This thesis concerns the question of what it is for a subject to act. It answers this question in three steps. The first step is taken by arguing that any satisfactory answer must build on the idea that an action is something predicable of the acting subject. The second step is taken by arguing in support of an answer which does build on this idea, and does so by introducing the idea that acting is doing something which is an exercise of a particular kind of disposition on the part of the acting subject. The third step is taken by arguing that the disposition in question must be of a kind which is exercised in conditions in which the acting subject thinks they are acting. From this vantage point the thesis develops many further commitments: That action is constitutively subject to a mode of explanation that mentions the kind of disposition just mentioned; that any case of acting requires a veridical representation of a means by which the action is performed; and that a problem about the underspecified nature of desire ascriptions can be solved by appeal to the conceptual materials made available by these investigations. The thesis finally develops several objections to the account it gives, both substantive and methodological, and explains why these objections ought to be rejected.

The business environment is constantly being challenged with growing complexity and rapid changes, usually unforeseeable, as it could be observed during the last decades. One topic growing intensively in importance is environmentally sustainable business practices, which are often driven by societal expectations and new regulations; and which, under the enormous pressure of external stakeholders, cannot be avoided by companies anymore. Circular Economy, a relatively new concept, is becoming more popular, offering businesses not only a competitive advantage, but also the possibility to operate profitably, while still contributing to a sustainable development. This thesis provides insights on how MNCs with linear business models can take advantage of dynamic capabilities in order to incorporate circular business strategies. Current literature lacks research about the connection of how dynamic capabilities can support companies with the implementation of Circular Economy principles. Startups often implement sustainable strategies from inception, but: how can traditional MNCs of complex character successfully innovate their business models and strategies, without major disruption and losing their profitability? We argue that not only these young and born circular companies will lead the markets in the future, but also existing MNCs can successfully develop and stay competitive. This study wants also to highlight what resources and capabilities both types of companies state as key for successful circular business strategies, and how they are handled and embedded in the organizational structure by managers. A qualitative case study approach provided the detailed necessary information (from different industries and degree of circularity) to address the question. The findings widen the research of business model innovation towards circular business strategies and show a clear picture of which dynamic capabilities are of importance and how they can be successfully incorporated. We conclude by indicating that the concepts of learning, knowledge, relationships, leadership and management style were perceived as the most decisive within the organizations; with remaining external barriers as challenging.

Background. The amount of waste generated each year is increased, research indicates that 79 % of plastic waste is dumped in landfills, 12% to incinerated and 9% of the plastics are recycled. At the beginning of the year 2020, an increase in personal protective equipment (PPE) was noted as a direct result of the Covid-19 pandemic that spread around the world. As a foundation to the waste problem in society, VolvoGroup presented its zero mission goals. The zero missions goals were to be captured in a problem space provided by Volvo. A problem space that students at Blekinge Institute of Technology and Stanford University were set out to find a solution to. Objectives. The objectives of this thesis were through the Design Thinking strategy to find solutions that are circular and applied as a PSS. The goal is to apply a circular system of which Volvo Group can apply in their line of work, also to transition this solution into other areas, e.g. healthcare. Methods. For research measures, the Design Research Methodology was used to frame the research and Design Thinking to frame the design process. Results. The result presented is a machine that can provide Volvo Group or healthcare with circular single-use gloves. The circular aspects are enabled by a certain material, allowing the created system to be circular. The system is applied as a product-service system, enhancing the availability of gloves in either healthcare or inside Volvo Group. Conclusions. The circular system applied as a PSS satisfies the goals by Volvo Group by reducing waste generated, increasing availability of protective equipment, thus increasing the safety of users in need of PPE. The created circular system has the potential to be applied in other areas than waste management and healthcare, which can be proved through future research. / Bakgrund. Mängden sopor som slängs ökar