Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-17T13:17:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LaianeSantosEufrasio_TESE.pdf: 1037104 bytes, checksum: 6a15c628dc12800b70fe12fc8360ec9f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-19T12:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LaianeSantosEufrasio_TESE.pdf: 1037104 bytes, checksum: 6a15c628dc12800b70fe12fc8360ec9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T12:50:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LaianeSantosEufrasio_TESE.pdf: 1037104 bytes, checksum: 6a15c628dc12800b70fe12fc8360ec9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Introdu??o: A opera??o cesariana atualmente vem se tornando cada dia mais frequente em todo o mundo. Vem sendo realizada sem reais indica??es, aumentando a sua preval?ncia e podendo levar a riscos desnecess?rios, tanto para a m?e quanto para o beb?. V?rios s?o os fatores que podem estar associados a essa crescente taxa, mas estes s?o pouco explorados sobre a ?tica das regi?es brasileiras. Objetivo: Estimar a preval?ncia e fatores associados ?s ces?reas no contexto das regi?es brasileiras. Metodologia: Foi realizado um recorte do banco de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa?de ? PNS, um estudo de base domiciliar, de ?mbito nacional, realizada pelo IBGE em parceria com o Minist?rio da Sa?de em 2013. Foram inclu?dos dados de mulheres com idade entre 18 a 49 anos, totalizando 16.175 registros de mulheres que estiveram gr?vidas e pariram em alguma vez na vida. Foi realizada a an?lise descritiva das vari?veis de interesse, an?lise por meio do teste de Qui-Quadrado e a regress?o log?stica para estimar a magnitude da associa??o entre as vari?veis e o parto ces?rea. Foi adotado um n?vel de signific?ncia ou p valor < 0,05. Resultados: A preval?ncia no Brasil de parto ces?rea foi de 53,03%. Com o passar dos anos (1974- 2013), houve aumento de chances de ter esse tipo de parto principalmente no Nordeste (2,21, IC95: 1,4 ? 3,4) e Sul (2,75, IC95: 1,4 ? 5,2). Referente ? assist?ncia privada em sa?de, as mulheres que possu?am plano de sa?de tiveram 3 vezes mais chances de realizar ces?rea (IC95: 1,6 ? 5,3) que ?s que n?o tem plano de sa?de (1,4, IC95: 1,0 ? 2,0), assim como as que apresentaram hipertens?o arterial (2,77, IC95: 1,5 ? 4,8), problema cr?nico de coluna (2,0, IC95:1,01 ? 4,05). Relativo ? idade da primeira gesta??o e da menarca, foi observado que mulheres que apresentavam idade maior que 20 anos na primeira gravidez apresentaram 2 vezes mais chances (IC95: 1,2 ? 3,3) e as que a idade da menarca foi maior ou igual a 12 anos 1,7 vezes mais chances (IC95: 1,2 ? 2,3). Al?m disso, mulheres que autorreferiam sua sa?de como boa tiveram 1,8 vezes (IC95: 1,2 ? 2,6) e as com maiores n?veis de escolaridade tiveram 2,05 vezes (IC95: 1,2 ? 3,3) mais chances de ter ces?rea, destacando as das regi?es Norte e Sul, enquanto que no Nordeste, esta probabilidade aumentou independentemente do n?vel de escolaridade. Conclus?o: A taxa de ces?reas no Brasil permanece alta e os fatores associados como o ano do ?ltimo parto, grau de escolaridade, a idade materna na primeira gravidez, da menarca, sa?de autorreferida, parecem contribuir para o aumento dessa preval?ncia, tendendo a se comportarem distintamente entre as regi?es do pa?s. / Introduction: Caesarean section is becoming more and more frequent all over the world. If indicated correctly, it is effective in reducing maternal and perinatal mortality. However, it has been performed without real indications, increasing its prevalence and may lead to unnecessary risks, both for the mother and the baby. There are several factors that may be associated with this increasing rate, but these are little explored on the optics of the Brazilian regions. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with cesarean sections in the Brazilian regions context. Methodology: A recort of national database of the National Health Survey (PNS), a national domiciliary study conducted by the IBGE in partnership with the Ministry of Health in 2013, was included. data from women aged 18 To 49 years, totaling 16,175 records of women who were pregnant and gave birth at some time in life. Descriptive analysis of the variables of interest, bivariate analysis using the chi-square test, and logistic regression were performed to estimate the magnitude of the association between the variables and cesarean delivery. A level of significance was adopted or p value <0.05. Results: The prevalence in Brazil of women who had cesarean delivery was 53.03%. Over the years (from 1974 to 2013), there was an increase in the chances of having this type of delivery, mainly in the Northeast (2,21, IC95:1,42-3,46) and South (2,75, IC95:1,44-5,23). Regarding private health care, women who had health insurance were 3 times more likely to undergo cesarean section (IC95:1,6?5,3) than those without health insurance (1,4, IC95: 1,0 ? 2,0), as well as those with arterial hypertension (2,77, IC95: 1,5-4,8), chronic column problem (2,0;IC95 1,01?4,05). Regarding the age of first gestation and menarche, it was observed that women who were older than 20 years in the first pregnancy were twice as likely (IC95: 1,2-3,3) and those whose age at menarche was higher or Equal to 12 years 1,7 times more chances (IC95: 1,2-2,3). In addition, women who self-reported their health as good had 1,8 times (IC95: 1,2-2,6) and those with higher levels of education had 2,05 times (IC95: 1,2-3,3) more Cesarean, highlighting those of the North and South regions, while in the Northeast this probability increased independently of the level of schooling. Conclusion: The rate of cesarean delivery in Brazil remains high, associated factors such as time, educational level, maternal age at first pregnancy, menarche, self-reported health, appear to contribute to the increase of this prevalence, behaving distinctly among the regions of the country.

