Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-24T15:04:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alem_midias.pdf: 1130568 bytes, checksum: 20270da2e2fa0248ab2ec0d00fc8e6e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-24T15:04:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alem_midias.pdf: 1130568 bytes, checksum: 20270da2e2fa0248ab2ec0d00fc8e6e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como tema principal as práticas de repórteres internacionais, conceito que compreende os profissionais das diferentes categorias do jornalismo internacional como, por exemplo, os correspondentes internacionais, os enviados especiais e os correspondentes de guerra. O mapeamento das práticas desses jornalistas foi concentrado em estudos já publicados sobre essas profissões do jornalismo e em livros com as memórias e as experiências de repórteres em diferentes épocas, locais e cobertura de acontecimentos entre os anos de 1917 e 2011. Esses livros escritos por jornalistas se revelam como um outro espaço legítimo de produção do jornalismo, além dos meios tradicionais como os jornais, o rádio e a televisão, ao permitirem que seus próprios autores realizem a interpretação e o comentário sobre a prática jornalística. Por meio desses materiais, são trabalhadas observações que envolvem os diferentes estágios da profissão, o impacto proporcionado pelo surgimento de novas tecnologias de informação e a interferência dessa evolução junto ao conjunto das práticas e processos dos repórteres internacionais. O trabalho contempla também questões problemáticas relacionadas à idealização glamurizada da profissão, à visão crítica desses jornalistas a partir dos novos formatos do jornalismo, e, principalmente, à prática de cobertura determinada a partir do conceito de circularidade nos processos da produção de conteúdo jornalístico. Além de contribuir com os estudos que envolvem as práticas, pretende servir como elemento para compreensão dos contextos políticos e econômicos que envolvem a profissão do repórter internacional. / The main theme of this Masters Thesis is the international reporters' practices, a concept that encompasses professionals from different categories such as the international correspondents, the special envoys and the war correspondents. The mapping of these practices focused on studies already published about these branches of journalism and in books with the memories and the experiences of the reporters in different times, places and coverages between the years of 1917 and 2011. These books that were written by journalists reveal themselves as another legitimate space to produce journalism beyond the traditional means like newspapers, radio and television when they allow their own authors to perform the interpretation and comment about the practice. Through these materials, we work on observations that involve the different phases of the profession, the impact derived from the rise of new information technologies and the interference of this evolution in the set of practices and processes of the international reporters. The thesis also contemplates problematic issues related to the glamorous idealization of the profession, to the critical view of these journalists based on new formats of journalism and, mainly, the practice of coverage determined from the concept of circularity in the processes of production of journalistic content. Besides contributing to the studies that involve the practice, it intends to serve as an element of understanding of the political and economical scenarios that involve the profession of international reporter.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Garcia Basso.pdf: 12299381 bytes, checksum: 3f90d30ed4d89aeffcca6ad216794043 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This is a study of the trajectory of Agenor Miranda Rocha s formation and experiences as a Portuguese Language and Literature teacher at Colégio Pedro II (Pedro II School), in Rio de Janeiro, between the decades of 1930 and 1960, as well as his practice as a spiritual leader (oluô and olossãe) of nagô-kêtu religious traditions, in Brazil. The research is based on documents that record his memories, in testimonials of people with whom he was related, and in his private collection, which is partially preserved in the house where he lived during the last years of his life. This study is guided by Carlo Ginzburg evidential method, which reconstructs characteristics of one s life itinerary and the formation and diversity of one s experiences. It was aimed in the construction of the study to detail and rebuild the sociability nets and the contexts in which the teacher and spiritual leader describes his actions, revealing one of the main assumptions of