Carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are widely used in aerospace, automobile and other structural applications due to their superior mechanical and physical properties. CFRP outperform conventional metals in high strength-to-weight ratio. Usually, CFRP parts are manufactured near to net-shape;however,machining is unavoidable when it comes to assembly. Drilling the holes are essential to facilitate riveting and bolting of the components. However, conventional drilling (CD) induces different types of damages such as cracking, fibre pull-out, sprintling and delamination due to the abrasive nature, inhomogeneity and anisotropy of CFRP. A novel technique, ultrasonically-assisted drilling (UAD) is hybrid machining technique in which highfrequency (typically above 20 kHz) vibration are superimposed on a standard twist drill bit in axial direction using ultrasonic transducer. UAD has shown several advantages such as thrust force reduction, improving surface quality and lower bur-formation in drilling of conventional metals. UAD has also effectively been used for drilling brittle materials.

Cette thèse se situe à l'interface entre l'analyse d'images, dont l'objectif est la description automatique du contenu visuel, et la géométrie discrète, qui est l'un des domaines dédiés au traitement des images numériques. Pour être stocké et manipulé sur un ordinateur, un signal observé est régulièrement échantillonné. L'image numérique, qui est le résultat de ce processus d'acquisition, est donc constituée d'un ensemble fini d'éléments distincts. La géométrie discrète se propose d'étudier les propriétés géométriques d'un tel espace dépourvu de continuité. Dans ce cadre, nous avons considéré les régions homogènes et porteuses de sens d'une image, avec l'objectif de représenter leur contour au moyen de modèles géométriques ou de les décrire à l'aide de mesures. L'étendue des applications de ce travail en analyse d'images est vaste, que ce soit au cours du processus de segmentation, ou en vue de la reconnaissance d'un objet. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur trois modèles géométriques discrets définis par la discrétisation de Gauss : la partie convexe ou concave, l'arc de cercle discret et le segment de droite discrète. Nous avons élaboré des algorithmes dynamiques (mise à jour à la volée de la décision et du paramétrage), exacts (calculs en nombres entiers sans erreur d'approximation) et rapides (calculs simplifiés par l'exploitation de propriétés arithmétiques et complexité en temps linéaire) qui détectent ces modèles sur un contour. L'exécution de ces algorithmes le long d'un contour aboutit à des décompositions ou à des polygonalisations réversibles. De plus, nous avons défini des mesures de convexité, linéarité et circularité, qui vérifient un ensemble de propriétés fondamentales : elles sont robustes aux transformations rigides, elles s'appliquent à des parties de contour et leur valeur maximale est atteinte pour le modèle de forme qui sert de comparaison et uniquement sur celui-ci. Ces mesures servent à l'introduction de nouveaux modèles dotés d'un paramètre variant entre 0 et 1. Le paramètre est fixé à 1 quand on est sûr de la position du contour, mais fixé à une valeur inférieure quand le contour est susceptible d'avoir été déplacé par un bruit d'acquisition. Cette approche pragmatique permet de décomposer de manière robuste un contour en segments de droite ou en parties convexes et concaves. / The work presented in this thesis concerns the fields of image analysis and discrete geometry. Image analysis aims at automatically describing the visual content of a digital image and discrete geometry provides tools devoted to digital image processing. A two-dimensional analog signal is regularly sampled in order to be handled on computers. This acquisition process results in a digital image, which is made up of a finite set of discrete elements. The topic of discrete geometry is to study the geometric properties of such kind of discrete spaces. In this work, we consider homogeneous regions of an image having a meaning for a user. The objective is to represent their digital contour by means of geometric patterns and compute measures. The scope of applications is wide in image analysis. For instance, our results would be of great interest for segmentation or object recognition. We focus on three discrete geometric patterns defined by Gauss digitization: the convex or concave part, the digital straight segment and the digital circular arc. We present several algorithms that detect or recognize these patterns on a digital contour. These algorithms are on-line, exact (integer-only computations without any approximation error) and fast (simplified computations thanks to arithmetic properties and linear-time complexity). They provide a way for segmenting a digital contour or for representing a digital contour by a reversible polygon. Moreover, we define a measure of convexity, a measure of straightness and a measure of circularity. These measures fulfil the following important properties: they are robust to rigid transformations, they may be applied on any part of a digital contour, they reach their maximal value for the template with which the data are compared to. From these measures, we introduce new patterns having a parameter that ranges from 0 to 1. The parameter is set to 1 when the localisation of the digital contour is reliable, but is set to a lower value when the digital contour is expected to have been shifted because of some acquisition noise. This measure-based approach provides a way for robustly decomposing a digital contour into convex, concave or straight parts.

