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No. of bitstreams: 1 ArianaLCP_TESE.pdf: 1354175 bytes, checksum: 3b6daaceb10d7ed6b27d02cbd71cb2c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / We aimed to assess whether cortisol and the physiological variables of asinine are influenced by meteorological variables, and if tramadol at doses of 2.5mg.kg-1 and 4mg.kg-1 IV promotes post-surgical analgesia in donkeys that have undergone orchiectomy. A priori, we used 10 north-eastern donkeys, in which we evaluated heart (HR) and respiratory (fR) rates, systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure, rectal temperature (RT) and cortisol. The weather station of UFERSA provided temperature of the environment (TE), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (WS) values, from which we calculated the temperature and humidity index (THI) every 2 hours for 24 hours. Afterwards, 24 donkeys, divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each: CG (control group, saline IV), GT2.5 (2.5 mg.kg-1 of tramadol IV) and GT4.0 (4.0 mg.kg-1 of tramadol IV) either received or did not analgesic after castration. The physiological variables mentioned above were re-evaluated and inserted in a multifactorial numerical scale to assess the analgesia within 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 12h and 24h after surgery. Statistical differences between groups in each hour and between hours for each particular group were obtained through the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests, respectively. The relationship between the physiological and meteorological variables were analysed through the Spearman correlation. In the cortisol and physiological variables applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA). HR did not change significantly. The RT rose from 6h until 18h, the fR until 20h, and the blood pressures peaked at 2h and 14h. TE rose significantly from 6h to 14h, the WS until 12h, while the RH decreased until 12h. From 8h until 24h THI was in the range of 71-78, considered critical, its highest average occurred at 14h. There was significant negative correlation between fR and WS, as well as between RT and WS; and positive between fR and RH. Cortisol increased at 6h, peaking every 6h. The mean pain scores in the tramadol groups were significantly lower than those in the CG at 4h after surgery. In total, 87.5% of the GT4.0 animals received rescue analgesia, against 100% of the other groups. We concluded that the meteorological variables influence the physiological variables of donkeys in the north-eastern semi-arid. Tramadol at doses of 2.5 and 4.0 mg.kg-1 IV increased postsurgical analgesia for a period of 4-6h in donkeys that had undergone castration. The doses used did not cause deleterious changes to the cardiovascular parameters of the asinine / Objetivou-se avaliar se o cortisol e os parâmetros fisiológicos de asininos são influenciados pelas variáveis meteorológicas, e se o tramadol nas doses de 2,5 mg.kg-1 e 4 mg.kg-1IV promove analgesia pós-cirúrgica em asininos submetidos à orquiectomia. À priori, utilizaramse 10 animais, nos quais avaliaram-se frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (fR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM), temperatura retal (TR) e cortisol. A estação meteorológica da UFERSA forneceu os dados de temperatura ambiente (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR) e velocidade do vento (VV), a partir daí calculou-se o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) a cada 2h, durante 24 horas. À posteriori, 24 asininos, divididos em 3 grupos de 8 animais: GC (grupo controle, solução salina IV), GT2,5 (tramadol 2,5 mg.kg-1 IV) e GT4,0 (tramadol 4,0 mg.kg-1 IV) receberam ou não analgésico após castração. Os parâmetros fisiológicos acima citados foram reavaliados e inseridos em escala numérica multifatorial para avaliação da analgesia em 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 12h e 24h após a cirurgia. Diferenças estatísticas entre grupos dentro de cada momento e entre momentos para cada grupo, foram testadas com Kruskall-Wallis e Friedman respectivamente, as relações existentes entre as variáveis fisiológicas e meteorológicas, correlação de Spearman. Para cortisol e parâmetros fisiológicos aplicou-se Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). A FC não variou significativamente. A TR elevou-se das 6h até às 18h, a fR até às 20h, e as pressões apresentaram picos às 2h e às 14h. A TA elevou-se significativamente das 6h até às 14h, a VV até às 12h, enquanto que a UR diminuiu até às 12h. De 8h às 24h o ITU estava na faixa de 71- 78, a maior média ocorreu às 14h. Houve correlação significativa negativa entre fR e a VV, e da TR com a VV; e positiva entre fR a com UR. O cortisol apresentou elevação às 6h da manhã, com picos a cada 6h. As médias dos escores de dor dos grupos tramadol foram significativamente menores do que o GC em 4h após a cirurgia. No total, 87,5% dos animais do GT4,0 receberam analgesia resgate, contra 100% dos demais grupos. Concluiu-se que as variáveis meteorológicas influenciam os parâmetros fisiológicos de asininos do semiárido nordestino. O tramadol nas doses de 2,5 e 4,0 mg.kg-1IV incrementaram a analgesia póscirúrgica pelo período de 4-6h em asininos submetidos à castração. As doses utilizadas não causaram alterações deletérias aos parâmetros cardiovasculares de asininos / 2017-04-18

