Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The present dissertation, entitled "Inquisitorial persecution and Crypto-Judaism: A study of the processes involving the sergeant-general Diogo Vaz and his relatives (1662-1673)", has as a research object the description and analysis of the Inquisition, specifically in the persecution of New Christians accused of Judaizers in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the Colony. We sought to investigate the cases of Diogo Vaz Penalvo, his sister Anna Rodrigues and other members of his family. For this, we are based on the categories of the Ginzburg (2001) index of the microhistory studied by Giovanni Levi (1992) and Ginzburg (2006), the category of pariah explained by Weber (2010) and the sociology of secrecy, of Simmel (2009), of fundamental importance for the maintenance of Crypto-Judaism. From this, we follow the following steps: to reconstruct the steps of members of a family arrested by the Holy Office and compare them with other cases already studied, collaborating with the study of religious practices that resisted Catholicism in the colonial period; to find in the reports of the documents indications of religious practices considered deviant from the Catholic faith. Finally, this research aims to contribute to the study of the inquisition with a focus on the persecution of the Crypto-Jews, in an attempt to know the religious practices of a family that suffered for more than a decade humiliation, exile and fire. / A presente dissertação, intitulada “A perseguição inquisitorial e o Criptojudaísmo: Estudo dos processos envolvendo o sargento-mor Diogo Vaz e seus familiares (1662-1673)”, tem como objeto de pesquisa a descrição e análise da Inquisição, especificamente na perseguição aos cristãos-novos acusados de judaizantes na Península Ibérica, assim como na Colônia. Buscamos investigar os casos de Diogo Vaz Penalvo, de sua irmã Anna Rodrigues e de outros membros da sua família. Para tal, baseamo-nos nas categorias do paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (2001), da micro-história estudada por Giovanni Levi (1992) e Ginzburg (2006), a categoria de pária explicada por Weber (2010) e a sociologia do segredo, de Simmel (2009), de fundamental importância para a manutenção do criptojudaísmo. A partir disso, seguimos os seguintes caminhos: reconstruir os passos de membros de uma família presa pelo Santo Ofício e compará-los com outros casos já estudados, colaborando com o estudo de práticas religiosas que resistiram ao catolicismo no período colonial; encontrar nos relatos dos documentos indícios de práticas religiosas consideradas desviantes da fé católica. Por fim, esta pesquisa visa contribuir para o estudo do tema da inquisição com o foco na perseguição aos criptojudeus, na tentativa de conhecer as práticas religiosas de uma família que sofreu durante mais de uma década a humilhação, o degredo, a tomada de bens e o fogo. / São Cristóvão, SE

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The present dissertation, entitled "Inquisitorial persecution and Crypto-Judaism: A study of the processes involving the sergeant-general Diogo Vaz and his relatives (1662-1673)", has as a research object the description and analysis of the Inquisition, specifically in the persecution of New Christians accused of Judaizers in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the Colony. We sought to investigate the cases of Diogo Vaz Penalvo, his sister Anna Rodrigues and other members of his family. For this, we are based on the categories of the Ginzburg (2001) index of the microhistory studied by Giovanni Levi (1992) and Ginzburg (2006), the category of pariah explained by Weber (2010) and the sociology of secrecy, of Simmel (2009), of fundamental importance for the maintenance of Crypto-Judaism. From this, we follow the following steps: to reconstruct the steps of members of a family arrested by the Holy Office and compare them with other cases already studied, collaborating with the study of religious practices that resisted Catholicism in the colonial period; to find in the reports of the documents indications of religious practices considered deviant from the Catholic faith. Finally, this research aims to contribute to the study of the inquisition with a focus on the persecution of the Crypto-Jews, in an attempt to know the religious practices of a family that suffered for more than a decade humiliation, exile and fire. / A presente dissertação, intitulada “A perseguição inquisitorial e o Criptojudaísmo: Estudo dos processos envolvendo o sargento-mor Diogo Vaz e seus familiares (1662-1673)”, tem como objeto de pesquisa a descrição e análise da Inquisição, especificamente na perseguição aos cristãos-novos acusados de