för vart år som går. Forskning visar att79% av all plast som slängs går till deponi, 12% går till förbränning och resterandemängd plast (9%) återvinns. Under år 2020 har förbrukningen av skyddsartiklar av engångstyp ökat på grund av den Covid-19-pandemi som bröt ut i början av året. Den ökade förbrukningen har sin tur medfört nedskräpning av skyddsartiklar i naturen i en ökad omfattning. Till följd av detta har Volvo Group utformat ett uppdrag i syfte att få hjälp med att nå sin nollvision. Visionen innebär att utsläpp, olyckor och produktionsstopp ska upphöra helt och hållet. Uppdraget tilldelades en gruppstudenter på Blekinge Tekniska Högskola och Stanford University. Studenterna fick i uppgift att angripa problemet och komma med en lösning som uppfyller företagets nollvision. Syfte. Syftet med denna rapport är att genom design thinking- strategin finna en lösning som kan skapa ett cirkulärt system och appliceras som ett produkt-servicesystem (PSS). Målet är att kunna applicera detta system inom Volvo koncernen, men att även kunna presentera möjligheten att göra systemet tillämpningsbart inom sjukvården. Metod. I rent forskningssyfte användes Design Research Methodology för att rama in forskningen som skedde parallellt med utvecklingsprocessen. Utvecklingsprocessen följde ramarna för Design Thinking som presenterar olika typer av verktyg för design och utveckling av en produkt. Resultat. Det resultat som presenteras i denna rapport är ett cirkulärt system applicerat i en form av en PSS. Det som möjliggör detta system är ett material som tillåter reproduktion av engångshandskar som går att applicera inom sophanteringsindustrin. Detta indikerar även på att ett likande system kan medföra att sjukvården kan bli självständig i sitt användande av skyddsutrustning. Slutsatser. Ett cirkulärt system som uppfyller Volvos nollvision genom att skydda deras arbetare sluter ett kretslopp för en typ av skyddsutrustning. Det leder även tillökad tillgänglighet av utrusning. Detta system har potentialen att appliceras inom sjukvården i form av ett centraliserat system på sjukhus som tillför mindre enheter med tillverkade handskar.

This study seeks to explore anorexia nervosa as experienced within the South African coloured community in the specific. It represents an examination of themes within the participants’ depictions, discovering those themes that concur with existent literature, as well as discerning novel themes within the target group. Literature proves to yield varied results with regard to anorexia as presented in diverse cultures. Sufficient awareness is lacking within the South African context, where a scarcity of available literature that explores the experiences of the coloured anorexic individual necessitates the need for the current study. The contributing factors are viewed to involve societal, cultural, and familial aspects, all of which are situated within a systemic frame of reference. Systems theory provides the foundation within which these factors are explored, aiming to provide the reader with in-depth knowledge as to the functioning of the anorectic patient. It should be noted that these factors are interconnected, influencing each other in a circular manner. Attention is awarded to not only larger systems of societal and cultural influences, but also serves to encompass the functioning of the anorectic within the familial system. The reciprocity that exists within and between sub-systems is investigated, with the focus being the interrelatedness between members. Recursive feedback and associated processes are examined as they relate to the development and maintenance of anorexia. A qualitative research design was applied, where semi-structured interviews served as the chosen data collection strategy. Interviews were conducted at the hospital where they received treatment, and aimed to extract the meanings inherent in the participants’ experiences. A limited availability of diagnosed coloured anorexic individuals resulted in two willing participants partaking in the study. Thematic networks enabled the researcher to explore their representations in depth, leading to the subsequent organising of themes for further analysis. Two global themes emerged upon examination, the first of which was identified as “familial impact and patterns”, consisting of organising themes of relational positioning and interactional processes. Organising themes of expectations and internal emotional states constitute the second global theme of “control”. These themes are supported by a variety of basic themes, all of which serve to enhance the understanding of the organising themes, contributing to the respective global themes. Extensive exploration of the discovered themes followed, with the investigation proceeding within a systems theory framework. A conclusive discussion serves the purpose of bringing the exploration to a close. Relevant literature is incorporated into the discussion, providing the reader with an integrated understanding of the findings of the study within the broader field of anorexia nervosa. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

