Depuis les années 1990, le concept de participation a fait un retour marqué dans la société civile mais également au sein de la sphère politique, sous la forme d’une généralisation du débat public. Intrinsèquement lié au processus d’individuation de la société contemporaine, l’« impératif participatif » s’impose peu à peu aux responsables politiques et questionne la manière traditionnelle, fondée sur la légitimité élective, de concevoir l’action publique. A l’instar des autres politiques publiques, la politique culturelle se trouve elle aussi confrontée à la question de la participation des citoyens à l’élaboration de la décision publique. Les notions de démocratie culturelle et plus récemment celles de diversité et de droits culturels sont venues ainsi affirmer la légitimité des personnes à contribuer de façon effective à l’élaboration d’un projet politique partagé. Néanmoins, l’idéal de démocratisation culturelle qui légitime, depuis la création du ministère, l’intervention publique en matière culturelle, a induit un processus de hiérarchisation au détriment des citoyens, rendant difficile l’émergence d’un nouveau référentiel.Au plan local, la culture s’est peu à peu imposée au cœur des territoires comme un facteur essentiel de développement visant tout autant à accroitre l’attractivité qu’à garantir la cohésion sociale. En outre, les villes ont induit un rapprochement des centres de décision vers le citoyen afin de mieux prendre en compte les besoins et réalités spécifiques au territoire. Elles se sont ainsi emparées des notions de proximité et de gouvernance, qu’elles s’efforcent de mettre en œuvre au travers de dispositifs participatifs variés. Les municipalités pourraient alors initier le changement en matière de gouvernance culturelle et ainsi favoriser un processus d’égalisation des légitimités. Dans un mouvement inverse dit bottom-up, les citadins sont susceptibles de proposer des formes originales de co-construction de l’action publique. Nous proposons, dans une approche comparative, d’observer les dynamiques participatives dans le champ culturel et d’en apprécier la portée politique et sociale. / Since the 1990s, the concept of participation has made a comeback in civil society but also in the political sphere as a generalization of public debate. Intrinsically linked to the process of individuation in contemporary society, the "participatory imperative" has gradually gained policymakers’ attention, therefore questioning the traditional way, based on elective legitimacy, that public action is implemented.Like other public policy, cultural policy is also facing the issue of citizen participation in the public decision process. Concepts of cultural democracy and more recently the ones of diversity and cultural rights have come to affirm people legitimacy to contribute effectively to the development of a shared political project.In spite of this, cultural policy seems to be inadequately prepared to face the participatory issue. The ideal of cultural democratization, which has legitimized government intervention in the cultural field since the creation of the Ministry of Culture, has also induced a strong hierachical system at the expense of citizens, further compromising the emergence of a new framework.However, the process of decentralization of public action has made municipalities a major producer of cultural policy. Culture has gradually become a key factor in local development aimed at both increasing attractiveness and ensuring social cohesion. In addition, cities have had to narrow the gap between decision centers and citizens in order to take into account the territory special needs and realities. They have embraced the notions of proximity and governance, and strive to implement them through various participatory devices. In support of these factors, municipalities could then initiate a change in governance and promote equalization in cultural legitimacies. In a bottom-up perspective, citizens are likely to provide new forms of co-construction regarding public policy. In a comparative approach, we propose to observe local participatory dynamics in the cultural field and assess their political and social impact.

Citizen involvement in the production and delivery of public service has been a long time topic of interest and controversial debate among scholars. Essentially, the belief has been that if citizens are actively involved in the process, public organizations and communities benefit in numerous ways that will ultimately lead to increased citizen satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between citizen involvement in the production of public safety and security and its effects on organizational efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. To test the assumption that citizen involvement is positively correlated to organizational success and organizational efficiency of law enforcement agencies, a citizen involvement index was developed and used as the independent variable in ordinary least square regression (OLS) analysis. Three separate models are developed to measure the impact of citizen involvement on law enforcement. Findings obtained through bivariate and multivariate analyses indicate mixed results. Bivariate analysis revealed that citizen involvement was negatively correlated to organizational efficiency while no statistically significant correlation was found in multiple regressions. In addition, through bivariate analyses, citizen involvement was positively correlated with crime rates reported to city police departments, whereas multivariate regression analyses indicated that citizen involvement does not have a statistically significant impact on crime rates. Both analyses, however, provided support for the positive impact of citizen involvement on crime clearance rates. Finally, findings suggested that citizen involvement in public organizations and its effects on the production and delivery of public goods and services are overestimated from the perspective of law enforcement.

