Diplomová práca, ktorú držíte v rukách, sa zaoberá návrhom elektrického generátoru pre modely lietadiel na diaľkové ovládanie poháňané spaľovacím motorom. Takýmto modelom je dodávaná energia pomocou batérií, ktoré sa musia po vybití vymieňať. Motiváciou tejto práce bolo potlačiť potrebu pristávania za účelom dobíjania batériových paketov. Práca vyvíja niekoľko analýz a simulačných modelov pre riešenie tohto problému.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to design heating and cooling in the office building and the showroom. The theoretical part deals with large-scale heating and cooling systems. The types of these systems and their advantages and disadvantages are described here. The practical part is devoted to the design of heating and cooling in the assigned office building and the showroom. In this part, two variants of the design are considered. The first variant considers the use of a heat pump as a source of heat and cold. In the second variant of the solution, a gas condensing boiler is used as a heat source and a chiller as a cold source. The experimental part deals with measuring the properties of one ceiling panel. The main task was to determine the cooling capacity of the ceiling panel.

<p> We developed some universal platforms to overexpress the minimal functional entities of ion channels. The modular property of ion channels have been demonstrated from many aspects, such as crystal structures, chimeric channel experiments and discovery of similar modules in distantly related protein families. Thus it should be feasible to express each module independent of other channel modules. The pore-forming module of ion channels has multiple important properties as selectivity, conductivity and drug-binding. If it can be overexpressed, it will provide valuable information about channel selectivity to different ions and structural bases for drug binding as well as important application in drug screening and rational drug design. </p> <p> To test this, we first used the model channel KcsA to identify the minimal requirements for a pore-forming domain to functionally exist independently. Chapter 2 of this thesis explains in detail how the wild type C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of KcsA functions. We found that this domain has dual function as pH-sensor and tetramerization domain, and it is essential for the expression of the pore-forming domain of KcsA. Once we knew the physiological role of the cytoplasmic domain, the scenario was set to answer the question of how to make it better for the application of structural and functional studies. </p> <p> In chapter 3 and chapter 4, we replaced the wild type C-terminal domain with non-native tetramerization domains. We identified the direct correlation between protein expression level and overall thermostability of pore-forming domains. The C-terminal tetramerization domains stabilize channels in a cooperative way and play a critical way in in vivo channel assembly. The selection of the linker between pore-forming domain and tetramerization domain, the splicing motif, and the handedness of C-terminal tetrameric coiled coils all affect channel expression level and stability. </p> <p> We applied our finding in KcsA to a wide range of ion channels in chapter 5, including voltage-gated potassium channels, Ca2+-gated potassium channels, inwardrectifying potassium channels, cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channels and voltagegated sodium channels. We managed to express similar minimal structural modules from these more structurally complicated channels with the assistance of different cytoplasmic tetramerization domains. Several minimal channels expressed well and showed similar biophysical and functional property as the wild type channels. </p> <p> These studies demonstrate that the pore-forming modules of ion channels can be expressed independently while retaining the proper structure and drug-binding properties as their wild type predecessors when using our universal expression platform. The potential application in structural studies and drug-screening is promising. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Multiphase Electrical Machines (MPEMs) with variable phase-pole configurations have recently gained interest as it offers advantages such as a larger operating range and improved fault tolerance compared to more traditional MPEMs. The current state-of-the-art modeling and control method, Vector Space Decomposition (VSD), has the drawback of introducing discontinuities in the model when transitioning from one phase-pole configuration to another. The newly developed Harmonic Plane Decomposition (HPD) theory, which is an extension of the VSD, solves this issue by unifying all possible phase-pole configurations into one transformation. To enable further research on HPD theory and MPEMs with variable phase-pole configuration, a test bench is desired to obtain experimental results. The Sustainable Power Lab at KTH already possesses a MPEM with varying phase-pole configurations, the Wound Independently- Controlled Stator Coils machine (WICSC machine), but is missing a complete drive that can capitalize on the additional degrees of freedom that the machine offers. The aim of the thesis is to commission the test bench by implementing HPD control on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and