La question centrale de cette étude est celle de savoir si les expériences perceptives peuvent être conçues comme des manières d’être réellement en contact avec le monde et si elles peuvent nous fournir des raisons d’entretenir certaines propositions à propos du monde, voire nous permettre d’acquérir des connaissances à son sujet. Cette compréhension intuitive de la perception est aujourd’hui comme hier largement combattue. Ce rejet passe généralement par l’adoption d’une forme ou d’une autre d’internalisme (de la perception et/ou de la justification et de la connaissance perceptive). Percevoir serait un phénomène purement ou essentiellement interne aux sujets dotés de capacités perceptives dont on pourrait douter qu’il puisse nous permettre de croire de manière justifiée ou de connaître quoi que ce soit. Peut-on éviter cette conclusion ? Peut-on apaiser les angoisses philosophiques qu’elle fait apparaître (sans pourtant affirmer y mettre fin ou encore qu’elles n’ont aucun sens) ? Tel est le but de cette étude. L’enquête philosophique proposée ici prend essentiellement trois formes: métaphysique, ontologique et épistémologique. Une investigation de la nature métaphysique de l’expérience perceptive est ensuite mise en œuvre. L’enjeu est alors de soutenir une forme assez robuste d’externalisme de la perception (Disjonctivisme métaphysique). De la nature de la perception, nous en venons dans une seconde partie à une réflexion ontologique sur la nature des propriétés avec lesquelles l’expérience perceptive nous met semble-t-il en contact. Le réalisme de la couleur est défendu contre diverses attaques antiréalistes. Les couleurs sont des propriétés réelles des choses auxquelles on les attribue correctement. Une ontologie réaliste, non réductive et non relationnelle des propriétés chromatiques est esquissée (Primitivisme de la couleur). Enfin, les enjeux épistémologiques de la perception sont mis en lumière et discutés. Nous défendons l’idée que l’expérience perceptive, en tant qu’elle nous met véritablement en contact avec le monde (objets, propriétés, faits, etc.), est un moyen par lequel certains êtres peuvent entretenir des croyances justifiées quoique cette justification soit non réflexive et prima facie. Différentes réponses aux attaques sceptiques contre la possibilité de connaître perceptivement certaines propositions sont enfin envisagées et rejetées. Une autre stratégie anti-sceptique est proposée (une défense néo-mooréenne de la possibilité de la connaissance perceptive, et une remise en cause du défi sceptique lui-même). Finalement, à la question philosophique classique « L’esprit peut-il réellement être en contact perceptif et cognitif avec le monde ? », rien ne nous force à répondre par la négative, que cette question soit abordée du point de vue de la métaphysique de la perception, d’un point de vue ontologique ou épistémologique. Du moins, c’est ce que notre étude cherche à montrer en soulignant à la fois qu’une réponse positive à cette question est parfaitement viable, voire correcte, et que la réponse négative a, quant à elle, toutes les chances d’être passablement erronée / The main topic of this study is to discuss the idea according to which perceptual experiences sould be conceive as ways of being in contact with the world and perceptual experiences can give reasons for believing some propositions about the world and can give rise to knowledge. Lots of philosophers countervail this intuitive and naive conception of perception. This rejection is linked to the fact that they adopt an internalist conception of perception and/or justication and/or perceptual knowledge. Perceiving sould be conceive as an purely internal event of subjects which possess perceptual capacities. And so, one may doubt that they can have justifications for their beliefs or that they can know anything. Is it possible to avoid this conclusion ? How to alleviate philosophical fear that this conclusion gives rise ? That is the aim of this study. The proposed philosophical inquiry comes in three forms. In the first place, indirect conception of perception is examined and criticized. Afterwards, an inquiry about the nature of perceptual experience is pursued. The stake for us is to defend a strong form of externalism about perception (metaphysical disjunctivism). Then, in the second part of this work, we get into an ontological reflexion about the nature of properties that perceptual experience seems to acquaintance us with. Color Realism is defended against various antirealist objections. Colors are or can be real properties of things. A realist, non redutive and non relationnal ontology for chromatic properties is sketched (color Primitivism). Lastly, the epistemological stakes of perception are underlined and examined. We