Det finns mycket forskning kring elevers förståelse för likhetstecknet. Forskarna är eniga om atteleverna ofta har en operationell förståelse för likhetstecknet, vilket innebär att de uppfattarlikhetstecknet som en uppmaning att utföra en operation. Forskarna är också eniga om att elevernabibehåller den operationella förståelsen långt upp i årskurserna. Har eleverna en operationellförståelse har de svårt att lösa uppgifter med operationer på båda sidorna om likhetstecknet. De harockså svårt att ge en godtagbar definition av vad likhetstecknet betyder. Syftet med denna studie äratt bidra med kunskap om hur lärarna kan ta reda på vilken förståelse som eleverna har förlikhetstecknet. I studien används en flermetodsundersökning, där den kvalitativa undersökningen ärunderordnad den kvantitativa undersökningen. De 53 eleverna som ingår i studien går i årskurs 3 ochalla genomförde ett test. Efter testet genomfördes intervjuer med 6 av eleverna. Resultatet från testetanalyseras med hjälp av CES-modellen och intervjuerna fungerar som en förstärkning tilltestresultatet. Utifrån resultatet är det uppenbart att elever fortfarande har en operationell förståelseför likhetstecknet och att det är endast en minoritet som har en djupgående, fullständig och relationellförståelse för likhetstecknet. Det är lätt att upptäcka vilka elever som har den relationella förståelsenför de uttrycker sig på ett annorlunda sätt när de använder likhetstecknet, både verbalt och skriftligt.

The purpose of this study was to replicate a study on consultation skills, done by Knoff, Hines, and Kromrey (1995) while expanding the sample base to include teaching assistants and parents. The Consultant Effectiveness Scale (CES), a questionnaire consisting of 75 consultant skills and characteristics, was used to survey the perceptions of 75 consultants and consultees (18 consultants, 23 teachers, 17 teaching assistants, and 17 parents) regarding the degree to which they believed each skill was important to the effectiveness of consultation. Results were examined for differences across groups, for consistency with the factor structure obtained by Knoff, Hines, and Kromrey (1995), and to determine the impact of demographic variables. A follow-up telephone interview was conducted with 2 consultants, 3 teachers, 3 teaching assistants, and 3 parents to verify questionnaire results. The ratings of respondent groups were compared and contrasted across the top 15 ranked items and several consistencies were found to exist across groups. Parents were found to have rated all items generally lower than consultants or teachers. A factor analysis was completed using the 52 items from the original four factors (Knoff, Hines, & Kromrey, 1995) and resulted in a high degree of consistency with the original factor structure generated by Knoff, Hines, and Kromrey. A one-way ANOVA was conducted and significant differences were found on three of the four factors with the consultants rating the items higher than the parents (p <.05). No significant differences were found across demographic variables. The results of the telephone interviews were consistent with the high ratings of many of the interpersonal and relationship-building skills and content skills identified in the questionnaire responses. Recommendations are made calling for future research to further validate the scale, and to confirm differences between respondent groups. The value of the scale and its contents are highlighted in the context of preservice and in service training for consultants. / Graduate