Cette thèse fournit des clés pour mesurer, améliorer et piloter la performance de circularité de produits industriels à différentes échelles d’implémentation de l’économie circulaire (micro, meso, macro). Plusieurs indicateurs de circularité y sont expérimentés au travers d’un cas d’étude industriel et une analyse critique de ces indicateurs est effectuée au regard, entre autres, du paradigme de l’économie circulaire, et de leur intégration dans les pratiques industrielles de (re)conception et développement de produits et services. Dans le même temps, en réponse au nombre croissant d’indicateurs de circularité développés, de périmètres et d’ambitions inégales, une taxonomie d’indicateurs de circularité est proposée dans le but de clarifier le flou actuel autour de cette nébuleuse d’indicateurs de circularité. Cette classification ordonnée d’indicateurs est accompagnée de son outil informatique d’aide à la sélection afin de faciliter leurs usages appropriés. Un nouvel indicateur de circularité est également développé et expérimenté, puis des recommandations pour le développement d’indicateurs futurs sont discutées. Bien que les indicateurs évoqués dans la thèse aient pour vocation à être utilisés pour tout type de secteur, l’industrie des véhicules lourds en est le cadre d’application. En effet, en l’absence de réglementation européenne sur la fin de vie de ces véhicules, il s’agit d’identifier, de questionner et de tester les leviers d’actions que cette industrie peut activer pour améliorer sa performance dans une perspective d’économie circulaire.Tout d’abord, les meilleures pratiques et les défis actuels de l’industrie des véhicules légers et des véhicules lourds sont mis en exergue au regard des quatre pierres angulaires de l’économie circulaire définis par la Fondation Ellen MacArthur (conception circulaire, nouveaux modèles d’affaires, logistique inversée, écosystème) et des quatre boucles principales du modèle circulaire (maintenance, réutilisation, reconditionnement, recyclage). Ces pratiques exemplaires sont synthétisées au sein d’un guide de deux pages pour faciliter leur diffusion et adoption par les praticiens industriels désirant mettre en oeuvre de tels modèles de circularité. Par la suite, une étude industrielle pilote a été menée avec un constructeur d’engins de manutention cherchant à développer son activité de reconditionnement d’engins en fin de vie. Inspiré par des investigations sur le terrain couplé à un état de l’art étendu, une modélisation multi-échelles – a) engin et composants clés, b) processus de démantèlement, c) filières de valorisation – a permis (i) de proposer et de valider une amélioration (en temps et en ressources) des opérations de démontage d’un point de vue organisationnel et technique, (ii) d’effectuer une analyse économique et environnementale des activités de démantèlement et de valorisation. Un premier outil d’aide à la décision a également été conçu pour accompagner l’industriel dans la valorisation optimale de son engin en fin de vie. Des réflexions sur la généralisation et transposition des approches développées à d’autres engins ou secteurs sont données, ainsi que des pistes de recherche prometteuses pour accomplir davantage la transition vers une économie circulaire – effective, efficiente et durable. / Implementing circular economy practices is increasingly acknowledged as a convenient solution to meet the goals of sustainable development. Meanwhile, there is at present no recognized way of measuring how effectively a region or a company is in making the transition to a circular economy, nor holistic monitoring tools for supporting such a process. New methods and tools are required to support industrial practitioners in their transition towards more circular practices, as well as to monitor the effects of circular economy adoption. In absence of regulations addressing the end-of-life management of their fleet, the heavy vehicles industry is both a challenging and promising industrial sector – of huge economic and environmental importance, but barely addressed from a research perspective – that needs to be boosted in its move to a more circular economy. An in-depth preliminary study reveals indeed huge potential to develop circular strategies and solutions in the heavy vehicles sector. This research explores the improvement potential for closing industrial material and components loops.On this basis, the objectives of the present Ph.D. thesis are: to provide an integrated and comprehensive framework to measure, improve and monitor the circularity performance of complex industrial systems; to identify the best mechanisms and action levers to close the loop on heavy vehicles and associated key components - providing thus decision-making support for the end-of-life management of heavy vehicles. At the intersection of design engineering and industrial ecology, this Ph.D thesis - by articles - aims to provide new meaningful insights both for academics and industrial practitioners. In fact, for each chapter, academic publications and industrial deliverables are given, illustrating and disseminating both theoretical contributions and practical implications. For instance, it includes: a proposed taxonomy of circularity indicators and its associated selection tool; an experimentation and critical analysis of several circularity indicators on a heavy vehicle’s key component; the design of a multi-tool methodology to model, simulate and quantify the impact of potential circular strategies; an industrial pilot study on an end-of-life heavy vehicle, dealing with the techno-economic and environmental analysis of possible recovery options.