This study aims to examine how citizen participation can contribute to traffic development. The study examines which possibilities and challenges that comes with involving citizen, and how planners see their own role in this involvement. To examine this, planners who work with traffic development in Stockholm municipality have been interviewed regarding their opinions about citizen involvement. The result from the interviews have been divided into different themes and analysed. The study also contains a complementary document study to see how the municipality works with involving citizen in the planning process, with main focus on traffic issues. The study shows that planners sees themselves as experts, but they also think that citizens have knowledges that is necessary to create sustainable traffic solutions. It’s not a question about if they should be involved, instead it’s more about how they should. Planners who worked with traffic development got to describe their own experiences with involving citizens. A major key to reach consensus was to involve and discuss traffic problems and solutions at an early stage. This place expectations at a reasonable level and gave both planners and citizen knowledge about each other’s opinions.

Historically, citizen dialogue primarily took place through face-to-face meetings with a limited representation of the target group. However, societal changes have sparked interest in exploring alternative forms of citizen involvement. This study highlights the presence of barriers to inclusion and transparency in citizen engagement and identifies challenges in ensuring social sustainability within Swedish municipalities' efforts to engage citizens, particularly in the context of detailed planning processes. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for improving the relationship and collaboration among politicians, civil servants, and citizens.   The aim of this study is to investigate how Swedish municipalities can enhance citizen involvement in planning processes, with the goal of reducing appeals, minimizing time consumption, and fostering transparency and understanding. To achieve this aim, the study employed semi-structured interviews, with case selection guided by the growing political pressure on Swedish municipalities to enhance citizen involvement. The study's theoretical framework is built upon an extensive literature review, while empirical evidence is derived from 16 interviews. Through qualitative analysis and discussion, the study explores how local authorities can develop their practices regarding citizen involvement.  The study sheds light on the current practices and working methods employed by the interviewed local authorities, revealing the need to address existing barriers, such as digital exclusion, communication gaps, and empowerment issues. Previous research emphasizes the necessity for innovative and revised approaches to citizen involvement. Increasing the participation of citizens is crucial for ensuring representative democracy and leveraging digitalization can be a means to enhance involvement.

While sustainability issues take an ever-larger part in city planning, citizens aspirations toinclusion in projects rise. In France, the government encourages the development ofcollaboration between actors and the emergence of innovations in the creation ofsustainable neighbourhoods. These incentives allow for the development of projects thataim at being demonstrators of French know how. Through these large-scale projects,partnerships are created, thus leading to more inclusive projects and to the creation ofsynergies between actors of the creation of urban fabric. Through an in-depth study of one of these projects, this research aimed at assessing theoutcomes of the top down approach implemented by the government. The idea was tostudy the government that was implemented and its outcomes in terms of creation ofinnovation but also regarding citizen participation. To identify citizens’ aspirations forinclusion and for the creation of fitted housing solutions, in coherence with sustainabilityissues, some research about a successful participatory housing project was conducted. Through the implementation of a fitted governance system, collaboration between actorsfrom different backgrounds and with varying interests lead to the creation of a creativeprocess of innovation and to the development of many pilot projects. Through the analysisof these projects, it appeared that information and communication technologies are onetool to the implementation of a more efficient, of a more resilient city. However, theycannot be presented as one goal and need to take part of a bigger process with other toolsthat are necessary for the creation of new uses for urban dwellers. Though citizen inclusion is an aspiration from various actors of the production of the city,some limits to citizen power in a really framed process of project development wereraised. Despite a strong will, from various actors, there are still many obstacles to thecreation of fitted housing solutions that would meet the deepest expectations of citizens.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe atskleidžiama dalyvaujamojo biudžeto samprata ir vystymosi eiga, finansiniu aspektu išanalizuoti dalyvaujamojo biudžeto ypatumai. Įvertinta piliečių įtraukimo į biudžeto procesą ir dalyvaujamojo biudžeto esama situacija ir jos tobulinimo galimybes Lietuvos savivaldybėse. Pirmame skyriuje analizuojama demokratijos bei politinio dalyvavimo teorija. Atskleidžiama dalyvaujamojo biudžeto samprata, privalumai, trūkumai. Nagrinėjamas dalyvaujamojo biudžeto metodo susikūrimas ir vystymasis. Antrame skyriuje analizuojamos su dalyvaujamojo biudžeto procesu susiję kaštai, biudžeto pajamos ir išlaidos, pateikiama metodo ekonominė nauda. Trečiame skyriuje pateikiamos tyrimo prielaidos ir ekspertinės apklausos duomenų analizė. / Master's thesis reveals the participatory budget concept and development stages, analyze the financial aspect of the participatory budget features. Estimated situation of Citizen participation in the budget process, participatory budget and development opportunities for Lithuanian municipalities. The first section examines democracy and political participation theory. Analyze the participatory budget concept, advantages and disadvantages. Study the method of participatory budget, how has it emerged and its development. The second chapter analyzes the participatory budget process related costs, revenues and expenses, the economic benefits of the method. The third section presents the research assumptions and expert survey data analysis.