defend the idea that perceptual experience is a mean by which certain beings can have justified beliefs although this justification is not reflexive and prima facie. It can be so if it's true that perceptual experience puts us in contact with the world (objects, properties, facts, etc.). We examine and reject different replies to skeptical attacks against the possibility of knowing anything. Then, another strategy is proposed (a morean defense of perceptual knowledge and the questioning of skeptical challenge itself). In fact, from an metaphysical, ontological or epistemological point of view, we don't have to give a negative reponse to the classical and philosophical question "Can mind be really in perceptual and cognitive contact with the world ?" or so we think. Indeed, our study underlines that a positive reply to this question is sustainable, not to say correct, and that the negative reponse is probably wrong

Allt fler företag börjar engagera sig i viktiga miljöfrågor till följd av den allvarliga klimatkrisen och pandemin har varit en bidragande faktor till detta uppvaknande. Det här är något som är synbart i företags olika marknadsföringskampanjer. Samtidigt växer antikonsumtionsrörelsen och vi börjar se ett bredare intresse för ekovänliga initiativ runt om i världen. Studiens syfte växte fram utifrån båda dessa frågor parallellt. Detta har lett oss till att upptäcka ett gap inom detta fält där vi lagt märke till att tidigare studier huvudsakligen har fokuserat på att förstå varför individer väljer att motstå konsumtion, medan ett fokus på hur antikonsumenter uppfattar marknadsföring, saknas. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att sprida ljus över antikonsumtion och värva en djupare förståelse för antikonsumenters perception av, och association till, olika marknadsföringsstrategier. I denna studie har vi använt oss av attributionsteori som en guide för vår analys av resultatet. Vi har därtill använt oss av en innehållsanalys för att analysera transkriberingen av de semistrukturerade intervjuerna som vi genomförde med antikonsumenter. Resultatet av denna studie visar på att antikonsumenter i sin helhet är skeptiska till alla olika initiativ av marknadsföring. Antikonsumenter tillskriver motiv till företags marknadsföring och associerar i stort sett gröna initiativ till greenwashing. Däremot tenderar antikonsumenter till att ha en mer positiv inställning till green demarketing. Sex olika nyckelkategorier har identifierats och verkar ha en stor betydelse för hur marknadsföring percipieras. Dessa kategorier är – “Kvalitet – viktigare än reklam”, “Marknadsföring skapar onödiga behov”, “Referensgrupper starkare än marknadsföring”, “Transparens – fundamentalt i marknadsföring”, “Skepticism inom CSR-initiativ” och “Cirkulär marknadsföring uppskattas”. Denna uppsats är skriven på svenska. / Many companies are starting to become engaged in environmentally related questions due to the severe climate crisis today, and the pandemic has in fact contributed to this awakening. This is something that is quite remarkable in the marketing campaigns of companies. At the same time, the anti-consumption movement is growing steadily and we are starting to see a broader interest in eco-friendly initiatives all around the world. The purpose of this study grew from the interest of both of these issues simultaneously. This led us to discover a gap in this field where we’ve noticed that previous studies have focused mainly on understanding why individuals choose to withstand consumption, whereas a focus on how anticonsumers interpret marketing, is missing. The purpose of this qualitative study is to shed light on anti-consumption and gain a deeper understanding of anticonsumers’ perception of, and association to, different marketing strategies. In this study we used attribution theory as a guide for our analysis of the result. In addition to that, we have used a content analysis method to analyse the transcriptions of the semistructured interviews we held with anticonsumers. The result of this study shows that anticonsumers are overall sceptical of all different marketing initiatives. Anticonsumers attribute motives to companies' marketing and, broadly speaking, they associate greenwashing to green initiatives. On the other hand, they are more positively inclined towards green demarketing. Six different key categories have been identified and seem to have a broad significance for how marketing is interpreted. These categories are – “Quality – more important than advertisements”, “Marketing creates unnecessary needs”, “Reference groups are stronger than marketing”, “Transparency – fundamental in marketing”, “Skepticism within CSR-initiatives” and “Circular marketing is appreciated”. This essay is written in swedish.

