Spelling suggestions: "subject:"code"" "subject:"co2""
21 |
Hur stort får vi bo? : Klimatpåverkan per person i Sverige / How big living area can we allow? : Climate impact per person in SwedenLindqvist, Anna, Wolf, Michaela January 2019 (has links)
Purpose: The world is supposed to aim for a maximal global warming of 1,5 degrees Celsius which means an ecological footprint of 1,3-ton CO2e/person, year. How much does a sustainable living situation affect the living area per person? With the help of a typical Swedish house and a lifecycle analysis the living area is put in relation to the 1,5-degree aim. The purpose of this report is to investigate how the fulfilling of the 1,5-degree aim will affect the living area per person. Method: The research approach in the report is quantitative were a meta study and a case study compose the research strategy. The data collecting methods are a literature study and a document analysis. Lastly the report uses calculations and lifecycle analysis for analyzing and compiling the results. Findings: The goal value for the facility sector should come down to 0.3217ton CO2e/person, year. The typical-house uses 0,6637 ton CO2e/person, year. The results show an unsustainable situation from today’s living situation. It would take between eight to twelve people in the typical house to reach the goal value for the facility sector. Conclusion and recommendations: <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Individuals cannot understand their own effect of their living situation when it is measured in CO2e/square meter. Lifecycle analysis, energy-declarations and other things relevant for the living situation should be measured per person who uses the space to give perspective on the climate impact. <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">A tangible goal value for a sector is extremely hard to define and mostly up to the contemplators’ value and logic. The breakdown of the sectors needs to become clearer and more consequent for a better possibility to compare. <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">We got knowledge from Birkved, Brejnrod, Kalbar och Petersens (2017) report of how both the construction and consumption stages needs to change and how that isn’t nearly enough. Clearer instruments towards electricity from solar-, wind- and hydro power for real estate owners in all sizes is a recommendation. <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="39" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">It is clear how both individuals and companies need to open their eyes for what it is going to take and how far it is to reach a sustainable situation. Which means that politics need to take a much harder grip on the situation. Such as the demand on the environment declaration should have a maximum value. Limitations: The lifecycle analysis has missing parts of the transport stage and the entire production stage. PRINCE’s version of how to divide the sectors is from 2014 but uses numbers from 2016 over Sweden’s total CO2e emissions. The facility sector contains more categories than what is taken into account in the lifecycle analysis / Syfte: Världen ska eftersträva en maximal global uppvärmning på 1,5 grad och därmed ett maximalt ekologiskt fotavtryck på 1,3 ton CO2e/person, år. Hur mycket påverkas boarean per person om man vill ha ett hållbart boende? Med hjälp av ett svenskt typhus och en livscykelanalysberäkning sätts boarean i relation till 1,5-gradsmålet. Examensarbetets syfte är att undersöka hur uppfyllandet av 1,5-gradsmålet påverkar boarean per person. Metod: Rapporten kommer genomföras med en kvantitativ forskningsansats där en metastudie och fallstudie utgör forskningsstrategin. Till dem används datainsamlingsmetoderna litteraturstudie och dokumentanalys. Slutligen sker bearbetning och dataanalys med hjälp av beräkningar och en livscykelanalys för att kunna sammanställa och jämföra resultat. Resultat: Målvärdet för boendesektorn bör komma ner till 0,3217 ton CO2e/person, år. Typhuset gör av med 0,6637 ton CO2e/person, år. Resultatet visar på en ohållbar situation utifrån dagens boendeförhållande. För att nå målet idag skulle det krävas att det bodde mellan åtta och tolv personer i det svenska nybyggda typhuset. Slutsats och rekommendationer: <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">En individ kan inte förestå sin påverkan av sitt boende då det mäts i CO2e/kvm. Livscykelanalyser, energideklarationer