design the missing hardware required to close the signal chain. The HPD control was implemented on a Xilinx System on a Chip (SoC) programmed using C and hardware description languages. Part of the control was tested but due to issues with the data acquisition, the complete control was not managed to be fully tested and verified. For the missing hardware, three Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) were designed for the test bench. Two of them were built and tested, and one PCB was designed but not fabricated during the project. / Multifasmaskiner med variabel fas pol konfiguration har på senaste tiden fått mer uppmärksamhet på grund av fördelar som mer operationspunkter och förbättrad feltolerans jämfört mot mer traditionella multifasmaskiner. Den modernaste metoden, Vector Space Decomposition (VSD), för att styra traditionella multifasmaskiner har nackdelen att modellen blir diskontinuerlig när man går från en fas pol konfiguration till en annan. Den nyutvecklade Harmonic Plane Decomposition (HPD) teorin, vilket är en påbyggnad på VSD, löser det problemet genom att samla alla möjliga fas pol konfigurationer till en transform. För att fortsätta forskningen kring HPD och multifasmaskiner med variabel fas pol konfiguration behövs en testbänk för att kunna skaffa experimentella resultat. Elkraftlabbet på KTH har redan investerat i en multifasmaskin med variabel fas pol konfiguration, men saknar en komplett växelriktare som kan utnyttja maskinens alla frihetsgrader. Målet med projektet var att färdigställa testbänken genom att implementera HPD styrningen på en processor och konstruera hårdvara som testbänken saknade. HPD styrningen implementerades på en systemkrets från Xilinx och programmerades med C och hårdvarubeskrivande språk. Delar av styrningen kunde testas men på grund av problem med inläsningen av data så gick det inte att verifiera hela den implementerade styrningen. Till testbänken konstruerades också tre kretskort varav två byggdes, testades och fick sin funktionalitet verifierad. Det andra kretskortet konstruerades men blev inte tillverkat under projektet.

Here, we present a novel torsion balance with a torsional spring that can reach a resolution in the nano-Newton range while allowing for a total experimental weight of 2 kg. The balance uses an off-the-shelf electromagnetic actuator, which was calibrated. The oscillation of the balance is damped using an adaptable eddy-current brake to fine-tune the damping factor. Experiments and electronics are controlled and powered through four coaxial liquid contacts. The balance is shown to be highly linear between 0.01 and 300 μN. After an automated post-processing, the noise of a measurement was 1.0 nN, and an applied force of 10 nN had a calculated error of 11.9%.

SHF Photoelektroneninjektoren sind eine vielversprechende Elektronquelle für hochbrillante Teichenbeschleuniger mit hohem mittlerem Strom und kurzen Teilchenpulsen, wie FELs und ERLs. Für das ERL Projekt bERLinPro wurde einer unabhängige Testanlage GunLab entwickelt um die Leistungsfähigkeit der Injektoren und die Strahlparameter zu überprüfen. Darüber hinaus können neue Komponenten zur Strahldiagnose getestet werden. Die Hauptaufgabe von GunLab ist die Beschreibung des vollständigen sechsdimensionalen Phasenraums der Elektronen in Abhängigkeit aller Injektorparameter. Die Anlage besteht aus einer kompakten Diagnosestrahlführungan dem SHF Photoelektroneninjektoren und einem Kathodenlasersystem. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden analytische und numerische Studien zu den SHF Photoelektroneninjektoren durchgeführt, um zu erwartende Strahlparameter zu detektieren und die Anforderungen an die Strahldiagnose festzulegen. Darüber hinaus wurden verschiedene Emittanzbeiträge der einzelnen Injektorkomponenten untersucht. Diesbezüglich wurde das Magnetfeld des aktuellen Solenoiden kartiert und auf Asymmetrien getestet, die ebenfalls zu Emittanzvergrößerungen beitragen können. Eine der wesentlichen Komponenten der Diagnosestrahlführung ist das (transversale) Phasenraummesssystem, für das eine besondere Magnetgeometrie entwickelt wurde. Weitere Diagnose Komponenten sind ein optimierter Spektrometerdipol und eine transversal ablenkende Kavität, durch die sich zusammen mit zwei Quadrupolmagneten die Scheibenemittanz bestimmen lässt. Für GunLab wurden unterschiedliche optische Messsysteme entwickelt und optimiert. Der herausforderndste Aufbau ist dabei das Strahl-Halo Messsystem. Es ermöglicht die Beobachtung der transversalen Ladungsverteilung über einen Dynamikbereich von bis zu 6 Größenordnungen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit und die Auflösung aller Messsysteme und Messroutinen wurden bestimmt, um die Visualisierung des kompletten Phasenraums durch GunLab sicher zu stellen. / SRF photoelectron injectors are promising electron sources for high brightness accelerators with high average current and short pulse duration like FELs and ERLs. For the ERL project bERLinPro an independent test facility called GunLab was developed and set up to optimize the operation performance of SRF photoinjectors and the electron beam parameters. Furthermore, GunLab allows to investigate the operation of different kinds of photocathodes in the environment of an SRF accelerator and to study new beam diagnostic concepts. Of