Communicating climate change in a manner that spurs engagement and motivates actions among the public is a challenging task, due to its complex nature with many uncertainties. The same problem is evident when communicating climate adaptation where there often are trade-offs made between different needs. Information and communication technology is an area that has been highlighted as a possible form to communicate climate change, especially to youth due to their generally good technological skills. In this study, an application of information and communication technology, a digital serious game, has been studied in the context of communicating and educating about climate adaptation in schools. A total of 96 students and three teachers have been part of the study and the material was analysed using a thematic analysis. The aim of the study was to see how students and teachers reflect on the possibilities and challenges with using games to communicate and educate. In addition, the role of serious gaming in experiential learning was explored, which is a commonly used theory when studying serious games. The results revealed that serious games could play a role in communicating and educating about climate change, where the participants highlighted the game’s focus on local perspectives and solutions. The respondents also found that games could provide a more active learning process allowing the students to make decisions and see the results of their choices, an approach that could open up for discussion and reflection, which are important aspects found in the theory of experiential learning.

According to the World Resources Institute, Barbados is one of seven Caribbean countries ranked as being the most water stressed territories in the world. Prevailing drought conditions for the period 2010-2016 further compromised its water security while confirming predictions of a drier regional Caribbean climate. The simultaneous failing of at least 50-year-old water infrastructure at many points in the distribution network adds to these water stress conditions, and presents a financial burden to the local water utility in the form of lost revenues, and increased energy consumption for pumping. Climate change and its impacts are not gender-neutral, and water infrastructure projects developed to mitigate and or adapt to climate change impacts will have different degrees of gender dimensions, based on the social and economic contexts within which populations are embedded. Incorporating gender differences in climate projects is smart economics, and as such the Green Climate Fund (GCF) is the first international fund to mandate the integration of a “gender-sensitive approach” throughout project life cycles. The Barbados Water Authority (BWA) is applying, with the Caribbean Community Climate Change Center (5Cs), for funding from the Green Climate Fund to pursue an Energy-Water-Nutrient Nexus for Sustainable Coastal Infrastructure (EWN-SCI) project. The proposed project will develop an interdisciplinary program in Barbados that implements demonstration sites with integrated water supply, resource recovery, and renewable energy management systems that are designed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, support climate change adaptation strategies, build technical capacity in the Caribbean region, and share lessons learnt with the rest of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries. The overall goal of this research is to present practical guidelines, and approaches to mainstream and operationalize gender throughout the life cycle of water and wastewater infrastructure projects using an Energy Water Nutrient nexus project in Barbados. The objectives to guide this research are (1) to determine the institutional and legal frameworks that inform the types and extent of gender mainstreaming activities to be incorporated in the development of water and wastewater climate infrastructure projects in Barbados, (2) to characterize the current landscape for integrating gender into the design and management of water and wastewater infrastructure in Barbados, and (3) evaluate and recommend opportunities for gender integration in the life cycle of water and wastewater infrastructure in Barbados. Literature and tools for categorization of the gender dimensions of water and wastewater infrastructure (centralized and decentralized) projects in Small Island Developing States, and particularly Caribbean nations to determine the scope, and type of appropriate gender mainstreaming activities are limited. In the literature, gender equality as a goal of climate financing mechanisms was introduced retroactively for several multilateral climate funds due to sub-optimal project outcomes from gender blind projects. Projects implemented by these funds globally, post inclusion of explicit gender equality outcomes can provide direct, or indirect guidance on appropriate gender mainstreaming activities to be included in the development of water and wastewater infrastructure projects in Barbados. Case studies on water and sanitation gender vulnerabilities in Jamaica provide one of the few ideal sources of information on Caribbean gender mainstreaming activities. To inform objective 1, literature on Barbados’ population, socio-economic statistics, and national gender and climate change policies was used to determine the status and scope of