This volume comprises ninety-one contributions to the Sediment 2011 conference of the Central European section of the Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM-CES) and the Geologische Vereinigung (GV) at the University of Leipzig held in June 2011. The central theme of this meeting was “Sediments: Archives of the Earth System” in order to bring together young and established researchers from all fields of soft-rock geology and beyond to shape a stimulating interdisciplinary program on the role of sediments in understanding the System Earth and the evolution of paleoenvironments and climate through time.

Academically dishonest behaviors pose a major threat to education. High rates of cheating have been reported at all levels of education, and by most accounts seem to be on the rise. Classroom environment research has demonstrated that environments created by classroom teachers have a significant impact on many aspects of education. Using a mixed methods approach, the current study investigated the relationship between cheating and the high school classroom environment. Quantitative data were collected from two surveys. The Academic Integrity Survey (AIS) asked students to self report cheating behaviors, and the Classroom Environment Scale (CES) asked students about their perceptions of the classroom environment. Qualitative data were collected from classroom observations and student interviews. The results of this study indicate that the classroom environment is significantly related to student cheating; the more positive the environment, the less students will cheat. Regression analyses indicated that 2 CES subscales, order and organization and involvement, were negatively related to student cheating and explained 40% and 23% of the variance respectively. The regression analyses also indicated that 3 other study variables, school sports participation, after school employment, and grade level were positively related to student cheating and explained 15%, 12%, and 11% of the variance, respectively. Qualitative analyses yielded 5 major findings. It was found that students cheat more in environments where students are not involved, that lack order and organization, and that lack teacher control. Students cheat more when their teachers are oblivious and are not respected, and larger systemic issues are related to student cheating behaviors. This study represents rare attempts to access the student perspective on cheating as well as to understand teachers’ role in student cheating. This study concludes that teachers can reduce the rates of cheating in their classes by improving their classroom environments, especially in the areas of order and organization and student involvement, and by increasing their use of authentic standards based assessments. However, most of these improvements will only impact students’ opportunity to cheat. Educators will have a difficult time affecting students’ desire to cheat until larger systemic problems with the current educational system are addressed.

Pour les entreprises concernées par le phénomène du vieillissement, le rapport entre la structure par âge de la main d’œuvre, les profils des salaires et de productivité est un élément clé abordé dans cette thèse. Le premier chapitre passe en revue divers concepts théoriques et décrit les résultats empiriques en ce qui concerne le profil des salaires et de productivité en fonction de l’âge. L’étude empirique présentée dans le chapitre deux évalue le profil de productivité marginale selon l'âge. Nous considérons la main d'œuvre à la fois par qualification (peu qualifiés, hautement qualifiés) et par âge (jeunes, âge moyen, âgés). Nous estimons, sur des données françaises d'entreprises, une fonction de production de type CES emboîtée qui autorise une substitution imparfaite entre les différentes catégories de travailleurs. Parmi les résultats principaux, nous avons trouvé que la productivité du travail par l’âge dépend étroitement de la catégorie de qualification et du secteur d’activité des travailleurs. Le chapitre trois analyse le comportement des juniors et des seniors, en particulier leurs attitudes face au risque, la confiance en soi et la propension à entrer en compétition. Pour cela, nous avons organisé une expérience avec des banquiers suisse. Nous trouvons que, bien que les deux générations ne présentent ni des différences considérables quant à leurs attitudes face au risque, ni face à l’ambiguïté, les seniors font preuve d’une propension plus élevée à entrer en compétition. Cette décision est clairement influencée par l’information sur l’âge des autres participants. De plus, les deux générations maximisent leurs profits dans les groupes équilibrés en termes d’âge. / The relationship between the age structure of workforce, earnings and productivity profiles is a key issue for the enterprises facing the phenomenon of ageing. The present thesis addresses these issues in the following order. The first chapter reviews different theoretical concepts and recent empirical findings concerning the profile of earnings and productivity by age. The empirical study presented in the chapter two aims at estimating the actual profile of labour productivity across different age groups. In this purpose, we differentiate the workforce simultaneously by skills (low-skilled, high-skilled) and by age (young, middle-aged, old). Using French firm-level data, we estimate a production function with a nested constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) specification in labour, which allows the imperfect substitution between different age and skill categories of workers. Among the main findings, labour productivity by age highly depends on skill category of workers and the sector of activity. The third chapter involves the behavioural analysis of the workforce composed of juniors and seniors. In particular, we study workers’ risk attitudes, self-confidence and propensity to enter the competition. In this purpose, we perform an artefactual field experiment with the employees of a Swiss bank. We find that, although there are no significant differences in attitudes towards risk and ambiguity between both generations, seniors have higher propensity to enter the competition. The information on age of others players clearly has an impact on this decision. Moreover, the profits of both generations are maximised, when a pool of competitors is balanced in terms of age.

