Sammanfattning Eftersom det blev förbjudet att köpa sexuella tjänster i Sverige har denna uppsats, med hjälp av diskursanalys, undersökt hur rätten framställer sexköp som fenomen, sexköpare och även säljare av sexuella tjänster. Domar från olika svenska tingsrätter har analyserats, avseende vilka ord som används i framställningen av fenomenet. Socialkonstruktivistiska teorier har använts för att förstå hur konstruktionen sker av kön, prostitution som fenomen och hur offer samt gärningsman konstrueras. Då prostitution kan sägas vara en del i hur genus konstrueras i samhället idag har dikotomin mellan könen, samt mannen som norm, blivit en central del i uppsatsen. De gråzoner som finns i genuskontraktet kan tänkas utnyttjas av både män och kvinnor, där män låter sig köpa kvinnor, men kvinnor också med mer eller mindre frivillighet låter sig köpas. Detta bidrar till hur samhället ser på dem som säljer sex, de prostituerade blir medbrottslingar och delvis själva ansvariga för brottet. Detta leder i sin tur till att både gärningsmän och offer osynliggörs i samhället, och kan bidra till att brottet förringas. Om brottet inte uppmärksammas i tillräckligt hög grad kan staten vinna på det, speciellt med tanke på att den dolda prostitutionen inte är fullt så möjligt att komma åt och lagen framstår som ett misslyckande. Den verkligt viktiga frågan att ställa för en långsiktig förändring av attityder kring fenomenet, är varför män har ett behov av att köpa kvinnors kroppar för sexuellt bruk. Genussystemet möjliggör prostitution samtidigt som prostitution också i förlängningen är med och reproducerar genussystemet och kvinnans underordning i förhållande till mannen. / Abstract Since it became illegal to buy sexual services in Sweden, this essay examines, using discourse analysis, how the courts produces buying sex as a phenomenon, sex buyers and also sellers of sexual services. Judgments from various Swedish district courts have been analyzed in relation to which words used to describe the phenomenon. Social constructivist theories have been used to understand how the construction is done by sex, prostitution as a phenomenon and how victims and perpetrators are constructed. Since prostitution can be said to be a part of how gender is constructed in society today has the dichotomy between the sexes, and the man as the norm, become a central part of the essay. The gray areas of the gender contract may be used by both men and women, where men allow themselves to buy women, but women are also more or less free will allow themselves to be bought. This contributes to societies view those who sell sex, the prostitutes become accomplices and partly themselves responsible for the crime. This in turn leads to both offenders and victims are rendered invisible in society and can contribute to the offense belittled. If the crime is not addressed sufficiently the state can gain from it, especially given that the hidden prostitution is not quite as possible to access and the law appears to be a failure. The really important question to ask for a long-term change in attitudes towards the phenomenon, is why men have a need to buy women's bodies for sexual use. The gender system allows prostitution, while prostitution also, by extension, is part of and reproduces the gender system and the subordination of women in relation to man.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the self- rated mental health of social services clients and see what affects it. A comparison was made against the other respondents regarding mental health. The study investigated the link between mental health and some different variables, such as gender, country of origin and whether they have emplyment or not. In addition, it was also examined how clients experienced the meeting with the social services and whether there was connection between their mental health and contact with social services. The material that formed the basis for the study was PART-studien (Mental health-Employment-Relations) and was collected by three researchers; Forsell and Lavebratt from Karolinska Institutet (KI) and Lundberg of Uppsala University, and concerned individuals' living conditions and mental health. To analyze the use Goffman's theory (2011) of psychological and social stigma and Ahmed Anis theory analysis on stigma and its three levels of stigma; social stigma, self-stigma and professionals stigma against clients. Previous research in this field has also helped in the interpretation of the results, as previous research reinforced the image of the individual's self- rated mental health varies between different groups in society, and that mental illness is linked to stigma. The result shows that self- rated mental health was adversely affected if they were a client of social services, if they were a woman, if they were born abroad, if they dint´t had employment and if they had a negative experience of the encounter with the social services. It also revealed that those who were in contact with social service felt worst in general, regardless of the other variables influence such as gender, birth country or employment. / Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka den självskattade psykiska hälsan hos socialtjänstens klienter och vad som kan påverka den. En jämförelse gjordes mellan socialtjänstens klienter och övriga respondenter i undersökningsmaterialet. Studien undersökte samband mellan psykisk hälsa och olika variabler, så som kön, ursprungsland samt om man har sysselsättning eller ej. Utöver det undersöktes även hur klienterna upplevde mötet med socialtjänsten och om det fanns samband mellan deras psykiska hälsa och kontakten med socialtjänsten. Materialet som låg till grund för studien var PART-studien (Psykisk hälsa-Arbete-Relationer), som är insamlat av tre forskare; Forsell och Lavebratt från Karolinska Institutet (KI), samt Lundberg från Uppsala universitet, och rörde individers levnadsvillkor och psykiska hälsa. För att analysera användes Goffmans (2011) teori om psykiska och sociala stigman och Ahmedanis (2011) teorianalys om stigmatisering och dess tre olika nivåer av stigma; socialt stigma, självstigma och yrkesverksammas stigma mot klienter. Även tidigare forskning på området har använts för att tolka resultatet, då det förstärkte bilden av hur individers självskattade psykiska hälsa varierar mellan olika grupper i samhället och att psykisk ohälsa är kopplat till stigmatisering. Resultatet visar att den självskattade psykiska hälsan var sämre hos dem som var i kontakt med socialtjänsten, om de var kvinnor, om de var födda utomlands, om de saknade sysselsättning och om de hade en negativ erfarenhet av mötet med socialtjänsten, samt att rollen som klient hos socialtjänsten hade störst påverkan på den psykiska hälsan jämfört med övriga variabler. Det framkom även att de som var i kontakt med socialtjänsten mådde sämst, oberoende av de andra variablernas påverkan så som kön, födelseland eller sysselsättning.