och andra relevanta saker för boendet bör mätas per person som nyttjar ytan för att kunna ge perspektiv på klimatpåverkan. <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Ett konkret målvärde för en sektor är extremt svårdefinierat. Sektorernas indelningar skulle behöva bli tydligare och mer konsekventa för bättre jämförelsemöjligheter. <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Från bland annat Birkved, Brejnrod, Kalbar och Petersens (2017) rapport blev vi upplysta om hur både byggkonstruktion och drift behöver förändras men att det inte är tillräckligt. Hårdare styrmedel för el från sol-, vind- och vattenkraft för fastighetsägare av alla storlekar är en rekommendation. <li data-leveltext="%1." data-font="" data-listid="47" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Det är tydligt hur både individer och företag behöver få upp ögonen för vad som krävs och hur långt det är att nå dit. Vilket innebär att politiken behöver ta mycket hårdare tag. Exempelvis skulle kravet om en klimatdeklaration på skede A1-A3 också kunna innehålla ett maximalt värde. Begränsningar: Livscykelanalysen rymmer inte den del som innefattar transporter från bygg och installationsprocessen i transport (A4) och inget av bygg och installationsprocessen (A5). PRINCE:s sektorindelning över växthusgasutsläpp från 2014 används med siffror från Naturvårdsverket från 2016 över Sveriges totala CO2-utsläpp. Boendesektorn innefattar fler utsläppsområden än vad som ingår i en livscykelanalys.
|
22 |
Livscykelanalys och livscykelkostnad för byggnad isolerad med hampfiber jämfört med alternativ isolering / Life cycle analysis and life cycle cost of building insulated with hemp fiber compared to alternative insulationEriksson, Ylva, Mathilda, Hult, Karlsmo, Sara January 2021 (has links)
Det finns en oro kring konsekvenserna av ökade växthusgasutsläpp. Därför har bland annat EU:s medlemsländer tecknat avtal om att minska utsläppen. I Sverige har det lett till krav att från och med 2022 redovisa byggmaterials miljöpåverkan genom klimatdeklarationer. Byggsektorn har potential att minska klimatpåverkan. Byggnadsmaterial ger olika utsläpp av växthusgaser och valet av material är viktigt. Isoleringsmaterial med naturlig härkomst anses orsaka mindre utsläpp än konventionell isolering. Hampa är ett exempel på ett naturligt material som kan användas i småhusbebyggelse. Hampan kan bli en kolsänka då biomaterial binder kol. Tyvärr finns det idag mycket begränsad forskning på just hampfiberisolering i svenskt klimat. Syftet med studien är att bidra med ökad kunskap inför valet av isoleringsmaterial i ett småhus, av modellen Eneryda av Rörvikshus, placerat i Växjö. I arbetet jämförs klimatpåverkan och kostnader för isoleringsmaterialen hamp-, cellulosa- och glasullsisolering genom en livscykelanalys (LCA) och en livscykelkostnad (LCC) i en vald husmodell. I studien undersöks skedena A-D, d.v.s. från vagga till grav. Resultatet visar att byggnaden isolerad med hampfiber orsakar det lägsta nettoutsläppet på 124 följt av cellulosa 132 och glasull 139 CO₂e/m². Kostnaden för byggnaden med isolering av hampfiber är 5467, cellulosa 4830 och glasull 4861 SEK/m²BOA. Genom att välja hampfiberisolering istället för glasull kan utsläppen för husmodellen Eneryda minskas med 12 % samtidigt som kostnaden ökar med 20 %. Att välja cellulosaisolering i stället för glasullsisolering ger en minskning av nettoutsläppen med 5 % och kostnaderna förblir detsamma. Studiens känslighetsanalyser visar effekten av indata. Om råvaran till cellulosa byts ut från oanvänt papper till återvunnen råvara orsakar det att nettoutsläppen för byggnaden Eneryda minskar med 13 %. Det innebär att småhuset Eneryda isolerad med cellulosa från återvunnen produkt orsakar 15 % lägre utsläpp än glasullshuset - utan att påverka priset. Största påverkan på nettoutsläppen hade Enerydas värmesystem. Att använda bergvärme istället för Veab:s fjärrvärme ökade nettoutsläppen med 56 – 63 %. Slutligen ledde resultatet av studien till en diskussion om avsaknaden av en entydig definition och metod för användandet av biogent kol i klimatdeklarationer. Att exkludera biogent kol leder till att hampfiberisoleringen bidrar med högst utsläpp tätt följt av cellulosan och sist glasullsisoleringen som släpper ut minst. Studiens resultat påvisar vikten av vaksamhet och att Boverket borde blir tydligare kring det biogena kolet i klimatberäkningar. Enheten bör utvecklas mer av institut för