This work aims to identify how the processes of exchange in the public rituals of candomblé, more precisely in the xirês (festivities of worship to orixá), interfere in the maintenance of sociability and the circulation of axé. Analyzing the xirê from the theoretical reference interactionist, whose thinking is centered on non-utilitarian exchange, the research concludes that, in candomblé, there is an intricate system of exchanges that favors the interaction between practitioners and this system is maintained by factors such as: the need for socialization; the attribution of meaning that the festive calendar gives the members of candomblé and the circularity of the gift. The proposal was to do a study of xirê, ritual whose core is in the interaction between humans and gods, between humans and humans and still between gods and gods. In the xirê, the exchange is seen as a central and perennial element during the rite. In this perspective, the ethnographic data produced in the field revealed disagreements between the individualist western way of life and the community way of life of candomblé’s houses. From the methodological point of view, this is an investigation of ethnographic approach, of Olubajé's study. Although there are academic papers on the subject of candomblé, this research proposes a look from the Sciences of Religion, with the production of knowledge, allowing to clarify a subject not sufficiently investigated within the scope of the religious phenomenon in Brazil. In addition to its relevance and breadth, the present study intends to be an innovative contribution in the line of research that involves the Brazilian religious field, making possible to understand subjects that permeate the decisive role of religions of African matrix in the constitution of the socio-cultural identities of the country and in human relations and social. This research can contribute still bringing new concepts and new forms of understanding of the reality in the theme of religions of African matrix. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar de que forma os processos de troca nos rituais públicos do candomblé, mais precisamente nos xirês (festividades de culto a orixá), interferem na manutenção da sociabilidade e na circulação de axé. Analisando o xirê a partir do referencial teórico interacionista, cujo pensamento está centrado na troca não-utilitária, a pesquisa conclui que, no candomblé, existe um intrincado sistema de trocas que favorece a interação entre os praticantes e esse sistema mantém-se por fatores como: a necessidade de socialização; a atribuição de sentido que o calendário festivo dá aos membros do candomblé e a circularidade do dom. A proposta foi fazer um estudo do xirê, ritual cujo cerne está no interacionismo entre humanos e deuses, entre humanos e humanos e ainda entre deuses e deuses. No xirê, a troca é vista como elemento central e perene no decorrer do rito. Nessa perspectiva, os dados etnográficos produzidos em campo revelaram desencontros entre o modo de vida ocidental individualista e o modo de vida em comunidade dos terreiros de candomblé. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta é uma investigação de abordagem etnográfica, de estudo do Olubajé. Por mais que existam trabalhos acadêmicos sobre a temática do candomblé, esta pesquisa propõe um olhar a partir das Ciências da Religião, com a produção de conhecimento, permitindo esclarecer um assunto não suficientemente investigado no âmbito do fenômeno religioso no Brasil. Além de sua relevância e amplitude, o presente estudo pretende ser uma contribuição inovadora na linha de pesquisa que envolve o campo religioso brasileiro, possibilitando compreender assuntos que permeiam o papel decisivo das religiões de matriz africana na constituição das identidades socioculturais do país e nas relações humanas e sociais. Esta pesquisa pode contribuir ainda trazendo novos conceitos e novas formas de entendimento da realidade na temática das religiões de matriz africana. / São Cristóvão, SE

The societal shift towards the circular economy is gaining momentum due to the push from the legislation side and the increasing social awareness towards the ecological imbalance caused by the linear model of resource extraction and consumption. The topic of design for the circular economy is gaining increasing interest in both academia and industry. The circular economy requires products to be designed based on a lifecycle approach and extended lifetime.This thesis aimed to investigate the potential application of modular design strategy as a supportive approach to aid Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in their bid to adapt their product features to fit within a circular economic model. Furthermore, the study has investigated the potential challenges encountered during the adoption of such a design strategy and concludes with recommendations to overcome the identified challenges.To address this aim, a case study was carried out within a global OEM, based on their interest in exploring the circular economy's design domain. A literature review and interviews have been conducted to assess how product circularity factors can be addressed using a modular design strategy and identifying the potential challenges that can hinder its realization.The study initially identified seven design factors that need to be addressed along the different phases of a product lifecycle to ensure a fit within a circular economic model. The seven circularity factors are design: based on a lifecycle approach, for durability, for adaptability, for upgradability, for ease of maintenance and repair, for ease of disassembly and reassembly, and standardization and compatibility.The study also revealed that a standardized and simplified interface between different modules