• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 5
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 6
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Reward and drug induced molecular neuroadaptations - the role of circular RNAs and m6A RNA modifications

Dabrowski, Konrad, 0000-0002-0545-4576 05 1900 (has links)
The reward system is a network of structures in the brain responsible for the feelings of pleasure, motivation, and decision making. It is comprised of the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, amygdala and the hippocampus, brain regions that come together to process rewarding stimuli, commonly referred to as rewards, to positively shape behavior. Rewards are well known to induce a range of molecular changes within the reward system that mediate reinforcing effects of rewards—neuroadaptations. These neuroadaptations can not only support adaptive behavior but also can mediate negative symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as anhedonia, withdrawal, or drug tolerance. Hence, aberrant functioning of the reward circuitry is present in patients with psychiatric disorders such as addiction, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. The molecular mechanisms underlying the function of the reward system are not fully understood and therefore elucidating the reward-induced neuroadaptations could inform future therapeutic approaches for symptoms caused by aberrant reward processing associated with psychiatric disorders. This thesis aims to characterize two types of neuroadaptations, circular RNA (circRNA) transcriptomic changes as well as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) epitranscriptomic adaptations, in the context of appetitive reward and opioids, respectively. First, we focused on describing circRNA related neuroadaptations within the OFC, and their functional implications, in the context of sucrose seeking behavior. We reported the first circRNA profile associated with appetitive reward and identified a regulation of 92 OFC circRNAs by sucrose self-administration. Among these changes we observed a downregulation of circNrxn3, a circRNA originating from neurexin 3 (Nrxn3), a gene involved in synaptogenesis, learning, and memory. Transcriptomic profiling via RNA sequencing and qPCR of the OFC following in vivo knock-down of circNrxn3 revealed differential regulation of genes associated with pathways important for learning and memory and altered splicing of Nrxn3. Furthermore, circNrxn3 knock-down enhanced sucrose self-administration and motivation for sucrose. Using RNA-immunoprecipitation, we reported binding of circNrxn3 to the known Nrxn3 splicing factor SAM68. circNrxn3 is the first reported circRNA capable of regulating reward behavior. In addition, circNrxn3-mediated interactions with SAM68 may impact subsequent downstream processing of RNAs such as the regulation of gene expression and splicing. We then went to characterize m6A epitranscriptomic adaptations induced by a commonly misused drug, the opioid morphine. m6A modifications have not been studied in opioid use disorder, despite being the most common RNA modification. We detected significant regulation of m6A-modifying enzymes in rat primary cortical cultures following morphine treatment, including AlkB Homolog 5 (Alkbh5). The m6a demethylase Alkbh5 functions as an m6A eraser, removing m6A modifications from mRNA. We hypothesized that chronic opioid exposure regulates m6A modifications through modulation of Alkbh5 and profiled m6A modifications in primary cortical cultures following chronic morphine exposure and Alkbh5 knock-down. We observed differential regulation of m6A modifications for 568 transcripts following morphine and 2865 following Alkbh5 knock-down. 103 transcripts were commonly regulated by both morphine and Alkbh5 knock-down, and the two treatments elicited concordant m6A epitranscriptomic profiles, suggesting that a subset of morphine-driven m6A modifications may be mediated through downregulation of Alkbh5 in cortical cultures. Together, this volume expands our understanding of molecular neuroadaptations induced by both appetitive reward and opioids. We have identified potential facilitators that could impact reward seeking, motivation and drug induced molecular adaptations that could inform future studies. / Biology
2

