Introdução - No Brasil, o Programa Municipal de Coleta Seletiva (PMCS) pode ser executado pelo próprio município, por empresa contratada ou em parceria com uma organização de catadores. Mais de 50 por cento dos PMCS no Estado de São Paulo é realizado por essas organizações. Logo, a maioria dos estudos foca-se nessas organizações, mas os municípios que não possuem parceria também precisam ser estudados. Objetivo - Analisar e avaliar PMCS realizados sem parceria com organização de catadores, na perspectiva de sustentabilidade socioeconômica, ambiental e institucional. Métodos - Para esse estudo, 7 municípios foram selecionados conforme os critérios porte do município e tempo de existência mínima de 2 anos do PMCS, a partir de dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento e ligações telefônicas Os municípios estudados foram divididos em pequeno (4) e grande (3) porte. Os responsáveis pelo PMCS foram entrevistados, com base em questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar os PMCS e alimentar 13 indicadores e 2 índices de sustentabilidade de PMCS. Resultados - Foram identificados 4 arranjos institucionais de execução dos PMCS, envolvendo a prefeitura municipal e empresa terceirizada. Os municípios de grande porte apresentam mais indicadores favoráveis à sustentabilidade que os de pequeno porte. A produtividade é maior nos de grande porte, mas a remuneração é melhor nos pequenos. Por outro lado, esses apresentam melhor taxa de recuperação, adesão e atendimento e menor taxa de rejeito, o que eleva o índice de sustentabilidade. Para os 2 índices considerados, os municípios de pequeno porte são mais favoráveis à sustentabilidade que os de grande porte. Conclusões - Os municípios de pequeno porte apresentam maior tendência à sustentabilidade nos indicadores considerados mais importantes num PMCS sem parceria com organizações de catadores. Embora a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos priorize PMCS em parceria com organização de catadores, arranjos sem parceria são possíveis e apresentam-se também sustentáveis na sustentabilidade da valorização de materiais recicláveis. / Introduction - In Brazil, the Municipal Program for Selective Collection (MPSC) can be performed by the municipality itself, by a company contracted or through a partnership with waste pickers organization. More than 50 per cent of the MPSC in São Paulo State is performed by these organizations. Then, most of the studies focuses on these organizations, but the municipalities that dont have partnership also need to be studied. Objective - To analyze and evaluate MPSC performed without partnership with waste pickers organization, through the perspective of socioeconomic, environmental and institutional sustainability. Methods For this study, 7 municipalities were selected according to the criteria: size and minimum time of existence, using data form the National Sanitation Information System and phone calls. The municipalities studied were divided into small (4) and large (3) sizes. The people responsible for MPSC were interviewed, based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The results allowed to characterize the MPSC and feed 13 indicators and 2 MPSC sustainability indexes. Results - Were identified 4 institutional arrangements of MPCS, involving the city government and outsourcing company. The large cities have more favorable indicators of sustainability than the small ones. The productivity is bigger in large municipalities, but the payment (compensation) is better in the small ones. Nevertheless, these present higher recovery rate, adherence and attendance and lower reject rate, what raises the sustainability index. For the 2 index considered the small municipalities are more sustainability favorable than the large ones. Conclusions - Small municipalities are more likely to sustainability for those indicators considered more important in a MPCS without a partnership with waste pickers organizations. Although the National Solid Waste Policy prioritizes MPCS through a partnership with waste pickers organization, arrangements without these kind of partnership are possible and also are sustainable for the recovery of recyclable materials.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-03-02T19:07:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Andréia Ferreira de Melo Cunha - 2014.pdf: 1827637 bytes, checksum: 7f10e0b1210a17c9c61b3f9004077298 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T12:30:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Andréia Ferreira de Melo Cunha - 2014.pdf: 1827637 bytes, checksum: 7f10e0b1210a17c9c61b3f9004077298 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T12:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Andréia Ferreira de Melo Cunha - 2014.pdf: 1827637 bytes, checksum: 7f10e0b1210a17c9c61b3f9004077298 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis, “Binary in the literature: pink and blue in Jovens Leitores collection”, has as its object of study texts by juvenile production directed exclusively to girls or to boys. It presents as theoretical support the historical studies of literature for children and youth developed by Ferral; Jackson and Richards, researchers that have postulated the existence of a literature divided into two parallel lines, accordant to boys or to girls. The thesis consists of two main parts. The first part retrieves the path of literature of binary nature (for girls and for boys), from a historical perspective. The second part has as its central focus the systematic analysis of 38 narratives that comprise Rosa-Choque and Azul Radical series, contained in Jovens Leitores collection, published by editora Rocco, from a grid model developed by João Luís Ceccantini (2000). The Rosa-Choque series brings together works from authors Ann Brashares, Marcia Kupstas, Angélica Lopes, Thalita Rebouças, Louise Rennison and Cherry Whytock. Azul Radical series consists of narratives by Alberto Alecrim, Ariel Dorfman and Joaquin Dorfman, Richard Hofstetter, Domenica Luciani and Gustavo Reiz. The choice for these series was motivated by the explicit design that each one has, geared