Depuis quelques années, les « collectifs d’architectes » occupent une part non négligeable de l’espace médiatique. Savons-nous même qui sont-ils et ce qu’ils font ? Telles sont les deux principales questions aux quelles nous avons ici tenté de répondre. Une recherche se fondant sur des opportunités, la mienne a été d’être co-fondateur en 2009 de l’un de ces groupes, le Collectif Etc. J’en suis depuis l’un de ses principaux animateurs, et toute cette recherche a alors pris appui sur ce groupe. Une première partie nous a permis de mettre en évidence un réseau de praticiens français que nous qualifions de « collectifs d’architectes », groupes formés majoritairement d’architectes, dont l’objectif est de favoriser l’implication citoyenne dans les processus de transformation de la ville dans le but de créer des situations autogérées. Leurs modalités d’intervention correspondent à la réunion de la pratique de la résidence, de l’usage de l’auto-construction et de la production d’architectures éphémères.Dans une seconde partie, nous avons pu formuler l’hypothèse que ces groupes développeraient un modèle original de pratique du projet, reposant sur la construction de trois matrices, que nous avons appelées mythogénique, constructive, et politique. Pour chacune d’elles, une recherche historico-théorique nous a permis d’en former des définitions caractérisant une pratique matricielle du projet favorisant l’implication citoyenne. Et si ce modèle a été construit sur la base de la pratique de ces groupes particuliers, nous pensons qu’il pourrait se révéler pertinent à l’ensemble des praticiens souhaitant impliquer divers acteurs dans les processus de fabrique de la ville. / In recent years, "architects’ collectives" have occupied a significant part of the media space. Do we even know who they are and what they do? These are the two main questions to which we have tried to answer. A research is based on opportunities, mine was to be the co-founder in 2009 of one of these groups, Collectif Etc. I have been one of his main fanimators, and all this research has been based on this group. The first part enabled us to highlight a network of practitioners that we call "architects’ collective ", groups formed mainly by architects, whose goal is to promote citizen involvement in the processes of transformation of the cities, in order to create self-managed situations. Their methods of intervention correspond to the combination of the practice of residence, the use of self-construction and the production of ephemeral architectures. In a second part, we were able to formulate the hypothesis that these groups developed an original model of project practice, based on the construction of three matrices, which we called mythogenic, constructive, and political. For each of them, a historico-theoretical research has enabled us to form more complete definitions, characterizing a matrix practice of the project, favoring the involvement of the citizen. And if this model was built from the practice of these particular groups, we believe that it might be relevant to all practitioners wishing to involve various actors in the city's making processes.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka användarmedverkan vid utveckling av digitala tjänster hos statliga förvaltningsmyndigheter i Sverige. Tidigare har forskning fokuserat på att undersöka kommuner och deras involvering av användaren vid utveckling av tjänster. Forskning visar att tjänstemän i kommuner har en mer negativ attityd gentemot utveckling av tjänster och därmed negativa till involveringen av användaren i utvecklingen. Anledningen beror på att det är ett tidskrävande arbete som inte har ekonomisk nytta och där det inte finns tillräckligt med kunskap hos de anställda för att driva arbetet med användaren. Litteraturen är idag flera år gammal och i behov av uppdatering. Utöver det har forskningens mål tidigare varit kommuner och därmed skiftas fokuset här till högre organ, nämligen statliga förvaltningsmyndigheter. Studien har utgått utifrån en kvalitativ metod med inslag av abduktiv ansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med nio anställda verksamhetsutvecklare och UX-designers från fem olika myndigheter: Arbetsförmedlingen, CSN, Skatteverket, Tillväxtverket och Transportstyrelsen. Resultatet visar att användarmedverkan bedrivs, dock till en begränsad nivå. Myndigheterna har en betydligt mer positiv inställning till involvering av användaren jämfört med kommunernas tjänstemän och det finnsdessutom en önskan att involvera användaren ytterligare. Utmaningar som påverkar till vilken grad användarmedverkan bedrivs är bland annat bristande resurser som budget och relevant kompetens hos anställda. Den mest förekommande utmaningen är dock bristande tid, där reformer från regeringen orsakar korta deadlines, varav myndigheterna tvingas släppa arbetet med användaren och fokusera på det nyinkomna, statliga uppdraget. Studien ökar förståelsen för de statliga myndigheternas arbetssätt och bidrar till framtida forskning, i hopp om att öka kunskapen och ta itu med utmaningarna som de anställda ställs inför vid utveckling av tjänsterna. / The aim of this study has been to examine government agencies’ user participation of citizens, when developing public e-services. In previous research papers, the aim of the studies have been to examine municipalities and their involvement of users in the development of public e-services. The