<p>Many believe that the current application of modern logistics solutions in general and centralisation of distribution systems in particular is damaging from an environmental perspective. The reason for this claim is that when a distribution system is centralised, products need to be shipped over greater distances. This causes an increase in transport work, which in turn is believed to cause an increase in emissions. Further, the decision to centralise distribution can be characterised as a structural decision and earlier research has helped illustrate how such decisions have greater impact on the overall performance of a distribution system than decisions taken at subsequent levels (tactical and operative). The reason for this is that structural decisions help create new opportunities to make other logistical decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, as measured in terms of costs and service.</p><p>It is also acknowledged that there is a lack of research illustrating the actual environmental effects of centralisation. This area is the theme of this thesis and the overall purpose is to describe and analyse how centralisation of a distribution system can affect the environment. This purpose has been divided into two research questions, where the first one reads:</p><p>- How does physical centralisation of a distribution system influence the environment?</p><p>This question aims at investigating what effect centralisation has on the amount of emissions that are caused by transport in a distribution system. One of the main advantages with a centralised distribution system is that emergency deliveries are expected to decrease. This type of transport is often performed by airfreight, which is a mode of transport that is regarded to cause the largest amount of environmental stress among the four most commonly used transport modes. The argument that is made is that even though centralisation causes an increase in transport work, this must not necessarily mean that emissions increase.</p><p>As indicated above, earlier studies on structural changes in distribution systems have shown that this type of decision creates new opportunities to make other decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, albeit in terms of costs and service. The aim of the second research question is consequently to study this issue, but from an environmental perspective. This question therefore reads:</p><p>- How do structural decisions in logistics create new opportunities to improve on the environmental performance of a distribution system?</p><p>The results of the study show that it is not sufficient to only consider transport work and emergency deliveries when the environmental effect of a centralisation is to be evaluated. It has also been concluded that centralisation creates an opportunity to make improvements within the distribution system that can prove beneficial from an environmental perspective. In summary, three characteristics besides transport work and emergency deliveries were identified as being of importance when considering the environmental effects of a centralisation. These included centralised flow, modal change, and bargaining power.</p><p>This model (<em>see full pdf</em>) does not aim to include all characteristics that can be relevant in an environmental evaluation of a centralisation, but rather those that have been found significant in this study. However, the model helps illustrate that there are many aspects that need to be considered in such an evaluation and that depending on the characteristics of the distribution system at hand the results can vary quite extensively.</p>

Chaque pays a son propre système d’enquête criminelle, ayant ses propres évolutions historiques et culturelles. Malgré les grands bouleversements de la société coréenne durant le XXe siècle : colonisation japonaise (1910-1945), division entre le nord et le sud du pays (1945), Guerre de Corée (1950-1953), mise en place d’une dictature militaire par un coup d’état(1961-1987), … la Corée est devenu un pays démocratique, continuant encore de nos jours à démocratiser sa société afin de supprimer les reliquats des systèmes passés qui sont toujours présents. L’un des points importants de cette démocratisation est la réforme du système judiciaire, afin de rendre la justice du pays plus juste et redonner confiance au peuple coréen en celle-ci. Pour comprendre la situation actuelle, il est donc nécessaire de présenter l'évolution du système d’enquête criminelle en Corée au cours de son histoire, en particulier la formation historique du parquet et de la police en tant qu’organes d’enquête. Il faut également noter l’importance, pour ce sujet, du droit japonais et du droit français. Ce système coréen d’enquête n’est pas « d’origine » coréenne, mais il s’agit d’un système fortement influencé par les droits de ces deux pays étrangers dans l’histoire juridique. Cependant, il n’est pas possible de trouver une influence directe du droit français dans l’histoire juridique coréenne, car le droit coréen n’a emprunté au droit français que sous l’influence du droit japonais(qui adopta le droit français pour la modernisation du système judiciaire à l’époque Meiji) pendant la colonisation japonaise. Ainsi, on trouve la conception traditionnelle française des institutions dans le système coréen actuel, la centralisation et la hiérarchisation. Si la police et le parquet coréens qui sont les deux organes principaux chargés de s’occuper des affaires criminelle, sont ainsi centralisés, ils ont également des rapports hiérarchisés l’une par rapport à l’autre. / Each Country has its own system of criminal investigation, with its own historical and cultural evolution. Despite major changes in Korean society during the twentieth century such as Japanese colonization (1910-1945), division between the north and south of the country (1945), Korean War (1950-1953), the establishment of a military dictatorship by coup d’état(1961), and so on. Korea became a democratic country, continuing even today to democratize its society to remove remnants of past systems that are always present. One of the important points of this democratization is the reform of the judicial system to make the country more just and restore the confidence of the Korean people in it. To understand the current situation, it is necessary to present the evolution of criminal investigation system in Korea throughout its history, particularly the historical formation of the public prosecutors’ service and the national police as the criminal investigative agencies. Also we have to note the importance, for this subject, of Japanese law and French law, because the Korean criminal investigative system is a system strongly influenced by the judicial system of the both foreign countries. However, it is not possible to find a direct influence of French law in the legal history of Korea because Korean law has just borrowed the institutional concepts from French law under the influence of Japanese law (who had adopted the French law to modernize its judicial system during the Meiji period) during the Japanese colonization. Thus, there are some traditional conceptions of French institution in the current Korean system, centralization and hierarchy. The Korean police and the public prosecutors’ service, which are the two main organizations are responsible for dealing with criminal cases, are centralized and they also have hierarchical relationships between them.