standarder. Av resultaten framgår också vikten av att ta tidsaspekten av biomaterialets förnyelsetid i beaktande vid beräkningarna för att material som hampfiber binder kol snabbare än exempelvis trä. / The concern of climate change has influenced the building sector in Sweden to become more climate neutral. The choice of building materials affect the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents [CO₂e]. The purpose of the study is to provide more basis for the choice of insulation material looking into the climate- and cost implication of hemp fibre, cellulose and stone wool insulation. The study includes an accounting-LCA from cradle to grave (A – D) and an LCC. The study looks at the climate shell of a one-story single-family house, model Eneryda from Rörvikshus, in Växjö over the lifetime 50 years. The result shows that Eneryda net emissions for hemp fiber insulation is 124 CO₂e/m²BOA and the cost is 5467 SEK/m2 BOA. The result of emissions for the hempfiber-model is 12% less and the cost is 20% higher than the glass wool-model. Cellulose insulation results in net emissions of 132 CO₂e/m² and a cost of 4830 SEK/m2 BOA. Cellulose results in 5% less emissions and nearly the same cost as the glass wool building.
|
23 |
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through the Use of Free Shops : A Case Study of Two Free Shops in GothenburgNord, Iza January 2018 (has links)
Products, throughout their life cycle from production to waste management, create emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). This leads to environmental impacts on the climate (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). The consumed products from households are increasing (World Wildlife Fund, 2008) and so is the waste generated from them (Avfall Sverige, n.d.). A more sustainable development generating from circular economy should be focused on to increases the reuse of products and by so reduce the amount of waste generated (Göteborgs Stad, n.d.a.) This study have examined if the use of Free Shops can help the city of Gothenburg to reach higher up the waste management hierarchy towards reuse and prevention, and if carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) can be avoided by using Free Shops. Two Free Shops with the purpose to increase reuse in Gothenburg have been studied and their effect on GHG emissions, presented as CO2e, have been analysed. A Life Cycle Inventory Study (LCI) has been conducted on all, but two, different materials entering the Free Shops for four weeks, including the production, waste management, transportation and storage. The result of the study shows that a mean of 10 ton CO2e per Free Shop per year can be avoided when reusing at a Free Shop instead of buying new products. This equals leaving a low energy lamp on for approximately 590 years (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) based on a low energy lamp using 0,007 kWh (Eon, 2007). To examine if the Free Shops can reduce the amount of waste disposed of by households in Gothenburg the material entering the Free Shops was weight and analysed to estimate how it corresponded to the amount of waste disposed of. The result shows that the material entering a Free Shop only corresponds to 0.0025 percent of the household waste disposed of in the city. This indicates that Free Shops by themselves will not solve the problem with increasing amounts of waste and emissions from increasing production. However, they can help in a small scale. / <p>20180625</p>
|
24 |
Quantification of emissions in the ICT sector – a comparative analysis of the Product Life Cycle Assessment and Spend-based methods. : Optimal value chain accounting (Scope 3, category 1)Rajesh Jha, Abhishek kumar January 2022 (has links)
Considering the rapid increase in the ICT (Information & Communication Technology) products in use, there is a risk of an increase in GHG emissions and electronic waste accumulation in the ICT sector. Therefore, it becomes important to account for the emissions in the ICT sector in order to take steps to mitigate them. There are several methods put forward under ETSI, ITU-T, GHG protocol, etc., which can be used to measure the emissions in the ICT sector. Two such methods are Product Life Cycle Assessment (PLCA) and Spend-based, which are used in this study to account for scope 3, category 1 emissions in the ICT sector. Scope 3, category 1 emissions are released during the raw material acquisition and