This thesis investigates the manifestations of circular business models and circular product design strategies in the Swedish clothing industry, using a multiple case study approach that examines five Swedish clothing companies. Guided by the first research question: What are the current circular product design strategies and circular business model strategies for companies operating in the Swedish clothing industry? the findings reveal an emphasis on circular product design strategies compared to circular business models, among the studied clothing companies. Prominent product design strategies encompass timeless and adaptable designs, utilization of high-quality materials, rigorous product testing, and a focus on minimizing components, while permanent collections and standard spare parts are less frequently used. Regarding circular business models, the study reveals an adoption of strategies such as repair, reuse, internal upcycling, and recycling. Conversely, approaches such as clothing rental- and subscription services, secondhand- and repair services as well as collaborations for repair and refurbishment are employed to a lesser extent.  In addition, the study explores the influencing factors that determine the adoption or non-adoption of these circular approaches, guided by a second research question: What are the factors that influence the companies to adopt, or not to adopt circular product design strategies and circular business model strategies? The study reveals that the companies prioritize producing durable goods, but that challenges emerge in achieving a balance between circular objectives and material quality, without compromising either aspect, especially within childrenswear and workwear that has certain requirements. Despite these challenges, the companies both exhibit a commitment to integrating circular practices into their operations, aswell as show a willingness to explore new and innovative circular product design concepts, including increased utilization of mono- and recyclable materials. Another significant challenge lies in the alignment of circular business models with existing organizational practices, which requires substantial organizational transitions. However, permanent collections are found to be a potential facilitator for circularity within the clothing industry, as it allows for comprehensive testing, feedback loops, streamlined supply chains, things of which could enable better opportunities for both circular product designs, and circular business models such as repair- and secondhand services. The study highlights future trends in circular business models, including a focus on repair services, secondhand offerings, and enhanced recycling practices. The research contributes to the understanding of the adoption of circular strategies in the clothing industry and underscores the need for further investigations into the influencing factors at play and the implications across international contexts. / Denna avhandling undersöker strategier för cirkulära affärsmodeller och cirkulär\\ produktdesign inom den svenska klädindustrin, genom att använda en flerfallsstudie som undersöker fem svenska klädföretag. Med utgångspunkt i forskningsfrågan: Vilka är de nuvarande cirkulära produktdesignstrategierna och cirkulära affärsmodellstrategierna för företag som är aktiva inom den svenska klädindustrin? visar resultaten en tyngdpunkt på cirkulära produktdesignstrategier jämfört med cirkulära affärsmodeller, bland de studerade klädföretagen. De främsta produktdesignstrategierna omfattar tidlös och anpassningsbar design, användning av högkvalitativa material, omfattande produkttester och ett fokus på att minimera antalet komponenter, samtidigt som permanenta kollektioner och standardiserade reservdelar användsmer sällan. När det gäller cirkulära affärsmodeller visar studien att strategier som reparation, återanvändning, intern upcycling och återvinning används. Däremot används strategier som uthyrning av kläder och prenumerationstjänster, secondhand- och reparationstjänster samt samarbeten för reparation och renovering i mindre utsträckning.  Vidare undersöker studien de påverkande faktorer som avgör om dessa cirkulära strategier antas eller inte. Detta besvaras med hjälp av en andra forskningsfråga: Vilka är de faktorer som påverkar företagen att anta, eller inte anta, cirkulära produktdesignstrategier och cirkulära affärsmodellstrategier? Studien visar att företagen prioriterar att producera hållbara produkter, men att det finns utmaningar med att uppnå en balans mellan cirkulära mål och materialkvalitet, utan att kompromissa med någon av aspekterna. Detta gäller i synnerhet barnkläder och arbetskläder som har särskilda krav. Trots dessa utmaningar visar alla studiens företag både ett engagemang för att integrera cirkulära metoder i sin verksamhet och en vilja att utforska nya och innovativa cirkulära produktdesignkoncept, inklusive ökat utnyttjande av mono- och återvinningsbara material. En annan stor utmaning ligger i att anpassa cirkulära affärsmodeller till befintliga organisatoriska rutiner, vilket kräver omfattande organisatoriska förändringar. Permanenta kollektioner har dock visat sig vara en potentiell facilitator för cirkularitet inom klädindustrin. Detta mot bakgrund av att permanenta kollektioner möjliggör omfattande tester, feedbackloopar och effektiviserade leveranskedjor, vilket kan ge bättre möjligheter för både cirkulär produktdesign, och cirkulära affärsmodeller som reparations- och secondhand-tjänster. Studien visar att framtida trender inom cirkulära affärsmodeller inkluderar ett fokus på reparationstjänster, secondhand-erbjudanden och förbättrad återvinning. Dessutom bidrar studien till en förståelse av hur cirkulära strategier inom klädindustrin kan tillämpas. Slutligen understryker studien att framtida studier bör utvärdera samtliga faktorer som påverkar tillämpningen av cirkulära strategier i klädindustrin, samt hur dessa kan variera ii nternationella sammanhang.