within the product plays a vital role in enhancing its ability to address the different circularity factors. The standardized interface in the modular product qualifies the product to become useable for multiple usage cycles. Furthermore, such a modular product can be considered an open-source product since it can continuously be updated with the latest available technology. Such continuous updates allow the open-source product to adapt to the changes in the working environment effectively.Despite the capability of a modular design strategy to address the different circularity factors, several challenges can hinder its implementation in the industry. The primary challenge industries face when adopting such a strategy is identifying the main objectives of such an approach. Further, this strategy might negatively impact product profitability, which is a significant challenge for the industries. Moreover, the prospect of adopting modular strategies also faces design challenges, such as the potential of losing customer interest in a modular product.The thesis concludes with a few recommendations to overcome these challenges associated with adopting a modular design strategy for a circular economy. To overcome such challenges, industries need clear identification of the circular economy and the planned outcome of such a manufacturing shift based on clear systems thinking and transparency in product development. In the end, the study proposes a design framework, which may provide industries with a transparent methodology for designing a modular product for a circular economy.

Från framställning av fiber, till produktion av textilier och till försäljning av färdiga plagg är det enorma mängder av energi, vatten och kemikalier som går åt. Dessutom orsakar modeindustrin utsläpp av växthusgaser som påverkar klimatförändringen i hela livscykeln av ett klädesplagg. Denna studie undersöker huruvida en upcycling-workshop kan vara en lösning till modeindustrin miljöproblematik och hur en upcycling-workshop kan vara utformad för att öka konsumentinvolvering i arbetet att förlänga livslängden på kläder.I problemdiskussionen av arbetet beskrivs företags- och konsumentperspektivet som två områden som tidigare forskningar har undersökt. Vidare beskrivs forskningsfältet konsumentinvolvering som studien undersöker. Frågeställningarna som studien ska besvara är vilka delar som är viktiga i utformningen av en upcycling-workshop samt hur en upcycling-workshop med konsumentinvolvering i fokus kan vara fördelaktiga från ett företag- och konsumentperspektiv.I studiens referensram skildras huruvida en upcyclingsprocess går till, vilka upcyclingsmetoder som finns samt vilka fördelar det finns med upcycling för den hållbara konsumenten. Med hjälp av litteratur och tidigare forskningsprojekt i den teoretiska modellen konstrueras de första 8 byggstenarna som en grund till utformningen av en upcycling-workshop. Studien har en abduktiv metod och har använt sig av litteraturstudier och en delphi inspirerad metodansats för insamling av empiriskt material.I resultatet och analys presenteras det empiriska materialet som studien med hjälp av delphi-metoden samlat in. Undersökningen har förtydligat strukturer kring varaktighet, utrustning och kostnad samt förenkling av process och upcyclingsmetoder. Slutsatsen är att upcycling-workshops kan användas som ett verktyg för att engagera modekonsumenter till en mer kreativ konsumtion. Baserat på studiens resultat identifierades ytterligare 6 byggstenar samt utveckling av tillgång, struktur, kostnad, innehåll och varaktighet var nödvändig för att öka genomförbarheten i en upcycling-workshop. / In the manufacturing process of fiber, textiles and finished garments, it consumes an enormous amount of energy, water and chemicals. In addition, the fashion industry causes greenhouse gas emissions that affect climate change throughout the life cycle of an item of clothing. This study examines whether an upcycling workshop can be a solution to the fashion industry's environmental problems and how an upcycling workshop can be designed to increase consumer involvement in efforts to extend the life of clothing.In the problem discussion of the study, the business and consumer perspective are described as two areas that previous research has examined and further describes consumer involvement as the field this study examines. The research questions that the study will answer are which parts are important in the design of an upcycling workshop and how an upcycling workshop with consumer involvement in focus can be beneficial from a business and consumer perspective.The study's frame of reference describes how an upcycling process is done, what upcycling methods exist and how upcycling is beneficial for a sustainable consumer. With the help of literature and previous research projects in the theoretical model, the design of the first 8 building blocks begins as a foundation for the design of an upcycling workshop. The study has an abduction research approach and has used literature studies and a delphi inspired method approach for the collection of empirical material.The results and analysis present the empirical material that the delphi method has collected through qualitative interview questions. Clarifying structure and content, development of duration, equipment and cost, and simplification of process progression and upcycling methods were knowledge generated by the research.The conclusion of the study is that upcycling workshops can be used as a tool to engage fashion consumers to be a more creative consumer. Based on the results of the study, an additional 6 building blocks were identified and the development of asset, structure, cost, content and duration was necessary to increase the feasibility of an upcycling workshop.