institutional and legal commitments to gender mainstreaming the development of water and wastewater climate adaptive infrastructure in Barbados. To satisfy objective 2, a gender profile of technical and leadership roles at the BWA was created, and social media information, results of a water user survey, focus groups and interviews were analyzed to gain cultural context, and community insight on existing gender inequalities, impacts resulting from the types of water infrastructure projects pursued and their methods of implementation. The survey, focus groups and interviews were conducted in Barbados during the period 10/20/16 to 11/8/16. This period was characterized by unprecedented water shortages and interruptions which were reflected in the feedback from the data analysis. For objective 3, gender impacts of the infrastructural components of the EWN-SCI projects were described, and opportunities to address these concerns across the individual infrastructure project cycles were proposed. There are currently no legislative commitments to gender equality in water and wastewater resources management in Barbados. A Draft National Policy on Gender is presently before parliament but the policy does not address gender and water. The BWA has more men than women employed in technical (45% vs 3.5%), and leadership (9.1% vs 3.9%) roles which directly contribute to the design and management of the utility’s projects. Most of these individuals are in the middle or near the end of their careers (> 40 years of age), and thus present a timely opportunity to recruit, train and promote women to fill these roles. On social media (Facebook and Twitter), many individuals described the challenges experienced during the water shortages. Individuals also criticized the BWA for their lack of communication during this period. The lack of an online presence by the BWA represented a lost opportunity to engage its stakeholders on collaborative solutions that could temporarily or permanently alleviate the challenges. The water user survey revealed a statistical significant association (p ≤ 0.05) between gender and type of water storage container used at the household level. Men were more likely than women to report use of larger plastic buckets and tanks, while women showed a preference for smaller buckets and bottles. Identification and consideration of design parameters such as preference for type and size of storage receptacle, system elevation, position of cleaning access point, and need for a pump will facilitate or limit the successful adoption or adaptation of rainwater harvesting systems. The proposition of a research arm of the utility that could study gender dimensions of health impacts of water quality and water interruptions, and economic studies assessing feasibility of introducing a tariff structure on water provision were priority projects from the BWA. Investment in equipment at the national government lab, and at the University of the West Indies (UWI) Chemistry Department represents a skills building and economic empowerment opportunity for women who form the bulk of workforce at these institutions. The key recommendations identified from the Gender Impact Assessment for the model EWN-SCI Projects were to the need to identify clear gender objectives and targets prior to project implementation to ensure their incorporation in the project. Budgetary allocations to appoint a gender focal point who would coordinate these activities are also recommended. Job creation is one the main areas for distribution of project benefits for the EWN-SCI Project. Since the current skillsets for technical jobs at the BWA bias allotment to men, and at the UWI Chemistry Department there is bias in favor of women, targeted training and recruitment should be aimed at the under-represented sex for each position. Additionally the inclusion of socio-economic information as a criterion for prioritization of locations for intervention was recommended.

Climate adaptive strategies seek to minimize harms of climate change. Scholarly research has yet to examine the impact of these strategies in post-conflict communities, especially with regard to whether they might contribute to fostering greater overall well-being, or positive peace. This thesis seeks to address this gap and adopts the research question, how does climate adaptation impact positive peace in post-natural resource conflict communities? I hypothesize that climate adaptation is likely to contribute to positive peace in post-natural resource conflict communities by reducing environmental stressors through strengthened natural resource management. Theoretically, climate adaptation provides the capacity for local communities to strengthen natural resource management, which enables them to cope with the effects of climate change. This in turn, reduces environmental stressors and allows communities to better meet local needs and foster positive peace. Using a qualitative method of structured focused comparison, I collect empirics from two districts in post-natural resource conflict Rwanda (after 2002) to test how climate adaptation impacts positive peace at the local level. Although findings show little evidence that climate adaptation drives positive peace, results indicate that such programs may be poised to contribute to lessened environmental stress through strengthened natural resource management.