Title: Utilization of animation programs for affecting fitness and weight reduction Objectives: The aim is to determine the effect on the fitness and weight of the individual motion intervention animation programs to a select group of animators, which activities include animation programs during the summer season from June to September and how they are demanding in terms of method, focus, intensity and time. Methods: The main methods are guided interview with animators, observation of animators and course of animation programs, measurements of anthropomethric parameters (weight, height) heart rate and resting heart rate of animators. Results: Animation programs are effective movement programs that meet all kriteria. The programs are versatile, covering all components of fitness. For whole season of four months: 56 hours on flexibility, 88 hours aerobic endurance, 48 hours power capability, 136 hours and 200 hours dexterity more components of condition together. Programs are also long-term, carried out in a time of eight hours per day, six days a week. The intensity of animation programs is the same for the animators whole season. The programs are in the zones of movement for health, weight control, and occasionally in the development zone condition. Requirements for activity of animator are...

Cette recherche doctorale se focalise sur les informations environnementales publiées volontairement par les entreprises françaises dans leurs rapports annuels ou dans leurs rapports de développement durable au travers de cinq articles. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les bénéfices que les firmes peuvent tirer de communiquer leur engagement environnemental auprès de leurs parties prenantes. En se basant sur un échantillon de grandes entreprises françaises du SBF 120 sur la période 2001-2011, notre recherche examine les leviers par lesquels la divulgation d’informations environnementales peut impacter la performance financière des entreprises. Dans un premier temps, elle analyse les avantages potentiels pour les entreprises qui communiquent sur leur engagement environnemental, concernant deux catégories importantes de parties prenantes : les actionnaires et les clients. Puis, elle analyse les circonstances dans lesquelles les entreprises opérant dans des secteurs polluants peuvent obtenir des bénéfices de leur divulgation environnementale. Nos résultats empiriques démontrent que les entreprises trouvent un intérêt économique à rendre compte à leurs actionnaires et clients leur engagement environnemental. / This doctoral research focus on the voluntary environmental information released by French firms in their annual reports and sustainability reports through five articles. The aim of this thesis is to provide better understanding of the potential benefits achieved by firms through communicated their environmental engagement to their external stakeholders. Using a sample of French listed firms belonging to the SBF 120 stock index over an eleven-year period (2001-2011), this research examines the mechanisms by which environmental reporting can influence firms’ financial performance. First, it illustrates the potential benefits for firms that report more on environmental initiatives, with regard to two important categories of stakeholders: shareholders and customers. Second, it investigates circumstances under which firms operating in environmentally sensitive industries can obtain financial benefits from the disclosure of their environmental initiatives. Our findings show that firms can reap economic benefits arising from environmental information disclosed to shareholders and customers.