The awareness of the importance of sustainability in the manufacturing industry has increased over the past decade. An integral aspect of sustainability is the focus on circularity. Implementing a circular economy within a manufacturing company involves reducing the reliance on virgin materials, minimising resource consumption, and recycling or reusing materials for further production. However, only a few companies have developed a clear visualisation of their circularity efforts targeted towards customers. This thesis aims to investigate the most effective methods for visualising circularity data and to create a design prototype for Sandvik Coromant, a prominent metal-cutting manufacturing company. The research approach involves conducting interviews, reviewing relevant literature on circularity and data visualisation, and conducting design tests for Sandvik Coromant’s prototype. The findings of this study indicate a growing demand for circularity visualization in customer relations at the company. Additionally, further research is required on circularity within the manufacturing industry. It was also discovered that adherence to established guidelines for graphical integrity and usability is crucial when developing interactive visualizations. Lastly, standardizing visualizations for multiple manufacturing companies proves challenging due to variations in data points and the diverse nature of circularity practices across companies. Developing a standardised visualisation for a company’s circularity efforts is significant from an ethical and commercial standpoint. While the design prototype created in this study can serve as a template, customisation to fit the specific needs and circularity work of each company is essential for its effectiveness. / Under det senaste deceniet har medvetenheten av vikten av hållbarhet inom tillverkningsindustrin ökat. En viktig del av detta hållbarhetsarbete är fokuset på cirkularitet. Att implementera en cirkulär ekonomi inom ett tillverkningsföretag innebär att reducera användningen av nytt material, minimera resursförbrukningen och återvinna eller återanvända material för ytterligare produktion. Dock har endast ett fåtal företag utvecklat en tydlig visualisering av sitt cirkularitetsarbete riktad mot kunder. Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka vilka metoder som är mest effektiva for denna typ av visualisering, samt att skapa en designprototyp till Sandvik Coromant, ett framstående företag i metallbearbetningsindustrin. Forskningsmetodiken innefattar intervjuer, granskning av relevant litteratur om cirkularitet och datavisualisering samt designtester för Sandvik Coromants prototyp. Resultatet indikerar en växande efterfrågan på visualisering av cirkularitet i kundrelationer på tillverkningsföretag. Vidare identifierades att mer forskning om cirkularitet krävs inom tillverkningsindustrin. Det upptäcktes även att använding av etablerade riktlinjer för grafisk integritet och användbarhet är avgörande vid utvecklingen av interaktiva visualiseringar. Slutligen, att standardisera visualiseringar för flera tillverkningsföretag visar sig vara mycket komplext. På grund av variationer i datapunkter och den varierande naturen hos cirkularitetspraxis mellan företag behöver visualiseringarna visa olika områden. Att utveckla en standardiserad visualisering av ett företags cirkularitetsarbete är viktigt både ur ett etiskt och kommersiellt perspektiv. Även om designprototypen som skapats i denna studie kan fungera som en mall för andra visualiseringar, är det nödvändigt att anpassa en design efter ett företags specifika behov och cirkularitetsarbete för dess effektivitet.

