This study indicates that communication skills and communication apprehension of English First Additional Language (EFAL) learners are important aspects in teaching and learning, as well as for academic performance. A learner‘s major hurdle to overcome in communication in a second language classroom is a fear of failure. Communication skills and communication apprehension are challenges teachers have to face in language classrooms. Communication barriers that may lead to fear, distress and poor performance should be identified at an early stage. Therefore, it is critical for teachers to know about the communication process, communication skills, and communication apprehension to design positive solutions and teaching strategies to assist learners to overcome fear of communication, especially in the area of second and additional languages. A sample of 779 male and female learners in the secondary phase in Kannaland District, Western Cape participated in the study. For this non-experimental quantitative study, data were gathered using two questionnaires, Communication Skills Scale, and the Personal Report Communication Apprehension questionnaire. To explore the relationship between communication skills, communication apprehension and academic achievement, the first and second term EFAL marks of grades 7-9 learners were used. The data were presented as descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlations and comparisons. Results distinguished no differences between males, females, or grades. Findings were discussed with regard to communication skills and the academic achievement, as well as communication apprehension and academic achievement of the learners. Results indicate that there is no significant relationship between communication skills and academic achievement. Nevertheless, distinct relationships between communication skills and communication apprehension (group work, meetings and public speaking) were established and discussed. Communication apprehension (group work, conversations and in the classroom) and academic achievement presented clear relationships that were reported in detail. The factors identified may have a negative impact on learners‘ academic achievement in EFAL. Insight generated by the research in Kannaland District, Western Cape will help to develop an understanding of the situations that affect the degree of communication apprehension of secondary phase EFAL learners. It will allow for a better understanding of the influence of communication skills and could assist teachers to understand EFAL learners‘ fear, distress or ability to communicate. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This study indicates that communication skills and communication apprehension of English First Additional Language (EFAL) learners are important aspects in teaching and learning, as well as for academic performance. A learner‘s major hurdle to overcome in communication in a second language classroom is a fear of failure. Communication skills and communication apprehension are challenges teachers have to face in language classrooms. Communication barriers that may lead to fear, distress and poor performance should be identified at an early stage. Therefore, it is critical for teachers to know about the communication process, communication skills, and communication apprehension to design positive solutions and teaching strategies to assist learners to overcome fear of communication, especially in the area of second and additional languages. A sample of 779 male and female learners in the secondary phase in Kannaland District, Western Cape participated in the study. For this non-experimental quantitative study, data were gathered using two questionnaires, Communication Skills Scale, and the Personal Report Communication Apprehension questionnaire. To explore the relationship between communication skills, communication apprehension and academic achievement, the first and second term EFAL marks of grades 7-9 learners were used. The data were presented as descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlations and comparisons. Results distinguished no differences between males, females, or grades. Findings were discussed with regard to communication skills and the academic achievement, as well as communication apprehension and academic achievement of the learners. Results indicate that there is no significant relationship between communication skills and academic achievement. Nevertheless, distinct relationships between communication skills and communication apprehension (group work, meetings and public speaking) were established and discussed. Communication apprehension (group work, conversations and in the classroom) and academic achievement presented clear relationships that were reported in detail. The factors identified may have a negative impact on learners‘ academic achievement in EFAL. Insight generated by the research in Kannaland District, Western Cape will help to develop an understanding of the situations that affect the degree of communication apprehension of secondary phase EFAL learners. It will allow for a better understanding of the influence of communication skills and could assist teachers to understand EFAL learners‘ fear, distress or ability to communicate. / MEd (Curriculum Development), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The diploma thesis Classroom Instructions in Teaching English aims at presenting basic principles of giving instructions during English lessons and their practical use. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The latter is further separated into a list of textbook instructions and a list of instructions used in classes. The theoretical part describes an important relation of instructions and the classroom situation as well as the dependence on the immediate response from the students. The ensuing part deals with applying the theoretical principles in practice. The author gathered instructions used in the third edition of New Headway series textbooks and instructions used by teachers in English lessons at various types of schools (the age of the observed students ranged from 7 to 18 years old) not only to illustrate usage of the theoretical principles in practice but also to show the differences between textbook and classroom instructions and to present a sample of instructions that are used at several schools in the Czech Republic. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis deals with the personal and social development of preschool teachers as one of the possibilities for their further education. The theoretical part describes the current available types of professional competencies of current preschool teachers and focuses on their professional development through personal and social education (PSE). The aim of the empirical part is to create, implement and reflect short-term practical training for kindergarten teachers in selected topics of personal and social education through a form of action research. Selected topics (issue of rules in kindergarten, communication and mental hygiene) came from a questionnaire of interest in education issues of PSE. The aim of the course is skills training and improving of professional competence of teachers in selected areas through self-experience activities. Also the course leads teachers to think about appropriate solutions of problematic educational situations through joint discussion, sharing of professional experiences, reflection and self-reflection of teachers. The secondary purpose is to show the topics from the view of teachers' working with children and to link them with key competencies for preschool education, educational areas and expected outcomes of the national curriculum Framework Educational Program...