Chemo-enzymatische Werkzeuge zur Untersuchung von nicht-codierender RNA

Hesse, Marlen 30 March 2017 (has links)
Nicht-codierende RNAs sind ein bedeutender Bestandteil genregulatorischer Prozesse. Ihre Fehlregulierung wird mit zellulärer Dysfunktion und der Entstehung von Krankheiten in Zusammenhang gebracht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung verschiedener Testsysteme zur Untersuchung nicht codierender RNAs mit dem Schwerpunkt microRNA (miRNA), precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) und circular RNA (circRNA). Für eine Zyklisierung und Funktionalisierung von circRNA mittels Cu-katalysierter Click-Chemie zur Identifizierung zellulärer Interaktionspartner und zugehöriger Wirkmechanismen wurden die Termini linearer RNA-Template modifiziert. Mit Hilfe enzymatischer Techniken wie Transkription und Ligation konnte in vitro die Inkorporation Azid- und Alkin-funktionalisierter Nukleotid-Bausteine am 5‘- und 3‘-Terminus gezeigt werden. Zur Untersuchung der miRNA-Reifung in cellulo wurde die pre-miRNA-134 unter Verwendung chemo-enzymatischer Methoden mit einem Fluorophor/Quencher-Paar an den Termini ausgestattet. Durch intrazelluläre Reifung der gelabelten pre-miRNA mit einhergehender Fluoreszenzfreisetzung sollte die Visualisierung und damit die Lokalisierung des miRNA-Reifungsortes innerhalb von Neuronen realisiert werden. Zudem gelang die Entwicklung eines auf branched rolling-circle amplification (BRCA) basierenden Argonaute2(Ago2)-vermittelten Spaltungsassays. Ein Enzymkomplex aus rekombinantem, humanem Ago2 und der miRNA miR 122, genannt minimal RISC, wurde dabei zur Substrat-Spaltung eingesetzt. Zur Etablierung des BRCA-basierenden Ago2-vermittelten Spaltungsassays als Screening-Tool für die Identifizierung potentieller Inhibitoren der mRNA-Spaltung wurden exemplarisch sechs Testsubstanzen aus der Gruppe der Aminoglykoside untersucht. Der BRCA-basierende Ago2-vermittelte Spaltungsassay stellte eine einfache und zuverlässige Detektionsmethode dar, der die Untersuchung einer größeren Probenzahl mit geringem Aufwand und ohne Verwendung von fluorogen gelabeltem Substrat ermöglichte. / Non-coding RNAs are an important factor in gene regulation in which their deregulation is associated with cellular dysfunction and disease. Here, the development of different test systems for the investigation of non-coding RNAs, namely microRNA (miRNA), precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA), was on focus. In order to circularize and functionalize circRNA with the purpose of identifying cellular interaction partners and possible mechanisms of action, 5‘- and 3‘-terminal modifications were added to a linear RNA template. This was accomplished by using azide- and alkyne-functionalized nucleotides which were incorporated by enzymatic approaches like transcription and ligation to be followed by Cu-catalyzed click chemistry for circularization. For investigating miRNA maturation in neuronal cells, pre-miR-134 was modified by chemo-enzymatic approach with fluorophore and quencher at its 5‘ and 3‘ ends, respectively. Intracellular maturation of labeled pre-miRNA would produce a fluorescent signal upon cleavage, thus enabling visualization and localization of miRNA maturation in neuronal cells. Furthermore, the development of Ago2-mediated mRNA cleavage assay based on branched rolling-circle amplification (BRCA) was accomplished. A complex of recombinant human Ago2 and miRNA miR-122, called minimal RISC, was used for substrate cleavage. To establish this assay as adequate screening method for identifying potential inhibitors of mRNA cleavage, a group of six aminoglycosides was tested. The BRCA-based Ago2-mediated cleavage assay showed to be a simple and reliable detection method and screening tool for small molecule binders with little effort and without fluorescent labeling of substrate.
3

