèse utilise la technique des potentiels évoqués afin d’étudier les méchanismes neurocognitifs qui sous-tendent la compréhension de la phrase. Plus particulièrement, cette recherche vise à clarifier l’interaction entre les processus syntaxiques et sémantiques chez les locuteurs natifs et les apprenants d’une deuxième langue (L2). Le modèle “syntaxe en premier” (Friederici, 2002, 2011) prédit que les catégories syntaxiques sont analysées de façon précoce: ce stade est reflété par la composante ELAN (Early anterior negativity, Négativité antérieure gauche), qui est induite par les erreurs de catégorie syntaxique. De plus, ces erreurs semblent empêcher l’apparition de la composante N400 qui reflète les processus lexico-sémantiques. Ce phénomène est défini comme le bloquage sémantique (Friederici et al., 1999). Cependant, la plupart des études qui observent la ELAN utilisent des protocoles expérimentaux problématiques dans lesquels les différences entre les contextes qui précèdent la cible pourraient être à l’origine de résultats fallacieux expliquant à la fois l’apparente “ELAN” et l’absence de N400 (Steinhauer & Drury, 2012). La première étude rééevalue l’approche de la “syntaxe en premier” en adoptant un paradigme expériemental novateur en français qui introduit des erreurs de catégorie syntaxique et les anomalies de sémantique lexicale. Ce dessin expérimental équilibré contrôle à la fois le mot-cible (nom vs. verbe) et le contexte qui le précède. Les résultats récoltés auprès de locuteurs natifs du français québécois ont révélé un complexe N400-P600 en réponse à toutes les anomalies, en contradiction avec les prédictions du modèle de Friederici. Les effets additifs des manipulations syntaxique et sémantique sur la N400 suggèrent la détection d’une incohérence entre la racine du mot qui avait été prédite et la cible, d’une part, et l’activation lexico-sémantique, d’autre part. Les réponses individuelles se sont pas caractérisées par une dominance vers la N400 ou la P600: au contraire, une onde biphasique est présente chez la majorité des participants. Cette activation peut donc être considérée comme un index fiable des mécanismes qui sous-tendent le traitement des structures syntagmatiques. La deuxième étude se concentre sur les même processus chez les apprenants tardifs du français L2. L’hypothèse de la convergence (Green, 2003 ; Steinhauer, 2014) prédit que les apprenants d’une L2, s’ils atteignent un niveau avancé, mettent en place des processus de traitement en ligne similaires aux locuteurs natifs. Cependant, il est difficile de considérer en même temps un grand nombre de facteurs qui se rapportent à leurs compétences linguistiques, à l’exposition à la L2 et à l’âge d’acquisition. Cette étude continue d’explorer les différences inter-individuelles en modélisant les données de potentiels-évoqués avec les Forêts aléatoires, qui ont révélé que le pourcentage d’explosition au français ansi que le niveau de langue sont les prédicteurs les plus fiables pour expliquer les réponses électrophysiologiques des participants. Plus ceux-ci sont élevés, plus l’amplitude des composantes N400 et P600 augmente, ce qui confirme en partie les prédictions faites par l’hypothèse de la convergence. En conclusion, le modèle de la “syntaxe en premier” n’est pas viable et doit être remplacé. Nous suggérons un nouveau paradigme basé sur une approche prédictive, où les informations sémantiques et syntaxiques sont activées en parallèle dans un premier temps, puis intégrées via un recrutement de mécanismes contrôlés. Ces derniers sont modérés par les capacités inter-individuelles reflétées par l’exposition et la performance. / The present thesis uses event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate neurocognitve mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension. In particular, these two experiments seek to clarify the interplay between syntactic and semantic processes in native speakers and second language learners. Friederici’s (2002, 2011) “syntax-first” model predicts that syntactic categories are analyzed at the earliest stages of speech perception reflected by the ELAN (Early left anterior negativity), reported for syntactic category violations. Further, syntactic category violations seem to prevent the appearance of N400s (linked to lexical-semantic processing), a phenomenon known as “semantic blocking” (Friederici et al., 1999). However, a review article by Steinhauer and Drury (2012) argued that most ELAN studies used flawed designs, where pre-target context differences may have caused ELAN-like artifacts as well as the absence of N400s. The first study reevaluates syntax-first approaches to sentence processing by implementing a novel paradigm in French that included correct sentences, pure syntactic category violations, lexical-semantic anomalies, and combined anomalies. This balanced design systematically controlled for target word (noun vs. verb) and the context immediately preceding it. Group results from native speakers of Quebec French revealed an N400-P600 complex in response to all anomalous conditions, providing strong evidence against the syntax-first and semantic blocking hypotheses. Additive effects of syntactic category and lexical-semantic anomalies on the N400 may reflect a mismatch detection between a predicted word-stem and the actual target, in parallel with lexical-semantic retrieval. An interactive rather than additive effect on the P600 reveals that the same neurocognitive resources are recruited for syntactic and semantic integration. Analyses of individual data showed that participants did not rely on one single cognitive mechanism reflected by either the N400 or the P600 effect but on both, suggesting that the biphasic N400-P600 ERP wave can indeed be considered to be an index of phrase-structure violation processing in most individuals. The second study investigates the underlying mechanisms of phrase-structure building in late second language learners of French. The convergence hypothesis (Green, 2003; Steinhauer, 2014) predicts that second language learners can achieve native-like online- processing with sufficient proficiency. However, considering together different factors that relate to proficiency, exposure, and age of acquisition has proven challenging. This study further explores individual data modeling using a Random Forests approach. It revealed that daily usage and proficiency are the most reliable predictors in explaining the ERP responses, with N400 and P600 effects getting larger as these variables increased, partly confirming and extending the convergence hypothesis. This thesis demonstrates that the “syntax-first” model is not viable and should be replaced. A new account is suggested, based on predictive approaches, where semantic and syntactic information are first used in parallel to facilitate retrieval, and then controlled mechanisms are recruited to analyze sentences at the interface of syntax and semantics. Those mechanisms are mediated by inter-individual abilities reflected by language exposure and performance.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Verfahren entwickelt und getestet, um Prioritätsstufen für öffentliche Verkehrsmittel zur fahrtkonkreten Beeinflussung von Lichtsignalanlagen zu ermitteln und darüber hinaus Anschlüsse im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr zu sichern. Die Testergebnisse zeigen, dass die Ziele, eine höhere Pünktlichkeit und eine höhere Anschlusssicherheit, sehr gut erreicht werden.