the research, the one that says that the individuals are constituted by their social practices conduct, having to be considered the relationships to which they are attached, the actions that they promote and the ones that have been inherited, all of them dynamic and contradictory, as E. P. Thompson indicates. Through the study of Agenor Miranda Rocha s trajectory it was possible to identify, in a microscale, the endurance and the practices of knowledge formation and transmission present on nagô-kêtu candomble communities, from the African matrix, as strongholds of Afro-Brazilian knowledge and memories. From the analysis of this teacher and spiritual leader s experiences, it is possible to follow the link between the written and the oral communication, the dominant and the subordinate ones, revealing the mechanisms of circularity present in his trajectory / Este é um estudo da trajetória de formação e das experiências de Agenor Miranda Rocha como professor de Língua e Literatura Portuguesa, no Colégio Pedro II do Rio de Janeiro, entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960, e como sacerdote - oluô e olossãe - das tradições religiosas nagô-kêtu, no Brasil. A pesquisa baseia-se em documentos que registram suas memórias, em depoimentos de pessoas que com ele conviveram e no acervo particular do professor e sacerdote parcialmente conservado na casa onde residiu nos últimos anos de sua vida. É uma pesquisa orientada pelo método indiciário de Carlo Ginzburg, que reconstrói aspectos de seu itinerário de vida, formação e diversidade de experiências. Na construção da pesquisa, procurou-se esmiuçar e reconstituir as redes de sociabilidade e os contextos em que o professor e sacerdote descreve os seus movimentos, evidenciando um dos principais pressupostos da pesquisa, a de que os sujeitos se constituem no embate das práticas sociais, considerando-se as relações a que estão atados, as ações que promovem, as que são herdadas, todas elas dinâmicas e contraditórias, como indica E. P. Thompson. Por meio do estudo da trajetória de Agenor Miranda Rocha, foi possível identificar, em uma microescala, as sobrevivências e as práticas de formação e transmissão de conhecimentos de matriz africana presentes nas comunidades de candomblé nagô-kêtu, como redutos dos saberes e da memória afro-brasileira. A partir da análise da experiência desse professor e sacerdote, é possível acompanhar a articulação entre o escrito e o oral, o dominante e o subordinado, revelando mecanismos de circularidade cultural presentes em sua trajetória

Resource scarcity and increasing environmental pressure have raised the stakes for rethinking material efficiency and textile recycling potential. As current practices fail to feed a closed loop recycling system, this research aims to contribute to the improvement of prevailing practices regarding denim as one of the most popular apparel materials worldwide while focusing on the issue of increasing amounts of discarded post-consumer textiles. The superordinate objective to define the optimum point for denim recycling to retain the value of the cotton fibre as long as possible in a closed loop system, thereby elevating the recycling efficiency, can be considered a key driver for the present research. The following data acquisition is constructed and executed along a mixed method research, in which a qualitative approach based on expert interviews informs and builds up on the quantitative counter part of laboratory use simulation testing on two different denim fabrics and vice versa, leading to an embedded research design. A subjective assessment of potential alterations of the denim fabrics’ visual and tactile characteristics, caused by the use simulation, provides quantitative data through an employed expert panel, which is enhanced by objectively recorded results from the conducted tear strength test and comparative weight investigation to inform changes regarding the physical properties. The applied research methods provide parameters to monitor the decomposition and weakening of the overall fabric structure throughout the experiment. The analysis of the data allowed to assign the number of washing and drying cycles, that a denim garment has undergone, to a corresponding degree of degradation. The presented findings are a valuable resource for developing and innovating current open-end recycling options. The maintenance of the raw material value throughout various reprocessing cycles can counteract the elevated natural fibre scarcity. The insights on the material and process level build a fundament for the successful operationalisation and management of sustainable recycling practices. Further research in this field can pave the way towards value retaining circularity.