Investigation of cap-independent translation in neuronal differentiation

Ruhe, Larissa 15 June 2020 (has links)
Initiation der Translation ist ein komplexer und stark regulierter Prozess, bei dem Ribosomen die mRNA binden. Die überwiegende Mehrheit eukaryotischer mRNAs wird durch einen 5‘-Cap-abhängigen Mechanismus translatiert. Dazu bindet der eIF4F-Proteinkomplex die mRNA an der 5'-Cap-Struktur, um weitere eIFs und die kleine ribosomale Untereinheit zu rekrutieren, welche dann die 5'UTR von 5'- in 3'-Richtung bis zu einem Startcodon scannt. Anschließend trifft die große ribosomale Untereinheit dazu und die Proteinsynthese beginnt. Darüber hinaus kann die Translation durch IRES, interne ribosomale Eintrittsstellen, vermittelt werden, welche das Ribosom unabhängig von Cap und 5‘-Ende zum Startcodon rekrutieren. Die zelluläre IRES-vermittelte Translation gilt als ineffizient unter physiologischen Bedingungen, wird aber durch Stress aktiviert. Da die Regulation dieses Mechanismus weitaus unbekannt ist, haben wir die zelluläre, Cap-unabhängige Translationsinitiation untersucht. Dafür haben wir eine embryonale Stammzelllinie generiert, welche eine dominant-negative Mutante von 4E-BP1 exprimiert. 4E-BP1 bindet das 5‘-Cap-bindende Protein, sodass eIF4F nicht am 5'-Cap andocken kann. Wir haben das Proteom während der Überexpression von 4E-BP1 und der neuronalen Differenzierung bestimmt, um Translationsdynamiken systemisch zu erfassen. Gene mit verminderter Sensitivität für die Cap-abhängige Translation wurden so identifiziert und in bicistronischen Reporter-Assays getestet. Nach strenger Validierung wurde eine Cap-unabhängig translatierte mRNA, Pqbp1, entdeckt. Der zweite Teil dieser Studie untersuchte die Cap-unabhängige Translation einer circRNA, welche keine freien Enden hat und daher per IRES translatiert werden muss. Wir konnten bestätigen, dass circMbl in vitro translatiert wird und konnten so innerhalb eines Kooperationsprojekts zu der Erkenntnis beitragen, dass circRNAs im Fliegengehirn translatiert werden. / Translation initiation is a complex and highly regulated process which involves the assembly of an elongation competent ribosome on the mRNA. The vast majority of eukaryotic mRNAs is translated by a canonical cap-dependent mechanism. This requires the eIF4F protein complex to bind the mRNA at the 5’-cap to recruit further eIFs and the small ribosomal subunit which then scans the 5’UTR in 5’ to 3’ direction until a start codon is encountered. Afterwards the large ribosomal subunit joins and protein synthesis begins. Besides that, translation of mRNAs can be mediated by IRESs, internal ribosome entry sites, which recruit the ribosome in a cap and 5’-end-independent manner to the start codon. Such cellular IRES-mediated translation is thought to be inefficient under physiological conditions but activated during stress. As the regulation of this mechanism is not well understood, we aimed to elucidate cellular cap-independent translation events. Therefore, we generated a mouse embryonic stem cell line with inducible overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of 4E-BP1. 4E-BP1 sequesters the cap-binding protein eIF4E so that the eIF4F protein complex fails to assemble at the 5’-cap. We performed shotgun proteomics during 4E‑BP1 overexpression and neuronal differentiation to globally monitor translation dynamics. Genes with reduced sensitivity for cap-dependent translation were identified and tested for internal translation initiation in bicistronic reporter assays. After stringent validation one cap-independently translated mRNA, Pqbp1, was discovered. The second part of this study investigated cap-independent translation initiation on a circRNA, which by nature lacks free ends and thus requires IRES-mediated translation. We could show that circMbl is translated in vitro and thus contributed to the scientific evidence for the translation of circRNAs in fly brain, which was studied in a collaboration project.
4

Synthetic circular RNA switches and circuits that control protein expression in mammalian cells / 哺乳類細胞における遺伝子発現制御を可能とする人工環状RNAスイッチ及び回路の開発

Kameda, Shigetoshi 25 March 2024 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第25200号 / 医科博第156号 / 新制||医科||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 村川 泰裕, 教授 竹内 理, 教授 後藤 慎平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
5