The aim of this study is to investigate and compare teachers’ attitudes to the current testing regimes for the 14-19 age cohorts in England and Sweden. A literature review reveals the historical and political contexts to the prevalent testing regimes in the two countries. One important finding is that the central tests in Sweden have clearly defined objectives whereas the tests’ objectives in England are, at best, insufficiently communicated but at worst not clearly thought through. The study also comprises a questionnaire with the purpose of collecting comparable material of teachers’ attitudes in both countries. Despite the small sample, the results clearly highlight significant discrepancies between objectives and achievements on the one hand and between English and Swedish attitudes on the other. Differences arose between the two countries on how well the objectives of tests are being met. English respondents are more positive towards external marking; meanwhile teaching to the test is seen as a lesser problem in Sweden. Many of these discrepancies and differences in attitudes can be explained from historical and cultural differences to education and assessment systems.

The main objective of my thesis is to evaluate a suitability of the project of the centralisation of management of agriculture commodities transportation in AGF Logistics. The evaluation is based on the analysis of operational and economic data. The results of the application of theoretical models confirmed my hypothesis that the project of a centralisation is a suitable solution for performance optimisation. It is possible to compare the actual state of the project with expected goals based on acquired data and find out the opportunities and risks connected with the project.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser l’État turc ainsi que les mutations sociopolitiques et économiques que connait son entité sociale. Elle vise à explorer en profondeur ladifficile construction de l’État en Turquie face aux problèmes multiples qui affectent profondémentson développement politique. Qu’est-ce qui fait que l’État ne soit pas parvenu à produire uneintégration politique du territoire suffisamment solide pour qu’elle corresponde au modèle de l’Étatnation ? La question est bel et bien de nature politique et nous conduit à essayer de comprendre etd’expliquer la nature du pouvoir politique turc, autrement dit à saisir et à étudier la réalité et laspécificité de l’ordre politique dont l’État a été le vecteur. Notre enjeu est bien de réfléchir sur l’État,son cadre, sa nature et sa portée. Autrement dit, il s’agit de faire un travail de nature historique quinous amène à examiner la question de l’institutionnalisation dans le cadre d’une sociologie de l’Étatturc qui récapitule le processus de construction spécifique de ce dernier.Cette recherche inclut la genèse de l’État turc, son évolution politique et administrative jusqu’audéveloppement actuel du pays. Pour mieux comprendre cela, il a fallu analyser les mécanismes deconstruction de l’État. La situation actuelle de l’État turc se caractérise clairement par la permanencedes trois points que nous paraissent fondamentaux : l’existence d’une bureaucratie déterminante,l’importance d’un pouvoir charismatique fort et la présence d’une armée qui occupe une placepolitiquement puissante et limite l’action indépendante des gouvernements. Le maintien de ces troisfacteurs a empêché la construction d’un État institutionnalisé doté d’un système politiquedémocratique au sens occidental du terme. On assiste alors à la difficile construction d’un ordrepolitique stable. / The aim of this thesis is to analyse the Turkish State as well as the socio-political andeconomic changes experienced by its social entity. It aims to explore, in depth, the difficultconstruction of the state in Turkey in the face of the many problems that profoundly affect its politicaldevelopment. What makes the state fail to achieve a sufficiently strong political integration of theterritory to fit the nation-state model? The question is indeed of a political nature and leads us to tryto understand and explain the nature of Turkish political power; in other words to grasp and study thereality and the specificity of the political order of which the State has been the vector. The challengeis to reflect on the State, its setting, its nature and its scope.This research includes the genesis of the Turkish state, its political and administrative evolution andthe current manifestation. To better understand this, it was necessary to analyse the constructionmechanisms of the state. The current situation of the Turkish state is clearly characterised by thepermanence of the three points that I consider fundamental: the existence of a decisive bureaucracy,the importance of a strong charismatic power and the presence of an army occupying a politicallypowerful place, which limits the independent action of governments. The maintenance of these threefactors has prevented the construction of an institutionalized state with a democratic political system,in the Western sense of the term. This thesis bears witness to the difficulties of constructing a stablepolitical order.