This study focuses on the cybernetic complementarity of stability and change in family therapy. Stability and change involve both the client and therapist, and is a selfreferential process where the observer is part of that which is observed. One couple was involved in ten therapy sessions. During the action research cycles of planning, acting and reflecting, the principles of systems theory, cybernetics and second cybernetics were implemented. A team consisting of one lecturer and two students were actively involved throughout all the phases of the research process. During therapy, the therapist focused on stability to facilitate change in the structure of the couple's organizational system. The research served as a good example of how punctuation of two complementarity processes (stability and change) can enable and empower clients to autonomously reflect on their own behaviour, and to make decisions regarding patterns they would like or feel ready to change. / Social Science (Mental Health) / Thesis (M. Soc. Science)--University of South Africa, 2001. / M.A. (Social Science (Mental Health))

Submitted by Glauber Assunção Moreira (glauber.a.moreira@gmail.com) on 2018-09-14T16:42:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Lindolfo.pdf: 4917665 bytes, checksum: 16402991615e6b1c8b722dbe4f582c1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marly Santos (marly@ufba.br) on 2018-09-17T17:37:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Lindolfo.pdf: 4917665 bytes, checksum: 16402991615e6b1c8b722dbe4f582c1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T17:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Lindolfo.pdf: 4917665 bytes, checksum: 16402991615e6b1c8b722dbe4f582c1a (MD5) / Esta tese é o resultado de uma pesquisa sobre a presença da literatura de cordel na dramaturgia brasileira, a partir do impacto causado pela apresentação do Auto da Compadecida, de Ariano Suassuna, no Primeiro Festival de Amadores Nacionais, realizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em 1957. Tal fato é considerado um marco à medida que o texto chamou à atenção da crítica especializada e de outros autores para a incursão do folheto popular em verso no texto dramático. Nesse mesmo ano, Francisco de Assis e Francisco Pereira da Silva apresentaram ao público os textos concebidos a partir do cordel, intitulados O Testamento do Cangaceiro e Graça e Desgraça na Casa de Engole-Cobra, respectivamente. A tese, dividida em quatro sessões, expõe o percurso da literatura de cordel, com os registros realizados por Sílvio Romero no final do século XIX, os acontecimentos históricos que marcaram a década de 1950, e um painel dos autores que utilizaram o cordel na construção da dramaturgia no período de 1957 a 2007, bem como as formas de apropriação do folheto, a partir dos conceitos de circularidade, de Carlo Ginzburg (2006), e de hibridação, proposto por Néstor Garcia Canclini (2008). A pesquisa de cunho descritivo analítico procura contribuir com a construção da história do teatro brasileiro, no que tange a sua dramaturgia. / This thesis is the result of a research on the presence of cordel literature in Brasilian drama, from the impact caused by the production of o Auto da Compadecida, by Ariano Suassuna, in the First National of Amateur, held in Rio de Janeiro, in 1957 This fact is a landmark in that the text called the attention of critics and other authors to foray brochure popular verse in the dramatic text. That same year, Francisco de Assis and Francisco Pereira da Silva presented to the public texts designed from the cordel, entitled O Testamento do Cangaceiro and Graça e Desgraça na casa de Engole-Cobra, respectively. The thesis, divided into four sessions, exposes the course of cordel literature, with records held by Sílvio Romero, in the late 19th century, the historical events that marked the 1950’s, and a panel of authors who used Cordel in construction of the theater, in the period 1957-2007, as well as the forms of appropriation of the leaflet, from the concepts of circularity, by Carlo Ginzburg (2006), and hybridization proposed by Néstor Garcia Canclini (2008). The research of a descriptive analytical seeks to contribute to the construction of the history of Brasilian theater, regarding its dramaturgy. / Cette thèse est le résultat d’une recherche sur la présence de la Litterature de Cordel dans la dramaturgie brésilienne, à partir de l’impact causé par le montage de “L’Auto da Compadecida”, de Ariano Suassuna, lors du Premier Festival d’Amateurs Nacionaux, qui s’est tenu dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro, em 