Analyzing the neural transcriptional landscape in time and space

Sünkel, Christin 31 January 2020 (has links)
Zirkuläre RNAs sind eine Klasse endogener, tierischer RNAs. Obwohl sie hoch abundant sind, ist weder ihre Funktion noch ihre Expression im Nervensystem bekannt. Es wurde ein Katalog zirkulärer RNAs in neuralen Proben erstellt. Es konnten tausende zirkuläre RNAs von Mensch und Maus entdeckt und analysiert werden. Zirkuläre RNAs sind außerordentlich angereichert im Säugetiergehirn, ihre Sequenz ist gut konserviert und sie sind häufig gemeinsam in Mensch und Maus exprimiert. Zirkuläre RNAs waren generell höher exprimiert im Verlauf der neuronalen Differenzierung, sind stark angereichert an Synapsen und oft differentiell exprimiert. circSLC45A4 ist die Hauptisoform, die in humanem präfrontalem, embryonalen Cortex von diesem genomischen Lokus exprimiert wird und eine der am höchsten exprimierten zirkulären RNAs in diesem System. Induzierte Verminderung der Expression von circSLC45A4 ist ausreichend, um die spontane neuronale Differenzierung einer humanen Neuroblastomzelllinie zu induzieren. Dies kann durch die verstärkte Expression neuronaler Markergene belegt werden. Verminderung der Expression von circSLC45A4 im embryonalen Mauscortex verursacht eine signifikante Reduktion von basalen Progenitoren. Außerdem wurde eine signifikante Reduktion von Zellen in der kortikalen Platte nach Depletion von circSLC45A4 gemessen. Weiterhin konnten die Ergebnisse im Mauscortex dekonvoliert werden. Dies zeigte die Zunahme von Cajal-Retzius Zellen. Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die RNA-Sequenzierung von Einzelzellen mit räumlicher Auflösung zulässt, ohne vorherige Kenntnisse des Systems zu benötigen. 3D-seq vereint die Applikation eines physischen Gitters mit kombinatorischem Indizieren, so dass Einzelzellen individuell und räumlich markiert werden können. 3D-seq wurde an koronalen Schnitten von adultem Mausgehirn etabliert. Die Daten wurden zur Reproduktion des Gewebes in silico genutzt. 3D-seq ein leicht zu adaptierendes Protokoll, das an jedem Gewebe angewendet werden kann. / Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an endogenous class of animal RNAs. Despite their abundance, their function and expression in the nervous system are unknown. Therefore, a circRNA catalogue comprising RNA-seq samples from different brain regions, primary neurons, synaptoneurosomes, as well as during neuronal differentiation was created. Using these and other available data, thousands of neuronal human and mouse circRNAs were discovered and analyzed. CircRNAs were extraordinarily enriched in the mammalian brain, well conserved in sequence, often expressed as circRNAs in both human and mouse, and sometimes even detected in Drosophila brains. CircRNAs were overall upregulated during neuronal differentiation, highly enriched in synapses, and often differentially expressed compared to their corresponding mRNA isoforms. CircRNA expression correlated negatively with expression of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1. Knockdown of ADAR1 induced elevated circRNA expression. Together, a circRNA brain expression atlas and evidence for important circRNA functions is provided. Starting from this catalogue a circRNA, circSLC45A4 was identified. It is the main RNA isoform produced from its genetic locus in the developing human frontal cortex and one of the highest expressed circRNAs in that system. Knockdown of this conserved circular RNA in a human neuroblastoma cell line was sufficient to induce spontaneous neuronal differentiation, measurable by increased expression of neuronal marker genes and neurite outgrowth. Depletion of circSlc45a4 in the developing mouse cortex caused a significant reduction of the basal progenitor pool and increased the expression of neurogenic regulators like Notch2, Foxp2, and Unc5b. Furthermore, a significant depletion of cells in the cortical plate after knockdown of circSlc45a4 was observed. In addition, deconvolution of the bulk RNA-seq data with the help of single cell RNA-seq data validates the depletion of basal progenitors after knockdown of circSlc45a4 in the mouse cortex and reveals an increase in Cajal-Retzius cells. Taken together, a detailed study of a conserved circular RNA that is necessary to maintain the pool of neural progenitors in vitro and in vivo is presented. The developing mouse cortex is a good illustration for a highly spatially organized tissue and why knowledge of spatial information for each cell can be of great importance. However, obtaining transcriptome-wide and spatially resolved information from single-cells has been proven to be a challenging task. Current state-of-the-art experimental methods are either limited by the number of genes that can be detected simultaneously within a single-cell or require preexisting spatial information. Here, 3D-seq, a new experimental technique that allows unbiased, high-throughput single-cell spatial transcriptomics is introduced. 3D-seq combines a physical grid with combinatorial indexing to label single cells of any tissue in a unique way and thereby preserving the approximate spatial localization of any given cell. 3D-seq was applied to coronal slices of adult mouse brain, more than 70 cell types were identified and the 3D-seq data was used to reproduce the tissue in silico with single-cell resolution. Furthermore, 3D-seq is easy to adapt, can be applied to any tissue and can be combined with other technologies.
6