No description available.

Ces dernières années, le développement continu des marques de distributeurs (MDD) a abouti à un marché composés de trois grands segments de consommateurs : (i) ceux qui sont fidèles aux marques nationales, (ii) aux marques de distributeurs et (iii) ceux qui combinent les deux. Pourquoi ce dernier groupe de consommateurs migrent-t-il d’une marque nationale vers une marque de distributeurs et inversement ? A notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a été menée sur cet aspect de la concurrence entre marque nationale et MDD. Les travaux de recherche en marketing ont surtout étudié les changements entre marques nationales ou le choix des MDD. Or, le comportement migratoire entre les deux types de marques peut représenter jusqu’à 20% des comportements d’achat (source : Panel MarketingScan). L’objet de cette thèse est donc de proposer un cadre théorique permettant de comprendre la migration entre les deux types de marques. Nous analysons l’influence des variables relatives à la marque (ou des références) et à la catégorie de produits tout en tenant compte des différences individuelles (observées et non observées) entre les ménages et les enseignes. Nous utilisons comme cadre empirique le panel Angevin de la Société MarketingScan. Nous élaborons pour cela un modèle de choix avec coefficients aléatoires et facteurs latents (Latent Factor Random coefficients Multinomial Logit Model) permettant de contrôler l’hétérogénéité entre les ménages. Les résultats montrent que le type de MDD (marque enseigne ou marque propre) a une influence à la fois sur la migration vers et le rachat des MDD. Le prix reste toujours important dans la concurrence entre les deux types de marques. Une plus grande disponibilité des références au niveau de la marque de distributeurs permet d’attirer plus de consommateurs. Toutefois, une forte présence de MDD réduit la satisfaction des consommateurs à l’égard de l’assortiment et les pousser à migrer vers les marques nationales. / For the last years, the consistent development of store brands or private labels has resulted in a market composed of three segments: customers who are national brand loyal, (ii) store brand loyal and (iii) those who combine store and national brands. So the question becomes: why does the latter group of consumers migrate from a national brand to a store brand and vice versa? To our knowledge, no study has been conducted about this aspect of national brand and private label competition. The research in marketing has mainly studied brand switching between national brands and the choice of store brand. However, migration between the two types of brand might account for up to 20% of the purchase behaviours (source: MarketingScan panel). The purpose of this dissertation is to suggest a theoretical framework to understand the migration between the two types of brands. We analyzed the influence of variables at the brand and SKU, and product category levels, while accounting for the (observed and unobserved) individual and store specific factors. Our empirical analysis is based on the panel data from MarketingScan. We developed a Latent Factor Random Coefficients Multinomial Logistic Model that allows us to control for unobserved heterogeneity. We showed that the type of store brand had an influence on both the migration and the behavioural loyalty to store brand. The price is still important in the competition between private labels and national brands. Greater availability of SKUs at the brand level promotes migration to store brands, which helps them capture additional purchases. Nevertheless, a strong presence of private labels in a product category reduces consumer satisfaction with the assortment and consequently causes households to migrate to national brands.

Thesis ((M. A. (Clinical Psychology)) --University of the North, 2000 / Refer to the document

With the growth of the Latino population in the United States on the rise and the limited number of bilingual Spanish social workers, it is critical to explore the Master of Social Work student’s self-perceived competency in Spanish skills and the support they receive. These are the emerging professionals that will be interacting and providing services for Latinos in our communities. Exploring and understanding the challenges students encounter, their self-perceived competency, and how students can be supported, will be beneficial not only to them but also to Latino clients seeking services in Spanish. Providing appropriate services in Spanish may alleviate the language barrier that many Latinos are concerned about when seeking services. This research utilized a mixed methods design with self-administered surveys and interviews conducted and analyzed with SPSS and transcriptions. The study findings suggest that bilingual Spanish-speaking Masters of Social Work students are not provided with adequate training, resources, and support from their MSW program or their field placements in order to provide high quality services to the Latino population. The study findings also suggest that not all bilingual individuals are comfortable with working with monolingual Spanish-speaking clients.