Objective: In three kvasi-experimental single-case studies regarding patients with neck-pain who after sub-grouping using Treatment Based Classification (TBC), were placed in the subgroups centralization or mobilization, describe how and why they were placed in that particular subgroup and then to evaluate the effects on function and pain of the specific treatment proposed for that subgroup.    Method: The process of sub-grouping is described. Function and pain were measured with the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale 0-10 (NPRS) before, during and after the treatment-period and 1 month after the treatment-period had ended.    Results: The use of TBC showed positive results with increased levels of function and decreased patient-reported neck pain in all three single-cases.    Conclusion: The TBC-system may be used for improving function and pain in patients with neck pain. More studies of the validity and reliability and randomized studies of the TBC-system are needed before it could be recommended generally for physiotherapists.

Aujourd'hui encore, notre vie politique est organisée autour de la relation de commandement à obéissance à laquelle nous oblige la souveraineté politique. Mais ce rapport d'obligation est une forme particulière du pouvoir politique, qui émerge au XVIe siècle à travers la pensée de Bodin, dans une conjoncture historique précise. Comment ce concept, renvoyant à l'obéissance absolue et inconditionnée des " francs sujets " à leur Souverain, a-t-il pu être conservé par les sociétés démocratiques modernes? L'indivisibilité et la transcendance de ce pouvoir peuvent-elles exprimer la souveraineté du peuple? C'est une première métamorphose de ce concept qui est requise pour traduire la forme républicaine instituée suite aux deux révolutions américaine et française du XVIIIe siècle. Se pose alors la question de savoir comment conjuguer la nécessaire obéissance aux pouvoirs publics avec la liberté humaine. L'obligation d'obéir à laquelle nous sommes tenus par l'autorité souveraine n'est-elle pas en effet assimilable à une limitation de cette liberté? Et tout pouvoir ne tend-il pas, par nature, à s'hypertrophier? Comment assurer les citoyens de la préservation de leurs droits subjectifs, tout en veillant à leur coexistence en communauté? L'étude la république fédérale américaine permet d'appréhender l'interaction particulière qui existe entre une certaine représentation des fonctions du pouvoir politique, et une dynamique sociale puissante et entreprenante. En divisant la souveraineté, les Américains en contredisent un des traits posés comme essentiels, provoquant ainsi sa deuxième métamorphose. Jusqu'où peut-on alors aller dans la remise en cause des attributs souverains, sans perdre la relation de pouvoir spécifique qu'elle inaugure

L’étude des institutions financières fédérales ont la plupart du temps, été l’objet de travaux de recherche portant sur des pays développés et plus particulièrement sur le système américain. Cependant, l’adoption et l’évolution du système fédéral par d’autres pays comme le Mexique, reste encore très peu connues. Ces dernières années, le système fédéral mexicain a suscité de nombreuses critiques de la part des gouvernements locaux, lesquels dénoncent un haut niveau de centralisation du pouvoir fiscal de la fédération. Ils plaident pour une reconfiguration du système où aurait lieu un véritable partage du pouvoir fiscal entre les trois niveaux gouvernementaux à savoir ; la fédération, les Etats fédérés et les municipalités. Néanmoins, des réformes ont été mises en place pour augmenter la décentralisation des ressources financières mais pas de la dévolution du pouvoir d’imposition. Un processus de centralisation gouvernemental qui semble s’installer progressivement depuis l’adoption