1957. Cela a été considéré comme un point de repère dans la mesure où le texte a attiré l’attention de la critique spécialisée et de plusieurs auteurs vers l’introduction des Brochures Populaires en Vers dans le texte dramatique. Cette même année, Francisco de Assis et Francisco Pereira da Silva ont présenté au public les textes conçus à partir du Cordel, intitulés ”O Testamento do Cangaceiro” et “Graça e desgraça na casa de Engole-Cobra” respectivement. Partagé em quatre parties, ce travail expose le parcours de la Littérature de Cordel d’après les études de Sílvio de Romero faites à la fin du XIXème siècle, les évènements qui ont marqué les années cinquante et un panneau des auteurs qui ont utilisé le Cordel dans la construction de la dramaturgie dans la période allant de 1957 à 2007, ainsi que les formes d’appropriation des brochures, à partir des concepts de circularité, de Carlo Ginzburg (2006) et d’hybridation proposé par Nestor Garcia Canclini (2008). Cette recherche, de nature descriptive, a pour but de contribuer à la construction de l’histoire du théatre brésilien, en ce qui concerne sa dramaturgie.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-01-22T13:35:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3311641 bytes, checksum: 905843f399c6481b033379afad9476b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-22T13:35:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3311641 bytes, checksum: 905843f399c6481b033379afad9476b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Between the late 1950s and early 1960s, Brazilian society was marked by the flourishing of social movements which sprung up all over the country. The mobilization of the Peasants Leagues (Ligas Camponesas) and rural workers in favour of the land reform, the strengthening of the trade unions, the creation of the Workers' General Command (Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores), the military associations and the effervescence of the student movement were typical of that time. Under the National-development approach, Brazil demanded changes in various fields; Paulo Freire considered it a favourable time for the necessary transformations in our country. Thus, by means of historical-documental evidence about the 40 Hours of Angicos, we pursued information and conjectural fragments about the heuristic process of what was the first experience in the construction of the Freirean gnosiology, like “hunters” (GINZBURG, 1989). As object of study, the event in Angicos allowed us to problematize, more concretely, knowledge that shaped the way people behaved and acted in the 1960s. By means of methodological effort, we approached the protagonists of this experience with two objectives. First, to position ourselves closer to the students, to their cultural and social locus; to listen to their discourse and memories; to learn the ways each one of them – in their “customs in common” (THOMPSON, 1998), – possibly already aimed to gain access to the world of written culture. Second, based on the Coordinators of Cultural Circle (Coordenadores de Círculo de Cultura), to reflect upon their social and political class position; to analyse their choices and the reach of the relational dimension in that experience (perhaps, somewhat unconsciously, as a cultural inheritance). In the intersection of this protagonism, we freely unveil the concept of Circle of Culture (Círculo de Cultura) through the idea of Circularity (BAKHTIN, 1970 apud GINZBURG, 2006), by analysing the praxis developed in the Angicos experience. This thesis defends the urgency of agreeing new orientations and experiences that reflect upon and design an updated concept of popular education, as a way to subsidize the education of young people and adults and its investigative and dialogical heritage. In this way, we argue that more than five decades after that ebullient moment in Brazilian education, part of those marks should be re-territorialized. After continuous reflection about what was generated there, perhaps greater richness could have been better explored in the popular education processes. As a result, we conclude that Angicos synthesizes educational inspirations that provide – politically and historically –, the systematization of ideas and the direction of what we know today as Popular Education, despite the contradictions involved in the fulfilment of its execution. / Entre os anos finais de 1950 e os anos iniciais de 1960, a sociedade brasileira foi marcada pela ebulição dos movimentos sociais que afloravam por todo o país. A mobilização das Ligas