Expression and possible functions of circular RNAs

Glazar, Petar 08 June 2020 (has links)
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) sind eine große Klasse endogener RNAs, die in Organismen vorkommen, die RNA-Transkripte durch Spleißen prozessieren. Sie sind Produkte des „backsplicing“ – einer Art des alternativen Spleißens, bei der das 3‘-Ende eines Exons mit einer vorgelagerten 5‘-„splice site“ verbunden wird. Trotz ihrer Abundanz und spezifischen Expressionsmustern sind in vivo-Funktionen von circRNAs größtenteils unbekannt. Wir haben den existierenden Kenntnisstand systematisiert und diesen in Form von circBase frei zugänglich gemacht. circBase ist eine Online-Datenbank, in der circRNA-Datensätze abgerufen und im genomischen Kontext durchsucht und visualisiert werden können. Für die Arbeit mit Hochdurchsatz-circRNA-Daten haben wir des Weiteren die Software ciRcus entwickelt. Um mehr bezüglich circRNA-Expression und möglicher Funktionen zu lernen, haben wir die Expressionsmuster im Säugetiergehirn umfassend erforscht. Mithilfe von eigenen und öffentlich zugänglichen RNA-Sequenzierungsdaten haben wir Tausende von neuralen circRNAs in Mensch und Maus entdeckt. circRNAs waren während der neuronalen Differenzierung und Reifung insgesamt hochreguliert, stark angereichert in Synapsen, und oft differentiell exprimiert im Vergleich zu ihren mRNA-Isoformen. Außerdem haben wir gezeigt, dass viele circRNAs zwischen Mensch und Maus konserviert sind. Schließlich haben wir in vivo-Funktionen von Cdr1as erforscht - einer konservierten und im Gehirn hoch exprimierten circRNA, die stark von microRNA (miRNA)-Effektor-Komplexen gebunden ist und zahlreiche miR-7-Bindestellen sowie eine Bindestelle für miR-671 aufweist. „Knockout“-Tiere, bei denen der Cdr1as-Lokus deletiert wurde, zeigten ein gestörtes sensomotorisches „gating“ und dysfunktionale synaptische Übertragung. Die Expression von miR-7 und miR-671 war in verschiedenen Hirnregionen der Tiere dereguliert. Die Expression von „immediate early“-Genen, von denen einige miR-7-Zielgene sind, war erhöht. / circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large class of endogenous RNAs present in organisms that process RNA transcripts by splicing. They are products of backsplicing - alternative splicing reactions where the 3’ end of an exon is spliced to an upstream 5’ splice site. Despite their abundance and tissue- and developmental-stage-specific expression patterns, their in vivo functions are largely unknown. We systematized the existing knowledge on circRNAs and made it freely available by developing circBase - an online database where circRNA datasets can be accessed, downloaded and browsed within the genomic context. Another technical challenge was addressed by developing ciRcus - a software package for working with high-throughput circRNA data, which allowed us to routinely handle, explore, annotate, quantify and integrate circRNA data with the external sources of biological data. To learn more about circRNA expression and potential functions, we have explored the expression patterns of circRNAs in the mammalian brain. Using own and public RNA-seq data, we discovered thousands of neural circRNAs in human and mouse. circRNAs were upregulated during neuronal differentiation and maturation, enriched in synapses, and often differentially expressed compared to their host mRNAs. Many circRNAs were conserved between human and mouse. Finally, we explored in vivo functions of Cdr1as - a conserved circRNA known to be highly expressed in the brain, heavily bound by microRNA (miRNA) effector complexes, and harbouring many binding sites for miR-7, as well as a single binding site for miR-671. Upon deleting the Cdr1as locus, knockout animals displayed impaired sensorimotor gating and dysfunctional synaptic transmission. Expression of miR-7 and miR-671 was deregulated in different brain regions of Cdr1as knockout animals. Expression of immediate early genes, some of which are miR-7 targets, was increased, providing a possible molecular link to the behavioral phenotype.

Page generated in 0.0324 seconds