outmost importance is the characterization of the full six dimensional phase space as a function of all injector parameters. GunLab consists of the compact diagnostic beam line, connected to the SRF photoinjetor module, and a drive laser. In the context of this thesis, analytical and numerical investigations of the SRF photoinjector were performed to estimate beam parameter ranges and to determine the diagnostics requirements. Furthermore, various emittance contributors of the injector were determined. Thereby the magnetic field of the final designed solenoid was measured to determine field asymmetries, which are one major source of emittance growth. One of the central diagnostic components of the beamline is the (horizontal) phase space scanner system. For this purpose, a dedicated air-coil magnet design was developed. Additional diagnostic components include an optimized spectrometer system, a transverse deflecting cavity (TCav) and two quadrupole magnets, to determine longitudinal and sliced emittance. For GunLab different optical measurement systems were developed and optimized, the most challenging setup is a beam halo measurement system. This device is able to observe the transverse charge density with a dynamic range of up to 6 orders of magnitude. The performance and the resolution of all measurement systems and routines for GunLab were determined to ensure the visualization of the electron beam phase space.

CNPq / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um método para a determinação da posição e orientação de uma bobina implantável em relação à bobina transmissora localizada externamente ao paciente. No aspecto elétrico, conhecer a posição e orientação da bobina implantada permite um maior domínio sobre o posicionamento do enlace e, consequentemente, das características de eficiência e potência entregue ao secundário, i.e. ao IMD. Já no aspecto clínico, detectar e determinar a posição da bobina implantável e, se possível, do IMD, pode auxiliar na determinação de possíveis movimentações do dispositivo na região implantada que podem influenciar o seu desempenho. Neste sentido, realizou-se análises teóricas a cerca da indutância mútua, do coeficiente de acoplamento magnético e de sistemas de transferência de energia sem fio (WPT) a duas bobinas. Por meio do modelo matemático implementado no software Matlab e o projeto experimental de sistemas de WPT a duas bobinas, avaliou-se a influência de desalinhamentos laterais e angulares sobre o acoplamento magnético. A partir das características observadas, descreveu-se os procedimentos necessários para estimar a posição e orientação relativa da bobina do dispositivo implantável apenas mensurando os parâmetros elétricos do primário. Em uma avaliação preliminar, por meio de testes virtuais, observou-se um erro médio e incerteza padrão na determinação da posição relativa de 2,4 mm e 1,1 mm, respectivamente, que se comparada às dimensões das bobinas (40 mm de diâmetro para bobina externa e 5,5 mm para a bobina implantável) indicam uma exatidão adequada. Para a determinação do ângulo relativo o método também apresentou resultados promissores, uma vez que o erro médio foi de 7º e a incerteza padrão obtida de 8,2º. Desta forma, o método estudado possibilita o desenvolvimento de equipamentos para determinação da posição e orientação relativa de uma bobina implantável mensurando apenas a corrente no primário, sem a necessidade de circuitos adicionais no IMD ou a utilização de equipamentos de imagem médicos. / This paper presents the study of a method for determining the implanted coil position and orientation relative to the transmitter coil externally located to the patient. In the electrical aspect, knowing the implanted coil position and orientation allows greater control over the placement of the link and thus the efficiency of features and power delivered to the secondary, i.e. the IMD. In the clinical aspect, detect and determine the implantable coil position, if possible, the IMD can assist in determining possible device movements in the implanted area that can influence their performance. In this sense, a theoretical analysis about the mutual inductance, the magnetic coupling coefficient and two coils wireless power transfer (WPT) systems was realized. Through mathematical model implemented in Matlab and experimental design of two coil WPT systems, the influence of lateral and angular misalignment on the magnetic coupling was assessed. From the observed characteristics, was described the necessary procedures to estimate the relative position and orientation of the implantable device coil only measuring the primary electrical parameters. In a preliminary evaluation, through virtual testing, there was an average error and standard deviation in determining the relative position of 2.4 mm and 1.1 mm, respectively, compared to the dimensions of the coils (40 mm diameter to external coil and 5.5 mm for implantable coil) indicate adequate accuracy. To the relative angle the method also yielded promising results, since the average error was 7° and the standard deviation obtained 8.2°. Thus, the method studied enables the development of equipment for determining the implanted coil relative position and orientation measuring only the primary current without the need for additional circuitry in IMD or the use of medical imaging equipment.