La finesse de la résolution spectrale et spatiale des images hyperspectrales en font des données de très grande dimension. C'est également le cas d'autres types de données, où leur taille tend à augmenter pour de plus en plus d'applications. La complexité des données provenant de l'hétérogénéité spectrale et spatiale, de la non gaussianité du bruit et des processus physiques sous-jacents, renforcent la richesse des informations présentes sur une image hyperspectrale. Exploiter ces informations demande alors des outils statistiques adaptés aux grandes données mais aussi à leur nature non gaussienne. Des méthodes reposant sur la théorie des matrices aléatoires, théorie adaptée aux données de grande dimension, et reposant sur la robustesse, adaptée aux données non gaussiennes, sont ainsi proposées dans cette thèse, pour des applications à l'imagerie hyperspectrale. Cette thèse propose d'améliorer deux aspects du traitement des images hyperspectrales : l'estimation du nombre d'endmembers ou de l'ordre du modèle et le problème du démélange spectral. En ce qui concerne l'estimation du nombre d'endmembers, trois nouveaux algorithmes adaptés au modèle choisi sont proposés, le dernier présentant de meilleures performances que les deux autres, en raison de sa plus grande robustesse.Une application au domaine de la finance est également proposée. Pour le démélange spectral, trois méthodes sont proposées, qui tiennent comptent des diff érentes particularités possibles des images hyperspectrales. Cette thèse a permis de montrer que la théorie des matrices aléatoires présente un grand intérêt pour le traitement des images hyperspectrales. Les méthodes développées peuvent également s'appliquer à d'autres domaines nécessitant le traitement de données de grandes dimensions. / Hyperspectral imaging generates large data due to the spectral and spatial high resolution, as it is the case for more and more other kinds of applications. For hyperspectral imaging, the data complexity comes from the spectral and spatial heterogeneity, the non-gaussianity of the noise and other physical processes. Nevertheless, this complexity enhances the wealth of collected informations, that need to be processed with adapted methods. Random matrix theory and robust processes are here suggested for hyperspectral imaging application: the random matrix theory is adapted to large data and the robustness enables to better take into account the non-gaussianity of the data. This thesis aims to enhance the model order selection on a hyperspectral image and the unmixing problem. As the model order selection is concerned, three new algorithms are developped, and the last one, more robust, gives better performances. One financial application is also presented. As for the unmixing problem, three methods that take into account the peculierities of hyperspectral imaging are suggested. The random matrix theory is of great interest for hyperspectral image processing, as demonstrated in this thesis. Differents methods developped here can be applied to other field of signal processing requiring the processing of large data.

The diploma thesis "The Class Climate" has a theoretical-empirical character. The main aim of this thesis focuses on measuring and comparing the classroom climete of standard and alternative schools.The introductory part comprises definitions of basic terms such as social group, school environment, atmosphere, climate. Furthermore, it investigates the theoretical clarification of the classroom climate and details the elements, types and actors of the climate. The thesis also closely notes the research methods of the classroom climete measuring. The author concludes the theoretical part with description of the issue of alternative schools. The practical part implementes through questionnaire survey with a participation of pupils from standard and alternative primary schools. There has been defined the aim, assumptions and selected the method of the classroom climate measuring. The conclusion summarizes the results of the questionnaire survey as well as verifies the assumptions.

The thesis deals with the mathematical modelling of economic processes, particulary production. Basic approach, models and methods of modelling concerning the mentioned area are described. Further, specific characterizations are investigated. Application of selected methods to typical examples is presented. In the final part models on concrete data are constructed.