“Adapting Snäckan 8” aims to investigate material and immaterial value while transforming an existing built structure. Current development plans seek to demolish and replace the existing building by a new, 10 meter wider, 4.5 meter taller building of office spaces; increasing the scale of the Klara quarter once more, just as during the Norrmalm Regulation historically. Excluding both: plans for housing, as well as the so called “Culture House”. A space that included a café, a library and a cinema, for everyone, including especially the homeless people of Stockholm.Accompanied by a notion that when we demolish built structures, not only do we demolish material, but also social structures that have been built up over time; the ecological aspects of adaptive re-use are expanded by social urgency. In light of the housing crisis and increasing social segregation as well as the development of the pandemic, the accessibility of a home is now perhaps more pressing than ever. This project therefore aims to provide affordable, inclusive mixed-use living within the city centre, adapting Snäckan 8 to changing rhythms and patterns of daily life. Thereby hoping to continue writing the story of Snäckan 8, rather than erasing it.

“We are symbionts on a symbiotic planet, and if we care to, we can find symbiosis everywhere.” — Lynn Margulis, 1999

The construction industry is vital in meeting humanity's infrastructure and essential building needs. However, its current practices contribute significantly to environmental challenges such as global warming, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. The current study points out the need for a more sustainable approach in the construction sector. The reason this study focuses on RFID-tags is both because of the academic gap regarding implementation of new standardizations and the project Lumi that this study has as its case study of the thesis.    The goal of this thesis is to analyze the Swedish construction industry’s attitude toward the implementation of RFID-tags as a standardization and fill the academic gap that has been identified in the literature review. The goal is to determine the attitude of each stakeholder type within the industry through the lens of socio-technical transition theory, to determine specific barriers and drivers for the concept. Furthermore, the aim is to determine if RFID-tags can be implemented to promote circularity and enhance sustainable development.   The research methods incorporate a literature review and a case study with semi-structured interviews conducted with eight participants. The sample consisted of actors within the construction industry, such as customers, distribution companies, entrepreneurs, manufacturers, service companies, and workers.  The thesis identified the conservative nature of the industry as an obstacle, along with the fear of failure within the construction industry. The attitude towards the standardization of RFID-tags is positive, where beneficial factors were identified, such as saving time, reducing environmental impact, and improving the structure for recycling.

A change in resource consumption patterns is crucial to avoid climate change, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to increase climate resilience and consequently, the idea of a circular economy (CE) has gained widespread attention. The resource intense building and construction sector has become subject to both internal and external pressure to become more circular. Throughout the sector, the environmental product declaration (EPD) is often used to communicate environmental and sustainability information about products but currently, the EPD lacks the inclusion of specific circularity information. This thesis aims to identify a suitable indicator for measuring the product circularity of construction products that can be implemented into the existing EPD-scheme. The study is based on an extensive literature review, qualitative interviews with green building councils (GBCs) and expert discussions with the ECO Platform task group for CE. The identified product circularity indicators have been assessed against a certain set of subjects and criteria to evaluate their inclusion of circularity subjects as well as their suitability to the EPD. The assessment identified two indicators scoring the highest, the Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) and the New Circularity Index (NCI). These indicators were included in a short pilot study to further evaluate their usability and applicability. The study concludes that both indicators are suitable for inclusion in the EPD-scheme to some extent, but they both lack a full inclusion of the end of life (EoL) stage. These subjects must be covered to ensure inclusion of comprehensive circularity information but nevertheless, the MCI and the NCI remains the best options. / För att undvika klimatförändringar, minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och öka samhällets resiliens måste användandet av naturresurser förändras. I samband med en ny syn på resursanvändning har idén om en cirkulär ekonomi fått stor uppmärksamhet. Både interna och externa krav har ökat på den resursintensiva