La question centrale de cette étude est celle de savoir si les expériences perceptives peuvent être conçues comme des manières d’être réellement en contact avec le monde et si elles peuvent nous fournir des raisons d’entretenir certaines propositions à propos du monde, voire nous permettre d’acquérir des connaissances à son sujet. Cette compréhension intuitive de la perception est aujourd’hui comme hier largement combattue. Ce rejet passe généralement par l’adoption d’une forme ou d’une autre d’internalisme (de la perception et/ou de la justification et de la connaissance perceptive). Percevoir serait un phénomène purement ou essentiellement interne aux sujets dotés de capacités perceptives dont on pourrait douter qu’il puisse nous permettre de croire de manière justifiée ou de connaître quoi que ce soit. Peut-on éviter cette conclusion ? Peut-on apaiser les angoisses philosophiques qu’elle fait apparaître (sans pourtant affirmer y mettre fin ou encore qu’elles n’ont aucun sens) ? Tel est le but de cette étude. L’enquête philosophique proposée ici prend essentiellement trois formes: métaphysique, ontologique et épistémologique. Une investigation de la nature métaphysique de l’expérience perceptive est ensuite mise en œuvre. L’enjeu est alors de soutenir une forme assez robuste d’externalisme de la perception (Disjonctivisme métaphysique). De la nature de la perception, nous en venons dans une seconde partie à une réflexion ontologique sur la nature des propriétés avec lesquelles l’expérience perceptive nous met semble-t-il en contact. Le réalisme de la couleur est défendu contre diverses attaques antiréalistes. Les couleurs sont des propriétés réelles des choses auxquelles on les attribue correctement. Une ontologie réaliste, non réductive et non relationnelle des propriétés chromatiques est esquissée (Primitivisme de la couleur). Enfin, les enjeux épistémologiques de la perception sont mis en lumière et discutés. Nous défendons l’idée que l’expérience perceptive, en tant qu’elle nous met véritablement en contact avec le monde (objets, propriétés, faits, etc.), est un moyen par lequel certains êtres peuvent entretenir des croyances justifiées quoique cette justification soit non réflexive et prima facie. Différentes réponses aux attaques sceptiques contre la possibilité de connaître perceptivement certaines propositions sont enfin envisagées et rejetées. Une autre stratégie anti-sceptique est proposée (une défense néo-mooréenne de la possibilité de la connaissance perceptive, et une remise en cause du défi sceptique lui-même). Finalement, à la question philosophique classique « L’esprit peut-il réellement être en contact perceptif et cognitif avec le monde ? », rien ne nous force à répondre par la négative, que cette question soit abordée du point de vue de la métaphysique de la perception, d’un point de vue ontologique ou épistémologique. Du moins, c’est ce que notre étude cherche à montrer en soulignant à la fois qu’une réponse positive à cette question est parfaitement viable, voire correcte, et que la réponse négative a, quant à elle, toutes les chances d’être passablement erronée / The main topic of this study is to discuss the idea according to which perceptual experiences sould be conceive as ways of being in contact with the world and perceptual experiences can give reasons for believing some propositions about the world and can give rise to knowledge. Lots of philosophers countervail this intuitive and naive conception of perception. This rejection is linked to the fact that they adopt an internalist conception of perception and/or justication and/or perceptual knowledge. Perceiving sould be conceive as an purely internal event of subjects which possess perceptual capacities. And so, one may doubt that they can have justifications for their beliefs or that they can know anything. Is it possible to avoid this conclusion ? How to alleviate philosophical fear that this conclusion gives rise ? That is the aim of this study. The proposed philosophical inquiry comes in three forms. In the first place, indirect conception of perception is examined and criticized. Afterwards, an inquiry about the nature of perceptual experience is pursued. The stake for us is to defend a strong form of externalism about perception (metaphysical disjunctivism). Then, in the second part of this work, we get into an ontological reflexion about the nature of properties that perceptual experience seems to acquaintance us with. Color Realism is defended against various antirealist objections. Colors are or can be real properties of things. A realist, non redutive and non relationnal ontology for chromatic properties is sketched (color Primitivism). Lastly, the epistemological stakes of perception are underlined and examined. We defend the idea that perceptual experience is a mean by which certain beings can have justified beliefs although this justification is not reflexive and prima facie. It can be so if it's true that perceptual experience puts us in contact with the world (objects, properties, facts, etc.). We examine and reject different replies to skeptical attacks against the possibility of knowing anything. Then, another strategy is proposed (a morean defense of perceptual knowledge and the questioning of skeptical challenge itself). In fact, from an metaphysical, ontological or epistemological point of view, we don't have to give a negative reponse to the classical and philosophical question "Can mind be really in perceptual and cognitive contact with the world ?" or so we think. Indeed, our study underlines that a positive reply to this question is sustainable, not to say correct, and that the negative reponse is probably wrong