Syftet med avhandlingen är att beskriva, analysera och förstå matematikundervisning på lågstadiet. Mer precist är syftet att undersöka vad denna undervisning ger elever i några klassrum möjlighet att lära då undervisningsinnehållet är skriftliga räknemetoder för addition och  ubtraktion. Centrala frågor är vad lärare och elever gör i matematikklassrummet och vad eleverna, som en följd av undervisningen har möjlighet att lära. En fältstudie har genomförts i fem klasser med början på våren i år 2 och fortsättning under hösten i år 3. Sammanlagt 24 lektioner har videofilmats. Materialet har analyserats i två etapper, med början i en empiri nära, tematisk analys. Verksamhetsteorin är teoretisk utgångspunkt och analysverktyget som inspirerats av Engeströms modell för verksamhetssystem har varit vägledande i den andra etappen av analysen. Resultatet visar fyra typer av undervisningsverksamheter i matematik, vilka resulterar i möjligt lärande som varierar i förhållande till de förmågemål som anges i Lgr11. Det framgår också att de utmärkande metoder som lärare och elever använder kan ordnas i fem grupper, i huvudsak beroende på vilka kunskapsaspekter metoderna riktas mot. Det gäller metoder där procedurer, begrepp och samband, matematisk kommunikation och resonemang samt intresse och tilltro är i centrum, tillsammans med metoder som bidrar till stötestenar, vilka innebär utmaningar för både lärare och elever. Resultatet diskuteras mot bakgrund av forskning om undervisning och lärande i matematik med inriktning mot språklig kommunikation, användning av laborativt material, klassrumskultur och klassrumsorganisation. / The aim of this study is to describe, analyse and understand teaching of mathematics in lower primary school. More precisely, the aim is to investigate what this teaching offers pupils in some classrooms in terms of learning, when the content of teaching is written calculation methods for addition and subtraction. Teachers’ and pupils’ activities are in focus, as well as what it is possible for the pupils to learn as a consequence of these activities. Collection of data has been carried out in five classes, starting in spring when the pupils were in second grade and finished by the end of the autumn, when the pupils were in third grade. The video-recorded material comprises a total of 24 lessons. The collected research material has been analysed in two steps, where the first step can be described as empirically oriented and thematical. The theoretical perspective is Activity theory (CHAT) and an analysing tool, inspired by Engeström’s model has guided the second step of the analysis. The result demonstrates four types of teaching activities in mathematics, which leads to possible learning that varies in relation to the educational goals set in the curriculum (Lgr11). It is also shown that teachers and pupils make use of a variety of characteristic methods, which can be sorted into five groups, primarily based on ability aspects that are actualised by different methods. These are methods, where (1) procedures, (2) concepts and connections, (3) mathematical communication and reasoning, and (4) interest and confidence are in focus. There is also a fifth group, but it deviates from the others, as it consists of methods that contribute to (5) stumbling blocks, which in turn means that they become challenges for teachers as well as pupils. The results are discussed in relation to other research about teaching and learning mathematics.

TITLE: CLIL Implementation Into Primary School Teaching AUTHOR: PhDr. Petra Vallin DEPARTMENT: Department of Primary School Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University SUPERVISOR: Prof. PhDr. Vladimíra Spilková, CSc. ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) which the European Union finds as a useful tool for teaching foreign languages in the 21st century. The objective of the theoretical part is to clarify the concept of CLIL and compare different interpretations and models which appears in school practice. We also focus on meta-analysis of research studies that have been undertaken in this area since 2005. The theoretical part provides insight into the history of CLIL in selected European countries including the Czech Republic. The first part concludes with a chapter on theoretical concepts which CLIL refers to and which are essential for implementation of CLIL. The aim of the empirical part is to implement CLIL into primary school teaching and describe what changes this innovation brings into practice. The empirical part is based on action research methodology which enable our active participation in the project of CLIL implementation. The main findings concerns the changes of the communication in the CLIL classroom. The results also shows that CLIL...