Camponesas e dos trabalhadores rurais em favor da reforma agrária, o fortalecimento dos sindicatos, a criação do Comando Geral dos Trabalhadores, as associações militares e a efervescência do movimento estudantil constituíam demandas sinalizadoras desse momento. Sob o enfoque Nacional-desenvolvimentista, tinha-se um Brasil requisitando mudanças em vários campos, ao que Paulo Freire presumia como um tempo favorável para as transformações necessárias em nosso país. Destarte, através das pistas histórico-documentais que respaldam as 40 Horas de Angicos, perseguimos, como “caçadores” (GINZBURG, 1989), informações e fragmentos conjecturais acerca dos processos heurísticos daquela que foi uma experiência inédita para a construção da gnosiologia freireana. Como objeto de estudo, o evento em Angicos nos possibilitou problematizar, de forma mais palpável, saberes que fecundaram modos de ser e de fazer na década de 1960. Como esforço metodológico, aproximamo-nos dos sujeitos protagonistas da experiência, para, de um lado, colocarmo-nos mais próximos dos alunos, de seu lugar cultural e social; ouvir suas falas e memórias; conhecer os caminhos que, cada um(a), em seus “costumes comuns” (THOMPSON, 1998), possivelmente, já visava abrir para o acesso ao mundo da cultura escrita. De outro lado, a partir dos Coordenadores de Círculo de Cultura, refletir sobre seu lugar de classe (social e político); analisar suas escolhas e o alcance dado à dimensão relacional na experiência (quem sabe, um tanto inconsciente, como uma herança cultural nossa). Na intersecção desse protagonismo, desvelamos livremente o conceito de Círculo de Cultura à luz da ideia de “Circularidade” (BAKHTIN, 1970, apud GINZBURG, 2006), analisando a práxis desenvolvida na experiência angicana. Como argumento de Tese, defende-se a urgência de pactuar novas orientações e experiências que pensem e formulem um conceito atual para a educação popular, enquanto subsídios que favoreçam a educação de jovens e adultos e sua herança mais investigativa e dialogal. Neste sentido, argumentamos que, mais de cinco décadas depois daquele momento de ebulição na educação brasileira, parte daquelas marcas deveriam ser reterritorializadas. Talvez, através de reflexões contínuas sobre o que ali foi gestado, tantas riquezas poderiam ter sido bem mais exploradas nos processos educativos populares. Como resultado, conclui-se que Angicos sintetiza inspirações educativas que proporcionaram, política e historicamente, a sistematização de ideários e direções do que hoje conhecemos por Educação Popular, apesar das contradições que envolvem as tessituras de sua realização.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AldinidaMS_TESE.pdf: 1229219 bytes, checksum: 7c40bbf14f23bfc18690e4c854e614e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Ines de Castro is a theme in literature from the fourteenth century. The historical fact of his death, in 1355, became a landmark in the history of Portugal and, since then, several literary texts from various genres, have dealt with this theme, this made the couple Pedro and Ines a myth of love passion, of love beyond the barriers of death, like Tristan and Isolde, Romeo and Juliet, Abelard and Heloise. The literary myth - or any picture that mythologize literature - is always prepared before culturally and works in the same way that so many others, this is, as an element of cultural identity, either collectively or individually, making it also a feature poetic. Thereby, is an archetype confirmed through time and eventually reveals a series of webs of the human psyche. Ines de Castro became the Portuguese myth of eternal love: she became queen after your dead. The persistence of the myth makes the love story of Pedro and Ines continue to produce texts of various literary genres. This study examines six contemporary historical novels, to show that the way actually this kind o novel does a new formulacion of Pedro e Ines mythical, because now it s different view likes the victim in Os lusiadas and other texts from the past. Collaborate to this news relacions between history and literature and a novelist's new stance in relation to historical facts that relate like reffering to novel. The intention is to show, through the novels chosen now Ines de Castro have different profiles than it had before in tradicional historic novels from the period of Romanticism and New Romanticism. Authored by Agustina Bessa-Lu?s, Jo?o Aguiar, Ant?nio C?ndido Franco, Seomara da Veiga Ferreira and Luis Rosa, the six novels studied show the circularity cultural of inesian myth showing this new character of the new person Ines in the contemporany historical novel / In?s de Castro ? um tema presente na literatura desde o s?culo XIV. O fato hist?rico de sua morte, em 1355, tornou-se um marco na Hist?ria portuguesa e, desde ent?o, diversos textos liter?rios, de v?rios g?neros, t?m tratado desse tema, o que fez do casal, Pedro e In?s, um mito do amor paix?o, do amor que ultrapassa as barreiras da morte, assim como Trist?o e Isolda, Romeu e Julieta, Abelardo e Helo?sa. O mito liter?rio ou qualquer figura que literatura mitificou ? sempre pr?