du modèle fédéral, exige ainsi une reconsidération de son évolution. Le fédéralisme financier au Mexique est une thèse qui analyse non seulement la structure financière du pays, mais qui cherche aussi des réponses afin de comprendre quelles sont les causes et comment le système fédéral est devenu un fédéralisme centralisé. Quels sont les outils juridiques qui ont permis le fonctionnement de ce système fédéral en neutralisant l’autonomie locale et la concurrence entre les autorités gouvernementales? Pourquoi est-il difficile de changer de direction ou de concevoir une réforme de grande ampleur qui pourrait rénover les relations intergouvernementales? Les réponses à de tels questionnements nous amènent à une conception plus large et plus vaste que l’analyse juridique de la structure fédérale ne suffirait pas à expliquer même si celle-ci constitue la base légitime d’une telle organisation politique. En effet, il existe toute une organisation de relations formelles et informelles nées des relations du pouvoir qui mènent à un fonctionnement conflictuel, aggravé par une hétérogénéité régionale. Sous cette perspective, l’organisation institutionnelle de l’Etat est le résultat de plusieurs facteurs où les intérêts de groupes du pouvoir est indissociable de la pratique centralisée du fédéralisme, suivi d’une répétition de crises économiques et d’une tendance à contrôler depuis le centre la gestion publique nationale. Toutefois, dévoiler le fonctionnement de ce système fédéral n’est pas simplement dû à la multiplicité des facteurs qui interagissent dans sa conception. L’intérêt de notre recherche est justement d’interpréter le fonctionnement conflictuel du fédéralisme financier mexicain. / Over the past few years, the Mexican federal system has borne the brunt of numerous criticisms from local government which denounces a high level of centralised fiscal power in the Federation. They advocate a restructuring of the system where a genuine sharing of fiscal power would be instituted between the three levels of government, those being: the Federal Government, the State Government and the Municipalities.Although some reforms have been implemented to increase the decentralisation of financial resources, this has not been the case with taxation power. The process of governmental centralisation, which seems to have progressively taken hold since the adoption of the federal model, demands a reconsideration of its evolution.Financial federalism in Mexico is a thesis which not only analyses the financial structure of the country, but also seeks answers to better understand how the federal system became a centralised federalism and what the causes are. Why is it difficult to change direction or to conceive of a large-scale reform which could reform intergovernmental relations?The responses to such questioning will lead us to a broader conception of the subject where a legal analysis of the federal structure alone will not suffice to explain it, even if this does constitute the legitimate basis of such a political organisation.Indeed, a structure of formal and informal relations exists (power relations) which leads to a conflictual functioning of the system, exacerbated by regional heterogeneousness. From this perspective, the institutional organisation of the State is the result of several factors where the interests of power groups are an integral part of the centralised practice of federalism, followed by a series of economic crises and a tendency to control the management of public affairs from the centre of government.However, uncovering the functioning of this federal system is not simply due to the multitude of factors interacting in its construct. The interest of our research is to interpret the conflictual functioning of financial federalism in Mexico.