abstract: Disasters represent disruptions to stability and offer lessons about how climate adaptation is negotiated and acted on. Viewing adaptation as a negotiation helps understand recovery not just as actions taken to minimize harm, but a reflection of values and motivations surrounding adaptation. This research elicits these perspectives and considers them as part of an ongoing agreement for disaster recovery and adaptation in Puerto Rico. Previous research has characterized recovery as an opportunity for rethinking societal arrangements for climate adaptation and highlights the importance of how adaptation is conceptualized across actors. This study builds on past research by using distinct perspectives to understand recovery as an adaptation process and a co-production of a new ‘social contract’ after Hurricane Maria. Community interviews and government documents are analyzed to understand who is involved, where change is happening, and what resources are necessary for success. The purpose of this is to consider distinct framings of recovery and adaptation, and what these contribute to long-term change. Community interviews give a perspective of local stability and show capacities for immediate and long-term recovery. Similarly, government documents discuss managing foundational vulnerabilities like infrastructure, while navigating recovery given geographical and economic obstacles. Findings show that self-organization and harnessing social capital are crucial components of recovery in the Corcovada community after Maria. They rely on bonding and bridging social capital to mobilize resources and reduce vulnerabilities for future threats. This transformative approach was also present in official recovery documents, though political and economic change were stressed as necessary for stability, along with modernizing infrastructure. While recovery documents suggest connecting physical and social resilience, community residents have cultivated this connection long before Maria. Unlike in Corcovada, the government of Puerto Rico is only starting to view disruptions as windows of opportunity and therefore mention plans for transformation but don’t present actions taken. Further, the reality of vulnerable infrastructural, political and economic systems greatly affects recovery both in Corcovada and across the island. Both perspectives will likely affect actions taken in Puerto Rico and recognizing these unique framings of stability can help design transformative, adaptive social contracts for facing future threats. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Sustainability 2019

Changes in climate influence agricultural production. This study looks at the impacts of climate variability in the Utah regions of the Upper Colorado River Basin by combining regression techniques with interview data to explore how climate variability affects agricultural production and how the farmers are adapting their practices to these changes. The results show that climate does not have any significant impact on cattle and hay production in the study area on a decadal scale. However, on an annual basis temperature seems to have more impact than precipitation. Among non-climatic variables, commodity prices and their regulations by the government are the most important factors that influence the year-to-year production. Farmers are well-aware of these impacts and have adapted significantly to the changes that occur on a year-to-year basis.

Tidigare forskning visar att klimatpåverkan som har skett under decennier, leder till negativa konsekvenser för samhället. Om samhället ska vara robust för denna påverkan behöver samhället anpassas. Klimatanpassningsarbetet är fortfarande en relativ ny fråga och ses som mer utmanande för mindre kommuner. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur mellanstora- och mindre kommuner arbetar med klimatanpassningsfrågan med fokus på fyra kommuner i Östergötland. Syftet grundar sig i frågeställningarna som behandlar vilka utmaningar som kommunerna ser i arbetet samt vad som skiljer kommunerna åt.   Studiens besvaras genom kvalitativ metod där material från intervjuer med tjänstepersoner inom respektive kommun samlades in samt dokumentanalys av kommunernas översiktsplaner samt handlingsplaner. Materialet analyseras utifrån en tematisk analys. Studiens resultat visar på att kommunerna arbetar med klimatanpassning men att implementeringen skiljer sig åt. Som beror på olika utmaningar som kommunerna står inför där resursbrist samt politiskt intresse styr utvecklingen. / Previous research shows that climate impact, which has taken place for decades, leads to consequences for society. If society is to be robust to this impact, society needs to adapt. Climate adaptation is still a relatively new issue and is seen as more challenging for smaller municipalities. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate how medium-sized and small municipalities work with the climate adaptation issue with a focus on four municipalities in Östergötland. Also to see what challenges the municipalities highlight. The study is based on a qualitative method. Material from interviews with representatives from each municipality was collected and document analysis of the municipalities documents. The material was analyzed with thematic analysis. The results of the study shows that the municipalities work with climate adaptation, but that the implementation differs due to various challenges that the municipalities face.