The present thesis studies the copular verbs and their co-occurrence with adjectival complements in contemporary written and spoken English. The theoretical part of this work first describes the copular verbs in terms of their types and types of complements they take. A corpus-based approach to copular verbs follows. A part of the theory also provides an overview of the terminology that is used with copular verbs. The work consists of two parts: the theoretical part which introduces the topic and describes the features of both the principal copula be and other copular verbs and the analytical part which analyses written language data excerpted from the Araneum Anglicum corpus and spoken language data from the Spoken BNC2014 corpus. The analytical part focuses on the following seven verbs: feel, look, seem, remain, become, go and get and their adjectival complements. These adjectives are then analysed in terms of their frequency and collocability with the verbs. The collocate lists of all verbs are then compared between the two corpora. Finally, the analysis also attempts to categorize the adjectives semantically. The analysis also focuses on adverbs which occur in these constructions and which function is to modify the adjectives. The results of the analytical part are summarized in the conclusion.

The presented diploma thesis provides the comprehensive presentation about the low emission zones that become more and more used instrument of air protection in european metropolises and in smaller cities. There are already circa sixty low emission zones in Deutschland, in the Czech Republic this instrument hasn't been used yet. Therefore the diploma thesis' determined goal was to analyze the legal regulation of the low emissions zones to clearify the division consisting in absence of low emission zones in the Czech Republic. Systematicall structure of the diploma thesis into six part is the result of the author's aim to make the presentation transparent. The first part of the diploma thesis represents the introduction into the theme of the air protection and provides a brief overview of relevant legal regulations just as the analysis of air pollutants including their negative effect on the peopel's health and on the environment. The author provides the presentation of transport regulation possibilities that the cities are able to realize (excluding the low emission zones). The third part deals with the implementation of the low emission zones into the czech law and with the development of legal regulation of the low emission zones. The detailed analysis of current legal regulation regarding the...

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad determinar el impacto que genera la eliminación de las categorías 3, 4 y 5 del NRUS en la determinación del impuesto a la renta en las empresas del sector panificación del Distrito de San Juan de Miraflores 2019. En ese sentido, este trabajo se encuentra estructurado en cinco capítulos. El Capítulo I presenta el Marco teórico donde se detallan los conceptos más importantes relacionados al tema de investigación, con la finalidad de que el lector pueda tener una información clara y que a su vez sea fácil de comprender. En el Capítulo II, se desarrolla el plan de investigación donde se describe el estado de la cuestión, el cual contribuye a determinar en que si podemos estar o no en razón sobre la relación entre las variables planteadas en el presente trabajo. En el Capítulo III se presenta la metodología de trabajo, la cual contiene características del tipo de investigación a aplicar. En el Capítulo IV se presenta la aplicación de los instrumentos donde se detalla los resultados de los procedimientos mencionados en el capítulo anterior, en el Capítulo V se realiza el análisis de los resultados de la aplicación de instrumentos y para finalizar se detallan las conclusiones y recomendaciones producto de todo el trabajo de investigación. / The purpose of this research work is to determinate the impact generated by the elimination of categories 3, 4 and 5 of the NRUS in the determination of income tax in companies in the bakery sector of the District of San Juan de Miraflores 2019. This research work is structured in five parts and chapters. In Chapter I, there is the Theoretical Framework where the most important concepts related to the research topic are detailed, all this so that the reader can have clear information and that turn easy to understand. In Chapter II, develop the research plan where the state of question is described, which contributes to determining whether we can be right about the relationship between the variables raised in this work. In Chapter III, presents apply the methodology work, which contains characteristics of the type of research. In Chapter IV, the application of the instruments where the results of the procedures mentioned in the previous chapter are detailed. In Chapter V, perform the analysis of the results of the application of instruments, and finally the conclusions and recommendations are detailed product of all the research work. / Tesis