-elaborado culturalmente e funciona nos mesmos moldes que tantos outros, isto ?, como um elemento da identidade cultural, quer coletiva, quer individualmente, tornando-se, tamb?m, um recurso po?tico. Desse modo, ? um arqu?tipo confirmado pelo tempo e acaba por revelar uma s?rie de teias da psique humana. In?s de Castro tornou-se o mito portugu?s do amor eterno: ? a "que depois de morta foi rainha". A perman?ncia do mito faz com que a hist?ria de amor de Pedro e In?s continue a render textos liter?rios de diversos g?neros. Esta pesquisa debru?a-se sobre seis romances hist?ricos contempor?neos, a fim de evidenciar que a forma como esse romance ? escrito na contemporaneidade traz uma reelabora??o da imagem m?tica de In?s, visto que agora n?o ? mais tratada como a In?s v?tima, presente n Os lus?adas e em outros textos de ?pocas passadas. Para isso, colaboram as novas rela??es entre Hist?ria e Literatura e uma nova postura do romancista em rela??o aos fatos hist?ricos tomados como referentes do romance. O intento ? evidenciar, atrav?s do corpus escolhido, que In?s de Castro tem agora diversos perfis, os quais n?o se viam nos romances hist?ricos tradicionais, da ?poca do Romantismo e Neo-romantismo. Da autoria de Agustina Bessa-Lu?s, Jo?o Aguiar, Ant?nio C?ndido Franco, Seomara da Veiga Ferreira e Lu?s Rosa, os seis romances em estudo comprovam a circularidade cultural do mito inesiano, mostrando essa nova personagem In?s de Castro romance hist?rico contempor?neo

O circo-teatro, presente na paisagem urbana de São Paulo em todo o século XX, constituiu-se em espetáculo popular baseado na hibridização cultural, com elementos da cultura erudita e da cultura de massa. Por sua vez, essas duas se apropriaram do discurso circense, num processo evidente de circu-laridade cultural. / The circus-theater, that could be seen at São Paulos urban landscape throughout twentieth century, constituted itself in a form of popular per-formance based in the cultural hybridization, with elements from learned culture and mass culture. In turn, both of these cultures assimilated the cir-cus discourse, in an unequivocal process of cultural circularity.

[pt] A teoria da verdade de Tarski, também conhecida como teoria clássica da verdade, forneceu uma definição para o conceito de verdade que pode ser considerada adequada do ponto de vista material, no sentido de implicar logicamente todas as definições parciais de verdade para sentenças isoladas, do tipo ´s é verdadeira se e somente se p`, sendo p uma sentença qualquer de uma das linguagens às quais a definição tarskiana de verdade se aplica, e sendo s um nome para tal sentença. Essa definição de verdade é consistente - até onde se sabe - mas para garantir a consistência da mesma Tarski precisou restringir seu campo de aplicação ao conjunto das linguagens que não podem ser utilizadas para tratar de sua própria semântica, às quais chamamos linguagens semanticamente abertas. Uma outra teoria da verdade, devida a J. Barwise e J. Etchemendy, foi desenvolvida com vistas a poder ser aplicada de modo consistente às linguagens semanticamente fechadas. Entretanto, para garantir a consistência de sua teoria, Barwise e Etchemendy acabaram por formulá-la de um modo em que a mesma não pudesse ser considerada materialmente adequada, no sentido especificado acima. Isso poderia causar a impressão de que a consistência de uma definição de verdade exigisse que se abrisse mão da adequação material da mesma, tal como fazem Barwise e Etchemendy, ou então que se restringisse seu campo de aplicação às linguagens semanticamente abertas, tal como faz Tarski. Construindo uma definição de verdade materialmente adequada no sentido em questão, e ao mesmo tempo aplicável a linguagens semanticamente fechadas, contudo, S. Kripke mostrou que isso não é o caso. Após uma análise comparativa dessas três teorias da verdade, encontramos razões para formular uma outra definição de verdade, baseada nas intuições russellianas acerca dessa noção, e capaz de ser aplicada consistentemente às linguagens semanticamente