judaizantes na Península Ibérica, assim como na Colônia. Buscamos investigar os casos de Diogo Vaz Penalvo, de sua irmã Anna Rodrigues e de outros membros da sua família. Para tal, baseamo-nos nas categorias do paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (2001), da micro-história estudada por Giovanni Levi (1992) e Ginzburg (2006), a categoria de pária explicada por Weber (2010) e a sociologia do segredo, de Simmel (2009), de fundamental importância para a manutenção do criptojudaísmo. A partir disso, seguimos os seguintes caminhos: reconstruir os passos de membros de uma família presa pelo Santo Ofício e compará-los com outros casos já estudados, colaborando com o estudo de práticas religiosas que resistiram ao catolicismo no período colonial; encontrar nos relatos dos documentos indícios de práticas religiosas consideradas desviantes da fé católica. Por fim, esta pesquisa visa contribuir para o estudo do tema da inquisição com o foco na perseguição aos criptojudeus, na tentativa de conhecer as práticas religiosas de uma família que sofreu durante mais de uma década a humilhação, o degredo, a tomada de bens e o fogo. / São Cristóvão, SE

This work aims to establish a (mainly) historical look at the Jewish religiosities experienced between 1630 and 1654, in the Captaincy of Pernambuco, then under the military-political domination of the Dutch. It is a sui generis moment in which, even for a brief interregnum, freedom of religious conscience was granted to all - including the Jews, persecuted in various parts of the world at that time. In this differentiated scenario, Catholics, Protestants and Jews shared the same political and legal space. This true harbinger of religious toleration attracted many Jews from other countries, encouraged New Christians who lived there to re-embrace their ancient faith and culminated in the institutionalization of the first Jewish community in the Americas. With a special emphasis on the participation of New Christians, the main focus of the research is to investigate the extent to which the freedom of religious consciousness and the true cultural background existing in that region engendered the necessary conditions for the emergence of (a) religious experience(s) of Judaism differentiated from those occurring in other historical contexts, as well as to identify at a minimum what these possible specificities would be. / Este trabalho visa estabelecer um olhar (sobretudo) histórico sobre as religiosidades judaicas vivenciadas entre 1630 e 1654, na Capitania de Pernambuco, então sob o domínio políticomilitar dos holandeses. Trata-se de um momento sui generis em que, ainda que por um breve interregno, foi concedida a liberdade de consciência religiosa a todos – inclusive aos judeus, àquela época perseguidos em diversas partes do mundo. Neste cenário diferenciado, católicos, protestantes e judeus dividiram o mesmo espaço político e jurídico. Este verdadeiro prenúncio da tolerância religiosa atraiu diversos judeus de outros países, encorajou cristãos-novos que ali viviam a reabraçar sua antiga fé e culminou com a institucionalização da primeira comunidade judaica das Américas. Com especial inflexão sobre a participação dos cristãosnovos, o foco principal da pesquisa consiste em investigar até que ponto a liberdade de consciência religiosa e o verdadeiro cadinho cultural existentes naquela região engendraram as condições necessárias para o aparecimento de (uma) vivência(s) religiosa(s) do judaísmo diferenciada(s) das ocorridas em outros contextos históricos, bem como identificar minimamente quais seriam estas eventuais especificidades. / São Cristóvão, SE

In 1890, in Brazil, the powers of the State and Church are separated. The Romanization process made official a change of attitude of Catholicism in the face of the problems that had arisen during the Old Republic, in which it sought to broaden its pretensions of influence over society. Among the ambitions to be achieved are: the importation of European Religious Orders and Congregations (Salesians), the installation of a new devotional configuration in the mold of Roman Catholicism; the propagation of a network of private education institutions to form elites. In Sergipe, we analyze the unfolding of the process of Romanization before the establishment and development of the Salesian Congregation, through educational practices and the diffusion of the Devotion to Our Lady Help of Christians. In the Brazilian territory, devotion to Our Lady Help of Christians is widespread and devoted in its basic regions, cities and states. Based in the field of Cultural History, with an emphasis on History and Religion, this research aims to make an analytical study from the History and Salesian Memory, between 1902 and 