part production phase of the ICT product’s life cycle and account for a major portion of the overall emissions. As the ICT sector is a very huge field of study in itself, two ICT products, namely smartphones and laptops, are considered in this study to calculate their overall scope 3, category 1 emissions. A list of influential components in smartphones and laptops is defined to be included in the Excel Management Life Cycle Assessment (EMLCA) tool to calculate the scope 3, category 1 emissions. A comprehensive comparison between PLCA and Spend-based methods is also studied during the process of calculating their emissions. These observations are then used to make critical analyses and compare the two methods under results and discussions based on various parameters described under them. Both the methods were found to be suitable for calculating the emissions, with some uncertainty, although the Spend-based method was a quicker approach to do so. The PLCA method, although more complex, was found to be more suitable for ICT product eco-design. Both methods required a different set of primary data and were sensitive to various components in smartphones and laptops. This study illustrates the parameters that affect PLCA and Spend-based methods and discusses the pros and cons of them depending on the situations they are used in.
|
25 |
Analysis of a novel thermoelectric generator in the built environmentLozano, Adolfo 05 October 2011 (has links)
This study centered on a novel thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated into the built environment. Designed by Watts Thermoelectric LLC, the TEG is essentially a novel assembly of thermoelectric modules whose required temperature differential is supplied by hot and cold streams of water flowing through the TEG. Per its recommended operating conditions, the TEG nominally generates 83 Watts of electrical power. In its default configuration in the built environment, solar-thermal energy serves as the TEG’s hot stream source and geothermal energy serves as its cold stream source. Two systems-level, thermodynamic analyses were performed, which were based on the TEG’s upcoming characterization testing, scheduled to occur later in 2011 in Detroit, Michigan.
The first analysis considered the TEG coupled with a solar collector system. A numerical model of the coupled system was constructed in order to estimate the system’s annual energetic performance. It was determined numerically that over the course of a sample year, the solar collector system could deliver 39.73 megawatt-hours (MWh) of thermal energy to the TEG. The TEG converted that thermal energy into a net of 266.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity in that year. The second analysis focused on the TEG itself during operation with the purpose of providing a preliminary thermodynamic characterization of the TEG. Using experimental data, this analysis found the TEG’s operating efficiency to be 1.72%.
Next, the annual emissions that would be avoided by implementing the zero-emission TEG were considered. The emission factor of Michigan’s electric grid, RFCM, was calculated to be 0.830 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) per MWh, and with the TEG’s annual energy output, it was concluded that 0.221 tons CO2e would be avoided each year with the TEG. It is important to note that the TEG can be linearly scaled up by including additional modules. Thus, these benefits can be multiplied through the incorporation of more TEG units.
Finally, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the TEG integrated into the built environment with the solar-thermal hot source and passive ground-based cold source was considered. The LCOE of the system was estimated to be approximately $8,404/MWh, which is substantially greater than current generation technologies. Note that this calculation was based on one particular configuration with a particular and narrow set of assumptions, and is not intended to be a general conclusion about TEG systems overall. It was concluded that while solar-thermal energy systems can sustain the TEG, they are capital-intensive and therefore not economically suitable for the TEG given the assumptions of this analysis. In the end, because of the large costs associated with the solar-thermal system, waste heat recovery is proposed as a potentially more cost-effective provider of the TEG’s hot stream source. / text
|
Page generated in 0.0272 seconds