One of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gas in Sweden is the industry sector, and in order to reach the national and global environmental goals, a change is needed. To become an environmentally sustainable producer, the whole life cycle must be taken into consideration, from choice of resources, to production, to use, and End-of-Life treatment. This thesis covers production, more particularly production equipment and the sustainability aspect circularity. Two research questions are answered; what is a circular production investment, and how can a production investment be designed to reach a higher level of circular maturity? Circularity, or circular economy, aims to close the loop of resources, and this thesis covers various aspects of how production equipment, and investments of production equipment can be designed to achieve that. The frame of reference presents models and tools for circularity, as, for instance, life cycle assessment, life cycle cost, life cycle extension strategies, eco-design, and servitization. This research was done through a literature review, a survey, in-depth-interviews, and a final validation workshop. It has been found that there are many aspects to consider when investing in production equipment, but also that there is a knowledge gap in industry of what circularity is and how to prioritize circularity in the requirements from customer to supplier. This thesis was written as a part of a collaborative research project between academy, research, and industry. The findings in this thesis were used to develop three guidelines made for practical implementation within industry, they cover considerations before investing in new production equipment, how to design production equipment in the most circular way, and considerations at End-of-Life or End-of-Use for production equipment. In order for a production investment to be circular, it is required that the treatment of equipment at its End-of-Life is planned already in the design phase of the investment, and that an investment is implemented only if there are no other options. / En av de största utsläpparna av växthusgaser i Sverige är industrisektorn, och för att kunna nå både nationella och internationella miljömål måste något förändras. För att kunna bli en miljövänlig producent måste hela livscykeln av ens produkter övervägas, från val av resurser, till produktion, till användning och behandling av uttjänta produkter. Den här uppsatsen täcker produktion, mer precis täcker den produktionsutrustning och hållbarhetsaspekten cirkularitet. Två forskningsfrågor besvaras; vad är en cirkulär produktionsinvestering och hur kan en produktionsinvestering planeras för att nå en högre nivå av cirkulär mognad? Cirkularitet, eller cirkulär ekonomi, är när man försöker stänga ”loopen” (cirkeln/slingan) av resurser. Den här uppsatsen täcker olika aspekter av hur produktionsutrustning och investeringar av produktionsutrustning kan planeras för att nå en sluten loop. I det teoretiska ramverket för uppsatsen finns olika modeller och verktyg för cirkularitet, som exempelvis livscykelanalys, livscykelkostnad, strategier för att förlänga livscykeln, eco-design och servitisering. Den här studien gjordes genom en litteraturstudie, en enkät, intervjuer, och en workshop för validering. Det har framkommit att det finns många aspekter att överväga när man investerar i produktionsutrustning, men också att det finns en kunskapslucka inom industrin gällande vad cirkularitet är och hur man ska prioritera cirkularitet i kravspecifikationer till sina leverantörer. Den här uppsatsen skrevs inom ett forskningsprojekt som är ett samarbete mellan akademi, forskning och industri. Det som har hittats genom den här undersökningen har använts för att utveckla tre riktlinjer som ska kunna användas inom industrin. De täcker avväganden före en investering av produktionsutrustning, hur produktionsutrustning kan designas på det mest cirkulära sättet och avväganden vid behandling av uttjänt produktionsutrustning. För att en produktionsinvestering ska vara cirkulär krävs det att behandling av uttjänt utrusning planeras redan i designstadiet av investeringen, samt att investeringen genomförs endast om det inte finns några andra alternativ.

The construction and real estate sectors are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and have a profound impact on the environment. However, in recent years, construction companies have begun implementing circular practices to reduce these emissions and promote the goals of Agenda 2030. Literature suggests that these circular practices, particularly through the reuse of materials, have a substantial impact on reducing greenhouse emissions. Nevertheless, the implementation of circularity through material reuse poses numerous challenges for construction clients’ organizations. Challenges identified in the literature include legal and regulatory barriers, cost considerations, logistics and storage issues, availability of high-quality reclaimed materials, and the need for a shift in cultural attitudes towards waste reduction. This study aims to investigate these challenges and obstacles within the client’s organization by utilizing a combination of a literature review and a case study approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by construction clients in implementing material reuse practices. The case study focuses on a specific construction client and examines their experiences and perspectives in reusing construction materials during renovation projects to promote circularity in construction. The findings of this study shed light on the various challenges faced by construction clients when incorporating material reuse in their projects such as economic factors, storage and logistics, knowledge, awareness, and customer