1958, including the private and family devotional system, and how it was established in the social and history of sergipanos. Understanding this way, the role of Salesian Education, strategic form of diffusion of the process of romanization. The research deals with the concepts of religious experience as an object in the field of history (CERTAU, 1996), representation (CHARTIER, 1990) and symbolic power / religious field (BOURDIEU, 2004). Methodologically, the work consists of the analysis of sources on the presence of the Catholic Church in Sergipe in diverse institutions and places of memory. / Em 1890, no Brasil, os poderes do Estado e Igreja são separados. O processo romanizador oficializou uma mudança de postura do catolicismo frente as problemáticas procedentes durante a República Velha, na qual buscou ampliar suas pretensões de influência sobre a sociedade. Dentre as ambições a serem alcançadas, destacam-se: a importação de Ordens e Congregações Religiosas europeias (Salesianos), a instalação de uma nova configuração devocional conforme os moldes do catolicismo romano; a propagação de uma rede de instituições de ensino privada para formar as elites. Em Sergipe, analisamos os desdobramentos do processo de romanização diante da instauração e desenvolvimento da Congregação Salesiana, por meio das práticas educacionais e da difusão da Devoção a Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora. No território brasileiro, a devoção a Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora encontra-se difundida e devotada nas suas basilares regiões, cidades e Estados. Embasada no campo da História Cultural, com ênfase em História e Religião, está investigação objetiva fazer um estudo analítico a partir da História e Memória Salesiana, entre 1902 e 1958, inclusive do sistema devocionário particular e familiar, e como se estabeleceu no tecido social e histórico dos sergipanos. Compreendendo assim, o papel da Educação Salesiana, forma estratégica de difusão do processo de romanização. A pesquisa versa sobre os conceitos de vivência do religioso como objeto no campo da história (CERTAU, 1996), representação (CHARTIER,1990) e poder simbólico/campo religioso (BOURDIEU,2004). Metodologicamente, o trabalho consiste na análise de fontes sobre a presença da Igreja Católica em Sergipe em diversas instituições e lugares de memória. / São Cristóvão, SE

A expansão marítima européia dos séculos XV e XVI e as atividades mercantis inerentes a ela provocaram a difusão geográfica das praças de negócio e das fontes fornecedoras de mercadorias, situadas na Ásia, África e América. A complexidade dos novos negócios exigiu a reorganização do trato e das finanças e impôs novas relações entre mercadores e as Coroas portuguesa e espanhola. Nesse contexto, famílias de comerciantes cristãos-novos destacaram-se no trato transcontinental e nas finanças intra e extra-países europeus, organizando-se em redes mundiais de comércio. A expansão comercial atraiu população para locais economicamente dinâmicos, como o Nordeste açucareiro na segunda metade do século XVI. Essa forte emigração coincide com o recrudescimento da ação inquisitorial lusa. Formaram-se redes comerciais ligadas ao açúcar integradas e interconectadas a redes mais complexas, presentes nos mais diferentes e relevantes segmentos do comércio mundial. João Nunes Correia era destacado membro de uma ampla rede de comércio da atividade açucareira, com atuação no financiamento da produção e da organização da empresa sacarina em terras brasílicas e sua inserção no trato mundial / The european maritime expansion of the 15th and 16th centuries as well as the mercantile activities inherent to it provoked a geographical spread of trading centers in addition to supply sources of merchandise situated in Asia, Africa and America. The complexity of the new trade demanded a reorganization of agreements and finances and imposed a new relationship between the merchants and the Portuguese and Spanish Crowns. In this context, the families of new-Christian merchants were outstanding in transcontinental dealings as well as in the finances of intra- and extra-European countries, organizing themselves into a world trading network. This commercial expansion attracted people to economically dynamic locations, such as the sugarproducing Northeast of Brazil during the second half of the 16th century. This prolific immigration coincides with the recrudescence of the Portuguese inquisitorial activities. Commercial networks connected to sugar integrated and interconnected to more complex networks, present in the most diverse and relevant segments of world trade, were formed. João Nunes Correia was a distinguished member of a large network in the sugar trade, active in both the financing of production and the organization of the sugar enterprise in Brazil and its entry into world trade