Allt fler företag börjar engagera sig i viktiga miljöfrågor till följd av den allvarliga klimatkrisen och pandemin har varit en bidragande faktor till detta uppvaknande. Det här är något som är synbart i företags olika marknadsföringskampanjer. Samtidigt växer antikonsumtionsrörelsen och vi börjar se ett bredare intresse för ekovänliga initiativ runt om i världen. Studiens syfte växte fram utifrån båda dessa frågor parallellt. Detta har lett oss till att upptäcka ett gap inom detta fält där vi lagt märke till att tidigare studier huvudsakligen har fokuserat på att förstå varför individer väljer att motstå konsumtion, medan ett fokus på hur antikonsumenter uppfattar marknadsföring, saknas. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att sprida ljus över antikonsumtion och värva en djupare förståelse för antikonsumenters perception av, och association till, olika marknadsföringsstrategier. I denna studie har vi använt oss av attributionsteori som en guide för vår analys av resultatet. Vi har därtill använt oss av en innehållsanalys för att analysera transkriberingen av de semistrukturerade intervjuerna som vi genomförde med antikonsumenter. Resultatet av denna studie visar på att antikonsumenter i sin helhet är skeptiska till alla olika initiativ av marknadsföring. Antikonsumenter tillskriver motiv till företags marknadsföring och associerar i stort sett gröna initiativ till greenwashing. Däremot tenderar antikonsumenter till att ha en mer positiv inställning till green demarketing. Sex olika nyckelkategorier har identifierats och verkar ha en stor betydelse för hur marknadsföring percipieras. Dessa kategorier är – “Kvalitet – viktigare än reklam”, “Marknadsföring skapar onödiga behov”, “Referensgrupper starkare än marknadsföring”, “Transparens – fundamentalt i marknadsföring”, “Skepticism inom CSR-initiativ” och “Cirkulär marknadsföring uppskattas”. Denna uppsats är skriven på svenska. / Many companies are starting to become engaged in environmentally related questions due to the severe climate crisis today, and the pandemic has in fact contributed to this awakening. This is something that is quite remarkable in the marketing campaigns of companies. At the same time, the anti-consumption movement is growing steadily and we are starting to see a broader interest in eco-friendly initiatives all around the world. The purpose of this study grew from the interest of both of these issues simultaneously. This led us to discover a gap in this field where we’ve noticed that previous studies have focused mainly on understanding why individuals choose to withstand consumption, whereas a focus on how anticonsumers interpret marketing, is missing. The purpose of this qualitative study is to shed light on anti-consumption and gain a deeper understanding of anticonsumers’ perception of, and association to, different marketing strategies. In this study we used attribution theory as a guide for our analysis of the result. In addition to that, we have used a content analysis method to analyse the transcriptions of the semistructured interviews we held with anticonsumers. The result of this study shows that anticonsumers are overall sceptical of all different marketing initiatives. Anticonsumers attribute motives to companies' marketing and, broadly speaking, they associate greenwashing to green initiatives. On the other hand, they are more positively inclined towards green demarketing. Six different key categories have been identified and seem to have a broad significance for how marketing is interpreted. These categories are – “Quality – more important than advertisements”, “Marketing creates unnecessary needs”, “Reference groups are stronger than marketing”, “Transparency – fundamental in marketing”, “Skepticism within CSR-initiatives” and “Circular marketing is appreciated”. This essay is written in swedish.

This thesis investigates the manifestations of circular business models and circular product design strategies in the Swedish clothing industry, using a multiple case study approach that examines five Swedish clothing companies. Guided by the first research question: What are the current circular product design strategies and circular business model strategies for companies operating in the Swedish clothing industry? the findings reveal an emphasis on circular product design strategies compared to circular business models, among the studied clothing companies. Prominent product design strategies encompass timeless and adaptable designs, utilization of high-quality materials, rigorous product testing, and a focus on minimizing components, while permanent collections and standard spare parts are less frequently used. Regarding circular business models, the study reveals an adoption of strategies such as repair, reuse, internal upcycling, and recycling. Conversely, approaches such as clothing rental- and subscription services, secondhand- and repair services as well as collaborations for repair and refurbishment are employed to a lesser extent.  