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / In die studie is daar gepoog om aan te toon waarom die ondervindingsmod~l vir taalleer die aangewese model vir effektiewe tweedetaalleer is. Die kommunikatiewe onderrigbenaderingswyse, onderhandeling in die klaskamer en die belangrikheid van die prosessillabus in tweedetaalverwerwing is bespreek. Die taalonderwyser se rot as fasiliteerder van leer in kommunikatiewe FAfrikaanstaalonderrig in die interaktiewe klaskamer met klem op leerdergesentreerde onderrig is uiteengesit. Daar is verder aangetoon dat daar ten opsigte van die rot van die onderwyser 'n paradigmatiese verskuiwing moet plaasvind, veral noudat beginsels van uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig wat deel van kurrikulum 2005 vorm, in 1998/1999 in aile Suid-Afrikaanse skole ingestel is. Die onderwyser is nou 'n fasiliteerder van kennis, nie 'n oordraer daarvan nie. Belangrike aspekte van leer wat leerders se tweedetaalleer be'invloed, is bespreek, byvoorbeeld klaskamerkommunikasie, fasilitering, suggestopedia, faktore wat begrip van leerstof be'invloed, onderwyser - en leerdergedragswyses, positiewe /eeratmosfeer, behandeling van leerderfoute, Jeerderpersepsies, kommunikatiewe strategiee en evalueringsmetodes. 'n Verskeidenheid taallesse wat op T2-Afrikaans en die T2-taalklaskamer betrekking het, en wat verskillende onderrigteoriee, uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig en die ses taalvaardighede integreer, word in hoofstuk 5 ge'illustreer. / In this study it is shown why the discovery model of language learning is the appropriate model for effective language learning. The communicative teaching approach, classroom-negotiation and the importance of the process syllabus in second language acquisition is discussed. The language teacher's role as facilitator of learning, in communicative L2 - Afrikaans language teaching in the interactive classroom with a learner-centered focus is explained. It is further shown that the role of the teacher must undergo a paradigm shift especially now that principles of outcomes based education which forms part of curriculum 2005 has been introduced into all schools in South Africa in 1998/1999. The teacher is now a facilitator of knowledge and not a transmitter thereof. Important aspects of learning that influence learners' second language learning are discussed, for example classroom communication, facilitation, suggestopedia, factors that influence the understanding of subject matter, teacher and learner behaviours, positive learning atmosphere, treatment of Ieamer errors, learner perceptions, communicative strategies and methods of evaluation. A variety of language lessons which integrate various teaching theories, outcomes based education and the six language learning skills which are related to L 2-Afrikaans and the L 2-classroom are illustrated in Chapter 5. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / In die studie is daar gepoog om aan te toon waarom die ondervindingsmod~l vir taalleer die aangewese model vir effektiewe tweedetaalleer is. Die kommunikatiewe onderrigbenaderingswyse, onderhandeling in die klaskamer en die belangrikheid van die prosessillabus in tweedetaalverwerwing is bespreek. Die taalonderwyser se rot as fasiliteerder van leer in kommunikatiewe FAfrikaanstaalonderrig in die interaktiewe klaskamer met klem op leerdergesentreerde onderrig is uiteengesit. Daar is verder aangetoon dat daar ten opsigte van die rot van die onderwyser 'n paradigmatiese verskuiwing moet plaasvind, veral noudat beginsels van uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig wat deel van kurrikulum 2005 vorm, in 1998/1999 in aile Suid-Afrikaanse skole ingestel is. Die onderwyser is nou 'n fasiliteerder van kennis, nie 'n oordraer daarvan nie. Belangrike aspekte van leer wat leerders se tweedetaalleer be'invloed, is bespreek, byvoorbeeld klaskamerkommunikasie, fasilitering, suggestopedia, faktore wat begrip van leerstof be'invloed, onderwyser - en leerdergedragswyses, positiewe /eeratmosfeer, behandeling van leerderfoute, Jeerderpersepsies, kommunikatiewe strategiee en evalueringsmetodes. 'n Verskeidenheid taallesse wat op T2-Afrikaans en die T2-taalklaskamer betrekking het, en wat verskillende onderrigteoriee, uitkomsgebaseerde onderrig en die ses taalvaardighede integreer, word in hoofstuk 5 ge'illustreer. / In this study it is shown why the discovery model of language learning is the appropriate model for effective language learning. The communicative teaching approach, classroom-negotiation and the importance of the process syllabus in second language acquisition is discussed. The language teacher's role as facilitator of learning, in communicative L2 - Afrikaans language teaching in the interactive classroom with a learner-centered focus is explained. It is further shown that the role of the teacher must undergo a paradigm shift especially now that principles of outcomes based education which forms part of curriculum 2005 has been introduced into all schools in South Africa in 1998/1999. The teacher is now a facilitator of knowledge and not a transmitter thereof. Important aspects of learning that influence learners' second language learning are discussed, for example classroom communication, facilitation, suggestopedia, factors that influence the understanding of subject matter, teacher and learner behaviours, positive learning atmosphere, treatment of Ieamer errors, learner perceptions, communicative strategies and methods of evaluation. A variety of language lessons which integrate various teaching theories, outcomes based education and the six language learning skills which are related to L 2-Afrikaans and the L 2-classroom are illustrated in Chapter 5. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)