Cette étude soulève de nombreuses questions sur les Palestiniens vivant au sein de la diaspora en se concentrant sur les Palestiniens Chrétiens. Elle traite de sujets majeurs concernant les migrations, la diaspora, l'identité et les réseaux ; quatre concepts interdépendants mais qui ne peuvent être analysés de façon isolée les uns des autres. La majorité des migrations palestiniennes ont commencé pa rdes migrations forcées pour des raisons politiques ou économiques avant de devenir des migrations transnationales.Bien que des politiques d'absorption des migrants par les pays de la diaspora aient été mises en place, ceux-ci ont conservé leur identité, grâce aux réseaux religieux, familiaux,nationaux et palestiniens. La création de clubs de villages et de villes, de clubs familiaux, d’églises arabes, entre autres,ont relié les migrants les uns aux autres et ont également mis en lien la diaspora et le pays d'origine.Comprenant des réseaux sociaux, économiques et charitables, les réseaux transnationaux ont affirmé les relations des migrants avec leur pays d'origine comme un élément principal. Toutefois, la proportion de migrants palestiniens pouvant franchir les frontières de leur pays d'origine reste faible. Ceci confirme le fait que les Palestiniens à l'étranger constituent une vraie diaspora. Les Palestiniens ont vécu différentes expériences de migration et de diaspora dans les pays arabes voisins et dans les pays éloignés étrangers (non-arabes). Le concept de diaspora a été redéfini à partir de notre terrain palestinien.L'étude présente différents modèles géographiques de familles palestiniennes dans la diaspora / This study raises many questions and issues on Palestinians living in the diaspora through focusing on the segment of Palestinian Christians. This study discusses major issues on the level of migrations, diaspora, identity and networks; four interrelated concepts that could not be examined or understood in isolation from each other. The majority of Palestinian migrations started as forced emigrations for political or economic reasons before becoming transnationa lmigrations. This shift was accompanied by another shift in the legal statuses of this transient segment of Palestinians who obtained new nationalities.As a result of the adoption of migrants' absorption policies by countries of diaspora, migrants have preserved their identities, which ranged from religious, to familial, to nationalist and to Palestinian. The establishment of village and city clubs, Arab churches and family divans (Diwans) among others have connected migrants to one another and also connected the diaspora to the homeland .Ranging from social, to economic, to charitable, transnational networks have affirmed emigrants' relations with their country of origin as a main element. However, the proportion of Palestinian emigrants could cross borders to their country of origin is small. This is confirm the fact that Palestinians abroad constitute a real diaspora .Palestinians have gone through different experiences of migration and diaspora in neighboring Arab countries and remote foreign (non-Arab) countries; the concept of Diaspora has been redefined in a manner that fits the Palestinian case. The study presents different geographic patterns of Palestinian families in the diaspora.

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This diploma thesis is devoted to the situation of Christians living in the Roman Empire in the first four centuries AD. Every new religion has to face a number of problems in its beginnings, its misunderstanding and its position in society must be gradually enforced. However, the very beginnings of Christianity are not easy to grasp, since so many sources have not been preserved to this day. Likewise, many events are perceived through Christian optics and thus interpreted unilaterally. These are, above all, martyrological texts that have been extensively modified over time and authenticity is now relatively difficult. This diploma thesis is divided into several chapters, while in the first one I try to describe the Roman society and the Roman religion with which the Christian faith was confronted. Further chapters and chapters are devoted to the rise and spread of Christianity, the person of Jesus Christ, and the Church Fathers who report to us about the first centuries of Christian faith. The most extensive part of this diploma thesis is devoted to the main topic of persecution of Christians in the first four centuries AD. To date the individual stages of the persecution of Christians, I will help them by dividing them according to G.E.M. de Ste. Croixe. Chapters to describe the three stages of...