studies show that the officials have a negative attitude towards the development of services and consequently, being negative towards involving the user in the process. The reason for this being, a time-consuming work that has no financial benefits and the employees not having enough knowledge to work with the user. However, those studies are many years old and in need of an update. Moreover, researchers’ aim has previously been municipalities, and therefore the focus is now shifting to higher grounds, namely state agencies. This study is based on a qualitative method with an abductive approach, where semi-structured interviews have been conducted with nine government employees, possessing roles such as business developers and UX-designers, from five different government agencies: The Swedish Public Employment Service, The Swedish Board of Student Finance, The Swedish Tax Agency, The Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth, and The Swedish Transport Agency. The results show that user participation is managed, although to a certain extent. The agencies have a more positive attitude to the involvement of users, compared to the municipalities, and there is a wish to include the user even more. The challenges that affect to what degree the user is involved, are lack of resources, such as budgets and lack of employee-competence. The most recurring challenge however, is time, where legal reforms from the government cause short deadlines, of which the agencies are forced to drop the user-based work and focus on implementing the new laws.The study increases the understanding of the agencies’ work and contributes to future research, in hopes of increasing the knowledge and learning ways to deal with the challenges the employees are faced with when developing public e-services.

Dagens befolkning ställs inför många utmaningar där vikten av social hållbarhet har blivit framträdande som en av många nycklar för fungerande samhällen. Ekologisk och ekonomisk hållbarhet tillåter i många avseenden mer mätbarhet. Trots detta är social hållbarhet minst lika viktigt. Vikten av att involvera invånare och demokrati är väsentliga delar för att kunna arbeta för social hållbarhet. Följaktligen fokuserar följande diskurs på arbete och metoder kring invånarinvolvering i gestaltning av offentlig livsmiljö. Med anledning av bristen på tydliga riktlinjer samt för att förstå fördelarna med inkludering av invånare har denna uppsats formulerats. Vidare tar diskursen upp metoder och exempel från verkligheten för att vidareutveckla kompetensen och diskutera vikten av väl implementerade invånarinvolveringsprocesser vid stadsplanering och fysisk planering. Uppsatsen tar avstamp i Helsingborgs stads projekt Nytt stadsbibliotek för att undersöka involveringsmetoderna i samband med utvecklingen av stadens nya bibliotek. Vid gestaltning av arkitektur som ämnar vara en plats för befolkningen - vilka mandat får då invånarna att påverka? Denna abduktiva forskningsansats har skapats med kvalitativa metoder som tillvägagångssätt i egenskap att förstå för- och nackdelar vid involvering. Centralt för uppsatsen har intervjuer med representanter från Helsingborgs stad varit med syfte att fördjupa fallstudien samt diskutera invånarinvolvering som demokratiskt uttryck. Praktiska metoder i kombination med teori och uttalade riktlinjer lyfts upp för att analyseras samt öka kunskapen på ämnet. Trots att olika metoder av involvering inkluderar invånare i olika grader, konkluderar uppsatsen att den högsta graden av inkludering inte nödvändigtvis är den mest optimala. / The current population is faced with many challenges where the importance of social sustainability has become prominent as one of many keys to reach functioning societies. Ecological and economic sustainability are in some regard allowing for more measurability. Despite this, social sustainability is at least as important. The importance of involving citizen and democracy are essential parts of being able to work for social sustainability. Consequently, the following discourse focuses on work and methods around citizens involvement in the design of the public environment. Due to the lack of clear guidelines and in order to understand the benefits of inclusion of citizens this essay has been constructed. Furthermore, the discourse addresses methods and real-life examples to further develop the competence and discuss the importance of well-implemented citizen involvement processes in urban-and physical planning. This essay is based on Helsingborg’s project Nytt stadsbibliotek to investigate the involvement methods in connection with the development of the city’s new library. When designing architecture that aims to be a place for the citizens - what mandates do the residents get to influence? This abductive research approach has been designed with qualitative methods as a way to understand the pros and cons of involvement. Interviews with representatives from the city of Helsingborg have been crucial in the essay with the aim of deepening the case study and discussing citizen involvement as a democratic expression. Practical methods in combination with theory and declared guidelines are highlighted to be analyzed and to increase knowledge on the subject. Although different methods of involvement include citizens to different degrees, this paper concludes that the highest degree of inclusion is not necessarily the most optimal solution.