Le développement du temps-réel est aujourd'hui une préoccupation majeure dans la conception des réseaux de télécommunication et des réseaux informatiques. Toute donnée doit alors avoir une "durée de vie" très limitée dans le système, puisque son traitement doit être instantané. Pour rendre compte de cette contrainte dans la représentation d'un nœud du réseau, on enrichit le modèle classique de la file d'attente d'un nouveau paramètre: le délai d'exécution des tâches. On parlera donc de file d'attente avec clients impatients: ils entrent dans le magasin avec une patience limitée et le quittent si leur délai expire avant d'avoir atteint un serveur. Nous étudions des cas où la discipline de service dépend du délai des clients ( EDF: on sert le plus pressé, LDF: le moins pressé...). Ceux-ci présentent une dynamique instable, ce qui en complique notoirement la description markovienne. Pour un système général sous toute discipline de service, un schéma de récurrence arrière aux instants de fins de service nous permet de prouver sous Palm l'Existence/Unicité du régime stationnaire, et de donner la condition de récurrence. Nous prouvons dans le même cadre par des techniques de couplage qu'EDF est la discipline optimale et que LDF est la pire pour la probabilité de perte à l'équilibre P et donnons une borne du gain d'EDF en terme de P. Nous calculons en outre des encadrements de P sous EDF dans certains cas. Nous proposons ensuite une description markovienne de la file d'attente avec clients impatients par le processus à valeur mesures ponctuelles simples où chaque masse de Dirac représente le délai résiduel d'un client en attente ou déjà perdu. Nous donnons la limite fluide d'une suite de renormalisations de ce processus en espace, temps et amplitude, ainsi qu'un théorème central limite fonctionnel établissant la convergence en loi de l'écart à la limite vers un processus de diffusion . La limite fluide, à trajectoires continues et déterministes, s'écrit explicitement comme l'unique solution d'une équation intégrale dans l'espace des processus à valeurs distributions tempérées. Les convergences s'obtiennent par passage aux fonctions tests du dual, et par des méthodes de compacité/unicité. Nous appliquons ces résultats à l'estimation asymptotique des processus de congestion et de perte sous EDF et FIFO, et au système délai pur.

<p>The aim of this study was to examine how clients who have or have previously had a drug- and/or alcohol addiction experienced interchanges with social workers. In this study, eight semi-structured interviews were made with respondents from an out-patient clinic in a small town in Sweden. Questions were asked regarding clients’ experience of the social workers' attitudes during the initial meeting as well as all continuing meetings. Other possible variables that affected the interchanges, either positively or negatively, including how the clients wanted to be treated, were also explored. Theories used in the interpretation of the results were power and an interactional perspective. The power at the social bureau is unevenly dispensed in favor of the social worker and they should use that power in a non-offending way. Good communication is essential to avoid misconceptions and to make the interaction work well between social workers and clients. The results showed that concepts such as being listened to, mutual trust between client and social worker, and that the clients felt respected, were all important. Aspects that had a negative effect were mistrust from the social worker, lack in professionalism as well as the clients’ attitudes. Most respondents were satisfied with the way they were being treated.</p> / <p>Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur klienter som har eller har haft en alkohol- och/eller drogproblematik upplever bemötandet på socialkontoret. För att få svar på syftet undersöktes klienters upplevelser av bemötandet vid sitt första möte och under fortsatta möten. Även faktorer som påverkar bemötandet positivt eller negativt samt hur de skulle vilja bli bemötta undersöktes. För att få svar på syftet gjordes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från en öppenvårdsmottagning i en liten ort i Mellansverige. Teorier som använts vid tolkningen av resultatet var makt och interaktionistiskt perspektiv. Makten på socialkontoret är ojämnt fördelad till handläggarens fördel, det är viktigt att makten används enligt socialtjänstens riklinjer för att inte kränka klienten. Bemötandet uppstår i interaktionen mellan människor, och det är viktigt att kommunikationen mellan handläggare och klient fungerar för att inte missförstånd ska uppstå. Resultatet visade att det som var viktigt för ett bra bemötande var att respondenterna blev lyssnade på, att det fanns ett ömsesidigt förtroende mellan klient och handläggare och att de blev respekterade. Det som kunde påverka bemötandet negativt var misstro från handläggaren, brister i professionaliteten och klientens egen attityd. De flesta var dock i stort sett nöjda med bemötandet på socialkontoret.</p>