Les pièces situées dans des zones chaudes/tièdes (300-400°C) de l'avion sont actuellement en titane (mât moteur) ou en composite à matrice époxy (plenum). Comment pourrait-on diminuer la masse de ces pièces tout en évitant leur dégradation à hautes températures de fonctionnement ? Le projet TACT (Technologie pour Aérostructures composites Tièdes), porté par Nimitech Innovation® (Groupe LAUAK), propose une solution innovante consistant à mettre en oeuvre par voie RTM des pièces structurales tièdes à base de renfort en fibres de carbone (FC) et de matrice Cyanate ester (CE). Le choix de la matrice thermodurcissable CE est justifié par son caractère thermostable, c'est-à-dire sa capacité d'opérer en continu à de hautes températures de fonctionnement (avec une température de transition vitreuse Tg>300°C). Par ailleurs, elle possède la facilité de mise en oeuvre des époxydes du fait qu'elle s'adapte généralement bien aux paramètres du procédé RTM. Toutefois, l'exothermie élevée de la matrice CE lors de la réticulation implique un gradient de température dans la pièce composite et peut ainsi engendrer des problèmes de surchauffe. Les travaux scientifiques menés dans le cadre de cette thèse se focalisent sur la problématique de surchauffe de la résine pendant le processus de polymérisation très exothermique dans le moule RTM. L'objectif serait ainsi de maîtriser le cycle de cuisson du composite afin d'éviter tout problème d'emballement ou de dégradation pendant la réticulation de la matrice. Dès lors, la thèse s'organise de la manière suivante : dans un premier temps, le comportement thermocinétique de la matrice CE (pure et catalysée) est analysé pendant l'étape de réticulation, et ceci dans l'optique de contribuer à l'optimisation de cycle de cuisson lors de la mise en oeuvre du composite FC/CE par procédé RTM. Ensuite, les propriétés thermiques (capacité calorifique, conductivité, diffusivité) en fonction du degré d'avancement de la résine CE sont menés afin d'évaluer le gradient thermique régi par l'équation de la chaleur permettant de maîtriser la cuisson de la résine dans l'épaisseur. Par ailleurs, la vitrification de la matrice CE est étudiée par le suivi de la température de transition vitreuse Tg en fonction de la température et du taux d'avancement à l'aide de différents techniques de mesure (DSC, DMA, TMA). Enfin, une modélisation de la vitrification à l'aide du modèle Di-Benedetto permettra l'estimation de la température de la transition vitreuse Tg ∞ pour le réseau tridimentionnel entièrement réticulé. / Aeronautical parts which operate in high temperature area (300-400°C) are currently made of titanium (aircraft pylon) or composite materials based on epoxy matrix (plenum). In which extent the weight of these pieces could be reduced as well as avoiding their degradation when operating at these working temperature ranges? TACT project (Technologie pour Aérostructures composites Tièdes), overseen by Nimitech Innovation® (Groupe LAUAK), suggests an innovative solution based on the development of high performance composites parts reinforced by carbon fibers (CF) and cyanate ester matrix (CE) through RTM process. The CE resin belongs to the class of high-performance thermosetting polymers and is mainly chosen in this project due to its thermal stability when operating at high temperatures (with a glass transition Tg>300°C), as well as epoxy-like processability. However, the cross-linking reaction exhibits highly exothermic process, resulting in non-linear increase in internal temperature, which may cause a temperature overshoot. The scientific work carried out within this thesis focuses on the problem of overheating of the resin during the highly exothermic polymerization process in the RTM mold. The objective would thus be to control the curing cycle of the composite in order to avoid problems of runaway or degradation during the crosslinking of the matrix. Hence, the thesis is organized as follows: firstly, thermokinetic behavior of CE resin is analyzed during the crosslinking process in order to optimize the curing cycle. Secondly, thermal properties (heat capacity, conductivity, diffusivity) are identified as a function of the conversion degree in order to evaluate the thermal gradient covered by the heat equation making it possible to control the curing along the thickness of the composite. Moreover, the vitrification of the cyanate ester matrix is studied by monitoring the glass transition temperature Tg as a function of the temperature and conversion degree using different methods (DSC, DMA, TMA). Finally, Di-Benedetto model, a vitrification model, is chosen in order to identify the glass transition temperature Tg∞ of a full crosslinked resin.