fechadas, mantendo a adequação material no sentido acima descrito. No presente trabalho, podem ser encontradas essa análise comparativa das teorias da verdade de Tarski, Barwise-Etchemendy e Kripke, bem como a definição de verdade que formulamos de modo a satisfazer as condições que mencionamos acima. / [en] The tarskian theory of truth, that is also known as the classical theory of truth, has provided a truth definition that may be considered adequate from a material standpoint. By a materially adequate truth definition we understand a truth definition that logically entails every partial truth definition for a specific sentence, of the kind ´s is true if and only if p`, where p is any sentence from some language that is object of the tarskian truth definition, and where s is a name for such sentence. This truth definition is consistent - so far as we know - but in order to guarantee its consistency Tarski had to restrict its field to the set of the languages which cannot be used to speak about their own semantics. These languages are called semantically open languages. Another truth definition, due to J. Barwise and J. Etchemendy, was developed in order to be consistently applied to semantically closed languages. However, in order to assure the consistency of their theory, Barwise and Etchemendy developed it in such a way that it cannot be considered as a materially adequate theory in the sense that has been specified above. We may conclude from this that in order to guarantee the consistency of a truth definition we have either to abandon its material adequacy or to restrict its field to the set of semantically open languages. Kripke showed that this is not the case through developing a truth definition that is both materially adequate and applicable to semantically closed languages. After doing a comparison between these three truth theories, we have found some reasons to formulate another truth definition, which is based on russellian intuitions concerning the notion of truth, and which is able to be consistently applied to semantically closed languages and is also materially adequate in the sense specified above. In this dissertation one can find the comparison between the truth theories of Tarski, Barwise and Etchemendy, and Kripke, which we just mentioned, and also the truth definition that we formulated in order to satisfy the conditions which we described above.

Le Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-CNAM (LCM) souhaite affiner sa maîtrise des références de pression afin de réaliser des appareillages de tout premier rang au niveau international. L'incertitude relative visée sur les références de pression est de l'ordre de 10-6. Cet objectif se traduit par une problématique de métrologie dimensionnelle où une mesure de la forme des pistons/cylindres utilisés dans les balances manométriques doit être menée. La mesure de cylindricité est également impliquée dans un très grand nombre d'applications industrielles comme la qualification d'étalons de référence destinés à la qualification d'appareillages de mesure. Notre travail de recherche, réalisé dans le cadre d'une convention CIFRE avec la SAS GEOMNIA, concerne la réalisation d'un instrument de référence de très haute précision permettant la mesure de forme de cylindres creux ou pleins. Nous proposons un saut technologique pour satisfaire un niveau d'incertitude sur la mesure de l'écart de cylindricité de l'ordre de 10 nanomètres dans un volume de mesure cylindrique de Ø350 mm et de hauteur 150 mm. La mesure de forme est habituellement pratiquée en déplaçant un capteur par rapport à la surface à mesurer par un guidage de haute précision. Il n'est cependant pas possible de réaliser un guidage entre deux solides d'un niveau de précision permettant de garantir les incertitudes souhaitées, même en utilisant les techniques de correction d'erreurs dont la précision est limitée par le défaut de répétabilité des guidages. Pour satisfaire à ce niveau d'incertitude, nous proposons une démarche basée sur le concept de structure métrologique dissociée. La mesure d'une pièce consiste alors à comparer sa forme à celle d'une pièce cylindrique de référence. Cette dernière doit seulement présenter une stabilité de forme parfaite. La cartographie d'écart de forme de la référence cylindrique doit cependant être identifiée au même niveau d'incertitude visé.Le travail de recherche développé propose une analyse détaillée des machines actuelles et de leurs limitations. Suite à cette analyse, une architecture de machine a été proposée pour lever ces limitations. Cette architecture tient compte