demand. Additionally, the study explores the implications of these challenges and sheds light on the internal organizational dynamics, uncovering additional issues such as internal communication problems, lack of a defined strategy and commitment, unclear definition of reuse, and absence of a dedicated team within the client's organization. In conclusion, this study highlights the challenges faced by construction client’s organizationin implementing circularity through material reuse. The findings of this study contribute to the existing knowledge on sustainable construction practices through analysis of internal organizational tensions and offer practical implications for construction clients and stakeholders by identifying specific tensions and obstacles in material reuse and providing insights to inform decision-making processes, facilitating the implementation of effective strategies and practices to promote sustainability and circularity. / Bygg- och fastighetssektorerna är betydande bidragsgivare till växthusgasutsläpp och har en djupgående påverkan på miljön. Emellertid har byggföretag på senare år börjat tillämpa cirkulära metoder för att minska dessa utsläpp och främja målen för Agenda 2030. Litteraturen antyder att dessa cirkulära metoder, särskilt genom återanvändning av material, kan ha en betydande effekt på att minska växthusgasutsläpp. Trots detta medför implementeringen av cirkularitet genom materialåteranvändning många utmaningar för byggherrens organisation. Utmaningar som identifierats i litteraturen och fallstudier inkluderar juridiska och reglerande hinder, kostnadsöverskridanden, logistik- och lagerproblem, tillgång till högkvalitativa återvunna material samt behovet av en förändring av kulturella attityder till avfallsminskning.  Denna studie syftar till att undersöka dessa utmaningar och hinder inom byggherrens organisation genom att använda en kombination av litteraturöversikt och en fallstudie för att få en omfattande förståelse för de utmaningar som byggherren står inför vid implementering av återanvändning av material. Fallstudien fokuserar på en specifik byggherreorganisationoch undersöker deras erfarenheter och perspektiv på återanvändning av byggmaterial under renoveringsprojekt för att främja cirkularitet inom byggsektorn. Resultaten av denna studie belyser de olika utmaningar som byggherren står inför vid införandet av materialåteranvändning i sina projekt, såsom ekonomiska faktorer, lager- och logistikfrågor, kunskap, medvetenhet och kundkrav. Dessutom utforskar studien konsekvenserna av dessa utmaningar och belyser de interna organisationsdynamikerna genom att avslöja ytterligare frågor, såsom interna kommunikationsproblem, brist på en definierad strategi och engagemang, oklar definition av återanvändning samt avsaknad av ett dedikerat team inom byggherrens organisation. Slutsatsen är att denna studie belyser de utmaningar som byggherrens organisation står inför vid implementeringen av cirkularitet genom materialåteranvändning. Resultaten av denna studie bidrar till den befintliga kunskapen om hållbara byggpraktiker genom analys av interna organisationsmotsättningar och erbjuder praktiska implikationer för byggherre och intressenter genom att identifiera specifika spänningar och hinder vid materialåteranvändning samt insikter för att informera beslutsprocesser. Därigenom underlättas införandet av effektiva strategier och metoder för att främja hållbarhet och cirkularitet.

Li-ion batteries have gained great popularity among researchers and practitioners as an environmentally friendly energy storage solution for more environmentally friendly electric vehicles (EVs). However, because of the increased demand for Li-ion battery-powered EVs, and some issues with battery design, legislation, collection and sorting, recycling, and material recovery, achieving sustainable mobility through the circularity of Li-ion batteries is a major challenge. This study aims to identify the challenges as well as develop strategies for enhancing the circularity of Li-ion batteries in Sweden. Following a systematic literature review, two primary research questions were investigated: 1) what are the current challenges and opportunities for the circular economy in lithium-ion battery end-of-life management? 2) how the circularity of LIBs in Sweden could be enhanced? This study employed PEST and SWOT analysis, as well as 11 interviews with industry experts and researchers are performed, to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the circularity of lithium-ion batteries in Sweden. Following that, various strategies were developed to address the identified challenges and improve the circular economy of these batteries. Finally, the developed strategies are validated through expert interviews, and various recommendations are outlined. The study's findings are significant and can assist policymakers, investors, and industry professionals concerned with the circularity of lithium-ion batteries in developing appropriate decisions and better planning for the Swedish transportation sector.

Gemäß dem ‚Circular Gap Report 2020‘ wird weltweit nur 8,6 % des Materials zirkulär genutzt. Die Tendenz ist sinkend: Zwei Jahre früher waren es noch 9,1%. Die Weltwirtschaft benötigte im Jahr 2019 insgesamt 100,6 Gigatonnen Material (de Wit et al., 2020). Trotz großer politischer, gesellschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Aufmerksamkeit rund um die Thematik einer dringend benötigten nachhaltigeren Wirtschaft zeigt sich, dass wir mit der Materialzirkularität insgesamt nicht auf Kurs sind. Wie kann die Materialzirkularität aus der Perspektive von Designer:innen – als Akteur:innen, die gemäß Literatur ‚over 80 % of all product-related environmental impacts‘ verantworten – verbessert werden? (Graedel et al., 1995)