The impacts of climate change have resulted in the need for adaptation tools to provide stakeholders with the ability to respond to a broad range of potential impacts. Geovisualizations serve as powerful engagement tools due to their capacity in communicating complex climate data to various audiences. Studies have shown a preference towards conveying climate data through geo-visual representations, to quickly present ideas rooted in geographical challenges and solutions. However, a rapid pace of technological advancements has paved the way for an abundance of geovisualization products that have eclipsed the necessary theoretical inquiry and knowledge required to establish effective visualization principles. This study addresses this research gap by conducting a structured review of the geovisualization for climate change literature, and creating a conceptual framework that classifies existing geovisualization products into themes relating to visualization features, audiences, and the intended outcome or purpose of the visualization medium. The Climate Visualizations for Adaptation Products (CVAP) framework, is a tool for researchers and practitioners to use as a decision support system to discern an appropriate type of geovisualization product to implement within a specific use case or towards a particular audience. The process of developing a geovisualization software tool for displaying sea ice probability (SIP) in Arctic regions is detailed, in the context of suggested best practices for web development. Challenges and opportunities encountered while adhering to the best practice protocols and guidelines are examined. A usability evaluation is suggested to assess the general user attitude towards a website or service. Finally a summary with conclusions and suggestions for future research are provided. / Graduate

Stigande havsnivåer är något som idag påverkar kustområden världen över, vilket har lett till att fokus behövt riktas mot att klimatanpassa den fysiska planeringen. Syftet med uppsatsarbetet är att genom en fallstudie undersöka kommunerna Karlskrona och Ystad arbete med klimatanpassning för havsnivåhöjningar. Vidare är syftet att studera vilken roll digitala planeringsverktyg har. Arbetet ska besvara två frågeställningar där den första handlar om hur respektive kommun arbetar med klimatanpassning för stigande havsnivåer och den andra behandlar digitala planeringsverktygs roll i det arbetet.  Studien bygger på kvalitativa metoder och insamlingen av empiri genomfördes med kvalitativa intervjuer samt konventionella innehållsanalyser. Det teoretiska ramverket består av begreppen: “resiliens”, “anpassningskapacitet”, “digitalisering inom fysisk planering” och “resurskoordinering”. Resultatet visar främst att Karlskrona kommun arbetar med långsiktiga lösningar och samverkan samt att Ystad kommun arbetar proaktivt och utifrån strategier och handlingsplaner. Det framkom även att digitala planeringsverktyg har en mer kompletterande roll i kommunernas arbete. / Sea level rise affects coastal areas around the world, which has made urban planning move towards climate adaptation. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the municipalities of Karlskrona and Ystad work with climate adaptation for sea level rise and what part digital planning tools have. The paper has two main issues which aims to understand how climate adaptation for rising seas is implemented in the municipalities and the role of digital planning tools.  The study is based on qualitative methods and the data was collected with qualitative interviews and conventional content analysis. The theoretical framework includes: “resilience”, “adaptation capacity”, “digitalization in urban planning” and “resource coordination”. The results shows that the municipality of Karlskrona works with long term solutions and cooperation, and that the municipality of Ystad works proactively with strategies. Lastly it became clear that digital planning tools have a complementary part in the municipalities work.

Expected effects from climate change are increased precipitation and rising temperatures. This in combination with urban densification where green areas are replaced by hard surfaces contributes to a higher risk of floods and heat islands, since green areas provide ecosystem services which disposes local stormwater and has a cooling effect. The aim of this study was to investigate how green roofs and its ecosystem services can contribute to more sustainable cities. This study was conducted by literature data combined with interviews. The result of this study showed that the most important function of green roofs is stormwater management. The space in cities is limited and many functions e.g., infrastructure and buildings should fit in limited surface. The lack of space is a problem to ensure that there are sufficient green spaces that provides ecosystem services. This problem could decrease by using the roofs to a greater extent to ensure ecosystem services in form of e.g., stormwater management. However, the municipalities’ room for maneuver to plan with green roofs showed to be limited by regulations. In conclusion, there is potential to build green roofs to a greater extent as they have many benefits that are useful in urban densification and to counteract negative effects of climate change, e.g., stormwater management and temperature control. The municipal actors would therefore need more room to maneuver to be able to implement green roofs in community planning to a greater extent.