des écarts « secondaires » liés à la position des capteurs et des effets de second ordre, pour satisfaire le niveau de précision visé. Une procédure complète d'étalonnage de la machine a été élaborée en s'inspirant des méthodes de séparation d'erreurs. Cette procédure originale permet de séparer les défauts de forme du cylindre de référence de ceux d'une pièce de qualification cylindrique mesurée simultanément. La méthode employée ne présente pas de limitations en termes d'exactitude. Cette procédure a été expérimentalement validée. Une analyse des effets liés à la mesure de surfaces cylindriques par des capteurs capacitifs a été menée. Ces essais ont conduit au développement de stratégies d'étalonnage de ces capteurs in situ utilisant des interféromètres à laser intégrés dans la machine. La traçabilité métrologique des résultats des mesures est ainsi garantie. Deux bancs de tests ont été développés pour caractériser les diverses influences et valider les procédures d'étalonnage des capteurs. La conception détaillée de l'instrument est issue de la synthèse des réflexions menées sur l'architecture, sur l'étalonnage et sur la maîtrise de la mesure de déplacements par capteurs capacitifs. Ce travail a abouti à la réalisation de ce nouvel instrument de référence ; sa conception, son montage et son réglage sont présentés. / The “Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-CNAM (LCM)” seeks to improve the measurement of primary pressure standards done using pressure balances, to an order of 10-6 relative uncertainty. Therefore, it is appropriate to back-up these pressure balances with a measurement of the topology of the piston-cylinder devices used on these balances. Cylindricity measurement is also found in many industrial applications such as the measurement of standards used for the calibration of measuring machines. This research project, conducted in collaboration with SAS GEOMNIA under a CIFRE agreement, has a main objet to develop a new ultra-high precision machine for cylinders form measurement. We pushes with this project the leading edge of the cylinders form measurement area; we propose indeed a technological leap which leads to reduce the uncertainty associated to cylindricity errors up to 10 nm in a cylindrical working volume of 350 mm diameter rand 150 mm height. Form measurement is usually done using a measurement probe moved about the surface to be measured with high precision guiding systems. Nonetheless, these guiding systems are not precise enough to offer the low uncertainty required even when error correction techniques are used. This is because the precision of the guides is limited by their low repeatability. To meet this uncertainty level, we propose an approach based on the “dissociated metrological structure” concept. The measurement consists of comparing the artifact's form with the form of a cylindrical reference which should have perfect form stability. However, the mapping form deviation of this cylindrical reference needs to be identified at the same level of uncertainty referred.The present work exposes a detailed analysis of the existing measuring machines and their limitations. Consequently, an optimized machine architecture is proposed in order to overcome the present limitations. The proposed machine architecture takes into account the "secondary" error terms relative to the probes positions and second order effects in order to satisfy the level of accuracy sought. A complete calibration procedure of the machine has been elaborated based on the error separation methods; it allows the separation of the form errors of each of the reference cylinder and a qualification cylindrical part simultaneously measured. This procedure does not present any accuracy limitations and has been experimentally verified. An analysis of the effects related to the measurement of cylindrical artifacts using capacitive sensors has also been investigated. These experiments have led to the development of in-situ calibration strategies using laser interferometers integrated in the machine. Thus, the metrological traceability of the measurements is guaranteed. Two test benches have been developed to characterize the error sources that influence the measurement and to validate the calibration procedures of the probes used. The detailed design of the instrument synthesizes all the conceptual thoughts about the architecture, the calibration and the displacement measurement of the capacitive probes. This work has resulted in the development of this new reference instrument; its design, installation and adjustment are detailed.