This MA thesis will discuss the reception of common, non-scholarly polytheists (pagans) to the persecution of Christians from the early empire until the Great Persecution (303-313, 322-324). Though modern scholars have addressed this issue and asserted that there was a change in attitude, many have not developed this into anything more than a passing statement. When chronologically analyzing the Christian acts, passions, letters, and speeches recounting the deaths of martyrs deemed historically authentic, and accounting for the literary and biblical topoi, we can demonstrate that the position of non-Christians changed. The methodology of this thesis will chronologically assess the martyr acts, passions, speeches, and letters which are historically accurate after literary and biblical topoi are addressed. These sources are available in the appendix. Throughout this analysis, we will see two currents. The primary current will seek to discern the change in pagan reception of anti-Christian persecution, while the second current will draw attention to the Roman concept of religio and superstitio, both important in understanding civic religion which upheld the pax deorum and defined loyalty to the Roman order through material sacrifices and closely connected to one's citizenship. Religio commonly denoted proper ritual practices, while superstitio defined irregular forms of worship which may endanger the state. As we will see, Christians were feared and persecuted because it was believed that their cult would anger the gods and disrupt the cosmological order. The analysis will begin with a discussion centered on the "accusatory" approach to the Christian church during the first two centuries when the Roman state relied on provincial delatores (denounces) to legislate against the cult. During the first two centuries persecution was mostly provincial, sporadic and was not centrally-directed. We will see that provincial mobs were the most violent during the first two centuries. During the third century the actions of the imperial authority changed and began following an "inquisitorial" approach with the accession of Emperors Decius and Valerian, the former enacting an edict of universal sacrifices while the latter undertook the first Empire-wide initiative to crush the Christian community. It is during the third century that the attitude of non-elite pagans may have begun to change. This will be suggested when discussing the martyrdom of Pionius. When discussing the fourth century Great Persecution under the Diocletianic tetrarchy, it will be suggested that the pagan populace may have begun to look upon the small Christian community sympathetically. The thesis will conclude with the victory of Constantine over Licinius and the slow but steady rise of Christianity to prominence, becoming the official religio of the empire with traditional paganism relegated to the status of a superstitio.

This thesis investigates the interdependence of religiosity and a life situation changed by cancer, focusing especially on the coping process. This implies analyses of a number of identified expressions of religiosity regarding prerequisites and functions in the coping process. In order to synthesize the results from the studies, the aim has been operationalized into three comprehensive research questions that were posed to each of the empirical studies of the thesis: 1) What are the functions of the analysed expressions of religiosity during the coping process? 2) What prerequisites for the influence of religiosity on the coping process can be identified?  3) How is religiosity influenced by a life situation changed by cancer? The empirical studies are presented in four separate articles. Each of the studies has its own specific research questions that are related to the comprehensive research questions. The method was qualitative and explorative. The research material was gathered with qualitative interviews of 20 Swedish informants of varying gender, age, congregational affiliation and diagnosis. The informants defined themselves as Christians and practised their Christian faith and had or had had a cancer disease. There is longitudinal data from half of the group. The theoretical framework was based on the coping theories developed by Kenneth Pargament and Ruard Ganzevoort and complemented by, among other things, the object-relations theoretical concept of transitional objects. The results show that most of the analysed expressions of religiosity function as a preserving coping method but some of them also function as a reconstructing coping method. In some cases, the expressions of religiosity also function as methods of attributing control, either to God or to the individual. Two main groups of prerequisites for the expressions of religiosity were identified in conjunction with the coping process: contextual and psychological. The former could in turn be divided into religious and medical contexts; the latter into several different kinds, such as perceptual psychological factors, the need to create and use transitional objects, locus of control, and personality traits. Reconstructing coping methods imply varying degrees of changes in the informants’ religiosity, both regarding the analysed expression of religiosity and other expressions of religiosity. In addition to gaining insights into the interdependence of religion and coping for Christians living with cancer, the study contributes to the development of the psychology of religion coping theory by adding to the theory: 1) suggested specifications to the current concepts of Pargament’s coping theory; 2) the concept coping tool; 3) the distinction between functional and relational regarding the concepts of coping mechanism and coping method; 4) the coping mechanism attributing, and 5) the distinction between unilateral and bilateral deferring coping styles. The results indicate that the coping process can include a creative element in the form of a search for, or creation of, functional coping methods and/or coping tools which enhance the functionality of the coping process.