byggsektorn att bli mer cirkulär. I byggsektorn används ofta miljövarudeklarationer (EPD) för att kommunicera miljö- och hållbarhetsinformation om produkter. Idag saknar dock EPD-systemet specifik information om produkters cirkuläritetsprestanda. Detta examensarbete syftar därför till att identifiera en indikator som är lämplig för att mäta produktcirkuläritet hos byggprodukter och som kan implementeras i det befintliga EPD-systemet. Studien är baserad på en omfattande litteraturstudie och kvalitativa intervjuer med Green Building Councils (GBC) samt expertdiskussioner med ECO Platforms arbetsgrupp för cirkulär ekonomi. Ett antal identifierade indikatorer för produktcirkuläritet har utvärderats mot ett antal kriterier framtagna av arbetsgruppen. Målet var att utvärdera deras respektive inkludering av cirkuläritet samt deras lämplighet i förhållande till en EPD. De två indikatorer som fick högst poäng, Material Circularity Indicator (MCI) och New Circularity Index (NCI), inkluderades i en pilotstudie för att utvärdera deras användbarhet och tillämpbarhet i praktiken. Studien drar slutsatsen att båda indikatorerna är lämpliga för att inkluderas i EPD-systemet till en viss utsträckning. Dock saknar de båda en fullständig inkludering av cirkuläritetsperspektiv som täcker produktens slutskede i livscykeln. Dessa perspektiv är av stor vikt för att säkerställa framförandet av fullständig cirkuläritetsinformation. Trots detta visar studien att MCI och NCI är de indikatorer som utgör de bästa alternativen för att integreras i en EPD.

Improving Sinkhole Mapping Using LiDAR Data and Assessing Road Infrastructure at Risk in Johnson City, TN. Kingsley Fasesin1, Dr. Ingrid Luffman 1, Dr. Eileen Ernenwein 1 and Dr. Arpita Nandi1 1 Department of Geosciences, College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN; Abstract Predicting infrastructure damage and economic impact of sinkholes along roadways requires mapping of sinkhole distribution and development of a model to predict future occurrences with high accuracy. The study is carried out to define the distribution of sinkholes in Johnson City, TN and risks they pose to roads in the city. The study made use of a 2.5 ft Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data acquired from Tennessee Geospatial clearing house (TNGIS) and an inventory of known sinkholes identified from topographic maps. Depressions were identified using the LiDAR-derived DEM by subtracting a filled-depressions DEM from the original study area DEM. Using a spatial join, mapped sinkholes were matched to depression polygons identified from the LiDAR-derived DEM. For all matched sinkhole-polygon pairs, three indices were calculated: circularity index, area ratio of minimum bounding rectangle, and proximity to train tracks and roads. The dataset was partitioned into training (70%) and validation (30%) subsets, and using the training dataset, thresholds for each index were selected using typical values for known sinkholes. These rules were calibrated using the 30% validation subset, and applied as filters to the remaining unmatched depression polygons to identify likely sinkholes. A portion of these suspected sinkholes were field checked. The future direction of this research is to generate a sinkhole formation model for the study area by examining the relationship between the mapped sinkhole distribution, and previously identified sinkhole formation risk factors. These factors include: proximity to fault lines, groundwater and streams; depth to bedrock; and soil and land cover type. Spatial Logistic Regression analysis will be used for model development, and results will be used to generate a sinkhole susceptibility map which will be overlain on the road network to identify the portions of interstate and state highways at risk of sinkhole destruction.

The circular economy has emerged as a tool for addressing the current linear economic system, producing massive amounts waste and exacerbating climate change. During the recent crises and instabilities, the potential of the circular economy has been further highlighted.However, the concept remains undefined, and little is known of its implementation inpractice. This thesis explores the circular economy and its implementation among six Swedish commercial real estate actors, through interviews and an investigation of their official documents, with the aim of discovering signs of the circular economy, how those signs have emerged and the knowledge and capabilities necessary to capitalize on them. The External Enablers Framework by Davidsson et al. (2020) is used to find the external enablers thatfacilitate a shift towards more circular business practices. The thesis discovers multiple signs of circularity in the empirical material, in targets, strategies and activities. It also identifies several external enablers potentially impacting the implementation of circular activities in existing real estate ventures, such as collaboration networks, climate change awareness andthe recent crises and instabilities. The real estate actors themselves also potentially influence the industry around them towards circularity, in an ecosystem of enablement.