Many believe that the current application of modern logistics solutions in general and centralisation of distribution systems in particular is damaging from an environmental perspective. The reason for this claim is that when a distribution system is centralised, products need to be shipped over greater distances. This causes an increase in transport work, which in turn is believed to cause an increase in emissions. Further, the decision to centralise distribution can be characterised as a structural decision and earlier research has helped illustrate how such decisions have greater impact on the overall performance of a distribution system than decisions taken at subsequent levels (tactical and operative). The reason for this is that structural decisions help create new opportunities to make other logistical decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, as measured in terms of costs and service. It is also acknowledged that there is a lack of research illustrating the actual environmental effects of centralisation. This area is the theme of this thesis and the overall purpose is to describe and analyse how centralisation of a distribution system can affect the environment. This purpose has been divided into two research questions, where the first one reads: - How does physical centralisation of a distribution system influence the environment? This question aims at investigating what effect centralisation has on the amount of emissions that are caused by transport in a distribution system. One of the main advantages with a centralised distribution system is that emergency deliveries are expected to decrease. This type of transport is often performed by airfreight, which is a mode of transport that is regarded to cause the largest amount of environmental stress among the four most commonly used transport modes. The argument that is made is that even though centralisation causes an increase in transport work, this must not necessarily mean that emissions increase. As indicated above, earlier studies on structural changes in distribution systems have shown that this type of decision creates new opportunities to make other decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, albeit in terms of costs and service. The aim of the second research question is consequently to study this issue, but from an environmental perspective. This question therefore reads: - How do structural decisions in logistics create new opportunities to improve on the environmental performance of a distribution system? The results of the study show that it is not sufficient to only consider transport work and emergency deliveries when the environmental effect of a centralisation is to be evaluated. It has also been concluded that centralisation creates an opportunity to make improvements within the distribution system that can prove beneficial from an environmental perspective. In summary, three characteristics besides transport work and emergency deliveries were identified as being of importance when considering the environmental effects of a centralisation. These included centralised flow, modal change, and bargaining power. This model (see full pdf) does not aim to include all characteristics that can be relevant in an environmental evaluation of a centralisation, but rather those that have been found significant in this study. However, the model helps illustrate that there are many aspects that need to be considered in such an evaluation and that depending on the characteristics of the distribution system at hand the results can vary quite extensively.

Le Tournaisis, entre le XIVe et le XVIe siècle, n’est qu’une poussière à l’échelle du royaume de France puis, après 1521, des Pays-Bas de Charles Quint. La soixantaine de paroisses rurales qui le composent est, depuis 1383, réunie en un bailliage de Tournai, Tournaisis, Mortagne et Saint-Amand qui constitue le cadre administratif intermédiaire et qui exerce la plupart des prérogatives régaliennes dans la province. Ce bailliage se superpose et concurrence d’anciennes cours féodale et allodiale du Tournaisis ; il est lui-même doublé par des États provinciaux développés au XVIe siècle pour répondre aux besoins de la fiscalité directe gouvernementale. Au niveau local, les pouvoirs sont extrêmement fragmentés en un panel diversifié de seigneuries. L’autorité seigneuriale repose sur des cours féodales et des échevinages à variantes multiples, qui encadrent des communautés villageoises relativement peu organisées.Durant ces deux siècles, l’évolution a sans doute davantage affecté les hommes œuvrant au sein des structures provinciales que les institutions elles-mêmes. Dans les villages, l’imbrication des cadres seigneuriaux, le poids politique et économique de Tournai et l’influence institutionnelle flamande participent à figer dans la diversité les équilibres existants. Si le développement et le perfectionnement administratif des monarchies française et habsbourgeoise sont incontestables, leurs effets au niveau intermédiaire sont inégaux, et modérés sur le plan local. L’État moderne laisse une très large place aux structures héritées de la féodalité ; en Tournaisis, le pouvoir est plus partagé que centralisé, la concurrence institutionnelle davantage horizontale que verticale. / Between the 14th and the 16th century, Tournaisis counted only for a grain of dust on the scale of the Kingdom of France and later, after 1521, of Charles the Fifth’s Low Countries. The roughly sixty rural parishes that it consisted of had been combined together since 1383 into one bailiwick of Tournai, Tournaisis, Mortagne and Saint-Amand, making up the intermediary administrative framework exercising the greatest part of the regalian prerogatives in the province. This bailiwick is superimposed on and rivals more ancient feudal and allodial courts of Tournaisis ; it is in turn overcapped by the Provincial States, evolved in the 16th century to meet the needs of direct government tax system. At local level, powers are extremely fragmented into a variety of seigneuries. Seigneurial authority rests on feudal courts and a multiplicity of échevinages, which enframe rather poorly organized village communities.Over these two centuries, the people at work within the province structures were probably more deeply affected by evolution than the very institutions themselves. In the villages, the interwoven seigneurial frameworks, Tournai's political and economic weight together with the influence of Flemish institutions all partook in the freezing of the diversity of existing power balances. Whereas the development and the administrative improvement of the French and Habsburg monarchies are indisputable, their effects at the intermediary level remain moderate and uneven at local level. The Modern State leaves wide space to structures inherited from the feudal system. In Tournaisis power is more shared than centralized and institutional competition develops more horizontally than vertically.