No description available.

No description available.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die grundsätzliche Machbarkeit, Radiofrequenzimpulse (RF) der Ultrahochfeld (UHF) Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) (B0≥7.0T) für therapeutische Verfahren wie die RF Hyperthermie oder die lokalisierte Freigabe von Wirkstoffträgern und Markern zu nutzen. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde ein 8-Kanal Sened/Empfangsapplikator entwickelt, der bei einer Protonenfrequenz von 298MHz operiert. Mit diesem weltweit ersten System konnte in der Arbeit experimentell bewiesen werden, dass die entwickelte Hardware sowohl zielgerichtete lokalisierte RF Erwärmung als auch MR Bildgebung und MR Thermometrie (MRTh) realisiert. Mit den zusätzlichen Freiheitsgraden (Phase, Amplitude) eines mehrkanaligen Sendesystems konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass der Ort der thermischen Dosierung gezielt verändert bzw. festgelegt werden kann. In realitätsnahen Temperatursimulationen mit numerischen Modellen des Menschen, wird in der Arbeit aufgezeigt, dass mittels des entwickelten Hybridaufbaus eine kontrollierte und lokalisierte thermische Dosierung im Zentrum des menschlichen Kopfes erzeugt werden kann. Nach der erfolgreichen Durchführung dieser Machbarkeitsstudie wurden in theoretischen Überlegungen, numerischen Simulationen und in ersten grundlegenden experimentellen Versuchen die elektromagnetischen Gegebenheiten von MRT und lokal induzierter RF Hyperthermie für Frequenzen größer als 298MHz untersucht. In einem Frequenzbereich bis zu 1.44GHz konnte der Energiefokus mit Hilfe spezialisierter RF Antennenkonfigurationen entscheidend weiter verkleinert werden, sodass Temperaturkegeldurchmesser von wenigen Millimetern erreicht wurden. Gleichzeitig konnte gezeigt werden, dass die vorgestellten Konzepte ausreichende Signalstärke der zirkular polarisierten Spinanregungsfelder bei akzeptabler oberflächlicher Energieabsorption erzeugen, um eine potentielle Machbarkeit von in vivo MRT bei B0=33.8T oder in vivo Elektronenspinresonanz (ESR) im L-Band zu demonstrieren. / The presented work details the basic feasibility of using radiofrequency (RF) fields generated by ultrahigh field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MR) (B0≥7.0T) systems for therapeutic applications such as RF hyperthermia and targeted drug delivery. A truly hybrid 8-channel transmit/receive applicator operating at the 7.0T proton MR frequency of 298MHz has been developed. Experimental verification conducted in this work demonstrated that the hybrid applicator supports targeted RF heating, MR imaging and MR thermometry (MRTh). The approach offers extra degrees of freedom (RF phase, RF amplitude) that afford deliberate changes in the location and thermal dose of targeted RF induced heating. High spatial and temporal MR temperature mapping can be achieved due to intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain of UHF MR together with the enhanced parallel imaging performance inherent to the multi-channel receive architecture used. Temperature simulations in human voxel models revealed that the proposed hybrid setup is capable to deposit a controlled and localized RF induced thermal dose in the center of the human brain. After demonstrating basic feasibility, theoretical considerations and proof-of-principle experiments were conducted for RF frequencies of up to 1.44GHz to explore electrodynamic constraints for MRI and targeted RF heating applications for a frequency range larger than 298MHz. For this frequency regime a significant reduction in the effective area of energy absorption was observed when using dedicated RF antenna arrays proposed and developed in this work. Based upon this initial experience it is safe to conclude that the presented concepts generate sufficient signal strength for the circular polarized spin excitation fields with acceptable specific absorption rate (SAR) on the surface, to render in vivo MRI at B0=33.8T or in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) at L-Band feasible.