I Sverige läggs stort fokus på omställningen till ett hållbart och klimatneutralt samhälle, där avkarbonisering och elektrifiering av transportsektorn anses avgörande för att minska utsläpp av växthusgaser. En storskalig batteriproduktion i Sverige och i Europa medför nya problem kring hållbarhetsaspekter gällande utvinning av råvara som exempelvis litium, kobolt och nickel. Men även andra problem gällande avfallshanteringen av litiumjonbatterier. Återvinning och återbruk av litiumjonbatterier anses vara en viktig del i strävan mot en cirkulär batteriproduktion. Dock finns svårigheter med implementering av dessa processer på en storskalig marknad gällande ekonomiska, miljömässiga och tekniska aspekter. Syftet med arbetet är att kartlägga för- och nackdelar med återbruk av littiumjonbatterier i kontrast till återvinning av littiumjonbatterier som nått sitt förbruknings- (EoL - End of Life) tillstånd och identifiera viktiga aktörer för marknadsutökning av både återbruk och återvinning av litiumjonbatterier. En litteraturstudie gjordes tillsammans med en intervju med företaget Vattenfall. Genom detta identifierades ekonomiska, tekniska och miljömässiga aspekter gällande återvinning och återbruk av litiumjonbatterier.   Resultatet av rapporten visar att smarta automatiserade dataanalyser (smarta algoritmer som självständigt kan sortera olika typer av batterier, fatta beslut om batteriernas tillstånd och genom användning av sensorer kan mäta och kontrollera temperaturförändringar) krävs för att göra batteriåtervinning och återbruk effektivare, säkrare och mer ekonomiskt lönsamt.  Återbruk av litiumjonbatterier förlänger batteriets livslängd där metaller knyts till batterier under en längre tid och kan hjälpa till att minska flaskhalsproblematiken gällande ohållbar metallutvinning. Återbruk kan vara bättre än återvinning ur miljösynpunkt i exempelvis energilagringsapplikationer kopplade till förnybar energiproduktion. Litiumjonbatteriet står för en stor del av elbilens miljöpåverkan. Återbruk av elbilsbatterier i diverse applikationer kan därför göra att elbilens miljöpåverkan minskar då batteriets miljöpåverkan inte bara knyts till elbilen. Idag anses återvinning mer ekonomiskt lönsam och det finns fler aktörer och ekonomiska incitament för att stärka batteriåtervinning än för batteriåterbruk. / Sweden places a lot of focus on the transition to a sustainable and climate-neutral society, where decarbonisation and electrification of the transport sector are considered crucial to reducing emissions of GHG (greenhouse gas). Large-scale battery production in Sweden and in Europe brings new problems regarding waste management and the demand for raw materials used in the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. Recycling and reuse of lithium-ion batteries could be an important part of the effort towards a circular battery production chain. However, there are difficulties in implementing these on a large-scale market when it comes to financial, environmental and technical points of view. The purpose of this report is to map the pros and cons of reusing lithium-ion batteries in contrast to recycling the lithium-ion batteries that have reached their EoL (End of Life) and to identify important actors for both methods. A literature study was made as well as an interview with the company Vattenfall. Through this, economical, technical and environmental aspects regarding recycling and reuse of lithium-ion batteries were identified.  The results of the report show that automated data analysis (smart algorithms that can independently sort different types of batteries) is required to make battery recycling and second-life batteries more efficient, safer and more economically viable. The reuse of lithium-ion batteries has the possibility of extending the battery's lifetime and the metal usage and thereby reducing the bottleneck problem regarding unsustainable metal extraction. Second-life applications of LIBs can be better than recycling from an environmental point of view in, for example, energy storage applications linked to an increase in renewable energy. Reusing electric car batteries in other applications can reduce the electric car's environmental impact from a life cycle perspective. Today, there are more financial incentives to strengthen battery recycling than battery reuse.