In addition, the study explores the influencing factors that determine the adoption or non-adoption of these circular approaches, guided by a second research question: What are the factors that influence the companies to adopt, or not to adopt circular product design strategies and circular business model strategies? The study reveals that the companies prioritize producing durable goods, but that challenges emerge in achieving a balance between circular objectives and material quality, without compromising either aspect, especially within childrenswear and workwear that has certain requirements. Despite these challenges, the companies both exhibit a commitment to integrating circular practices into their operations, aswell as show a willingness to explore new and innovative circular product design concepts, including increased utilization of mono- and recyclable materials. Another significant challenge lies in the alignment of circular business models with existing organizational practices, which requires substantial organizational transitions. However, permanent collections are found to be a potential facilitator for circularity within the clothing industry, as it allows for comprehensive testing, feedback loops, streamlined supply chains, things of which could enable better opportunities for both circular product designs, and circular business models such as repair- and secondhand services. The study highlights future trends in circular business models, including a focus on repair services, secondhand offerings, and enhanced recycling practices. The research contributes to the understanding of the adoption of circular strategies in the clothing industry and underscores the need for further investigations into the influencing factors at play and the implications across international contexts. / Denna avhandling undersöker strategier för cirkulära affärsmodeller och cirkulär\\ produktdesign inom den svenska klädindustrin, genom att använda en flerfallsstudie som undersöker fem svenska klädföretag. Med utgångspunkt i forskningsfrågan: Vilka är de nuvarande cirkulära produktdesignstrategierna och cirkulära affärsmodellstrategierna för företag som är aktiva inom den svenska klädindustrin? visar resultaten en tyngdpunkt på cirkulära produktdesignstrategier jämfört med cirkulära affärsmodeller, bland de studerade klädföretagen. De främsta produktdesignstrategierna omfattar tidlös och anpassningsbar design, användning av högkvalitativa material, omfattande produkttester och ett fokus på att minimera antalet komponenter, samtidigt som permanenta kollektioner och standardiserade reservdelar användsmer sällan. När det gäller cirkulära affärsmodeller visar studien att strategier som reparation, återanvändning, intern upcycling och återvinning används. Däremot används strategier som uthyrning av kläder och prenumerationstjänster, secondhand- och reparationstjänster samt samarbeten för reparation och renovering i mindre utsträckning.  Vidare undersöker studien de påverkande faktorer som avgör om dessa cirkulära strategier antas eller inte. Detta besvaras med hjälp av en andra forskningsfråga: Vilka är de faktorer som påverkar företagen att anta, eller inte anta, cirkulära produktdesignstrategier och cirkulära affärsmodellstrategier? Studien visar att företagen prioriterar att producera hållbara produkter, men att det finns utmaningar med att uppnå en balans mellan cirkulära mål och materialkvalitet, utan att kompromissa med någon av aspekterna. Detta gäller i synnerhet barnkläder och arbetskläder som har särskilda krav. Trots dessa utmaningar visar alla studiens företag både ett engagemang för att integrera cirkulära metoder i sin verksamhet och en vilja att utforska nya och innovativa cirkulära produktdesignkoncept, inklusive ökat utnyttjande av mono- och återvinningsbara material. En annan stor utmaning ligger i att anpassa cirkulära affärsmodeller till befintliga organisatoriska rutiner, vilket kräver omfattande organisatoriska förändringar. Permanenta kollektioner har dock visat sig vara en potentiell facilitator för cirkularitet inom klädindustrin. Detta mot bakgrund av att permanenta kollektioner möjliggör omfattande tester, feedbackloopar och effektiviserade leveranskedjor, vilket kan ge bättre möjligheter för både cirkulär produktdesign, och cirkulära affärsmodeller som reparations- och secondhand-tjänster. Studien visar att framtida trender inom cirkulära affärsmodeller inkluderar ett fokus på reparationstjänster, secondhand-erbjudanden och förbättrad återvinning. Dessutom bidrar studien till en förståelse av hur cirkulära strategier inom klädindustrin kan tillämpas. Slutligen understryker studien att framtida studier bör utvärdera samtliga faktorer som påverkar tillämpningen av cirkulära strategier i klädindustrin, samt hur dessa kan variera ii nternationella sammanhang.

“Adapting Snäckan 8” aims to investigate material and immaterial value while transforming an existing built structure. Current development plans seek to demolish and replace the existing building by a new, 10 meter wider, 4.5 meter taller building of office spaces; increasing the scale of the Klara quarter once more, just as during the Norrmalm Regulation historically. Excluding both: plans for housing, as well as the so called “Culture House”. A space that included a café, a library and a cinema, for everyone, including especially the homeless people of Stockholm.Accompanied by a notion that when we demolish built structures, not only do we demolish material, but also social structures that have been built up over time; the ecological aspects of adaptive re-use are expanded by social urgency. In light of the housing crisis and increasing social segregation as well as the development of the pandemic, the accessibility of a home is now perhaps more pressing than ever. This project therefore aims to provide affordable, inclusive mixed-use living within the city centre, adapting Snäckan 8 to changing rhythms and patterns of daily life. Thereby hoping to continue writing the story of Snäckan 8, rather than erasing it.

“We are symbionts on a symbiotic planet, and if we care to, we can find symbiosis everywhere.” — Lynn Margulis, 1999