towards boys or girls, from premises that define different focuses of interest. The set of works revealed that strands suffered changes since they were forged. In the current model, they dialogue directly with a certain type of young, middle-class, resident of urban centers and essentially consumer. The psychological narrative gained more space, breaking in part with the classic division between adventure literature for boys and sentimental literature for girls. In the comparison established between the literature written by Brazilian and foreign authors, the incipiency of domestic production was evident, since our country don’t values what criticism understands as "entertainment literature." The result is that while foreign literature launches works that reveal an efficient ethical and aesthetic work, the national reality is invaded by an anodyne and impoverished literature. / A presente tese, “Binarismo na literatura: rosa e azul na coleção Jovens Leitores”, tem como objeto de estudo textos da produção juvenil dirigidos exclusivamente a garotas ou a garotos. Apresenta como suporte teórico os estudos históricos de literatura infantil e juvenil desenvolvidos por Ferral; Jackson e Richards, pesquisadores que postulam a existência de uma literatura dividida em duas linhas paralelas, segundo se destinem a meninos ou a meninas. A tese é composta por duas partes principais. A primeira parte recupera a trajetória da literatura de natureza binária (para meninas e para meninos), a partir de uma perspectiva histórica. A segunda parte tem como foco central a análise sistemática de trinta e oito narrativas que compõem as séries Rosa-Choque e Azul Radical, constantes da coleção Jovens Leitores, da editora Rocco, a partir de um modelo de grade desenvolvido por João Luís Ceccantini (2000). A série Rosa-Choque reúne obras das autoras Ann Brashares, Márcia Kupstas, Angélica Lopes, Thalita Rebouças, Louise Rennison e Cherry Whytock. A série Azul Radical é formada por narrativas dos autores Alberto Alecrim, Ariel Dorfman e Joaquim Dorfman, Ricardo Hofstetter, Domenica Luciani e Gustavo Reiz. A escolha das séries foi motivada pelo projeto explícito que cada uma apresenta de ser voltada para garotos ou para garotas, a partir de premissas que definiriam diferentes focos de interesse. O conjunto das obras revelou que as vertentes sofreram modificação desde que se forjaram. No modelo atual, elas dialogam diretamente com certo tipo de jovem, de classe média, morador dos centros urbanos e essencialmente consumista. A narrativa psicológica ganhou mais espaço, rompendo, em parte, com a clássica divisão entre literatura de aventura para garotos e literatura sentimental para garotas. No confronto que se estabeleceu entre a literatura escrita por autores brasileiros e estrangeiros, ficou evidente a incipiência da produção nacional, uma vez que nosso país valoriza pouco o que a crítica compreende como “literatura de entretenimento”. O resultado é que, enquanto a literatura estrangeira lança obras que revelam um eficiente trabalho ético e estético, a realidade nacional é povoada por uma literatura anódina e empobrecida.

Introdução - No Brasil, o Programa Municipal de Coleta Seletiva (PMCS) pode ser executado pelo próprio município, por empresa contratada ou em parceria com uma organização de catadores. Mais de 50 por cento dos PMCS no Estado de São Paulo é realizado por essas organizações. Logo, a maioria dos estudos foca-se nessas organizações, mas os municípios que não possuem parceria também precisam ser estudados. Objetivo - Analisar e avaliar PMCS realizados sem parceria com organização de catadores, na perspectiva de sustentabilidade socioeconômica, ambiental e institucional. Métodos - Para esse estudo, 7 municípios foram selecionados conforme os critérios porte do município e tempo de existência mínima de 2 anos do PMCS, a partir de dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento e ligações telefônicas Os municípios estudados foram divididos em pequeno (4) e grande (3) porte. Os responsáveis pelo PMCS foram entrevistados, com base em questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar os PMCS e alimentar 13 indicadores e 2 índices de sustentabilidade de PMCS. Resultados - Foram identificados 4 arranjos institucionais de execução dos PMCS, envolvendo a prefeitura municipal e empresa terceirizada. Os municípios de grande porte apresentam mais indicadores favoráveis à sustentabilidade que os de pequeno porte. A produtividade é maior nos de grande porte, mas a remuneração é melhor nos pequenos. Por outro lado, esses apresentam melhor taxa de recuperação, adesão e atendimento e menor taxa de rejeito, o que eleva o índice de sustentabilidade. Para os 2 índices considerados, os municípios de pequeno porte são mais favoráveis à sustentabilidade que os de grande porte. Conclusões - Os municípios de pequeno porte apresentam maior tendência à sustentabilidade nos indicadores considerados mais importantes num PMCS sem parceria com organizações de catadores. Embora a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos priorize PMCS em parceria com organização de catadores, arranjos sem parceria são possíveis e apresentam-se também sustentáveis na sustentabilidade da valorização de materiais recicláveis. / Introduction - In Brazil, the Municipal Program for Selective Collection (MPSC) can be performed by the municipality itself, by a company contracted or through a partnership with waste pickers organization. More than 50 per cent of the MPSC in São Paulo State is performed by these organizations. Then, most of the studies focuses on these organizations, but the municipalities that dont have partnership also need to be studied. Objective - To analyze and evaluate MPSC performed without partnership with waste pickers organization, through the perspective of socioeconomic, environmental and institutional sustainability. Methods For this study, 7 municipalities were selected according to the criteria: size and minimum time of existence, using data form the National Sanitation Information System and phone calls. The municipalities studied were divided into small (4) and large (3) sizes. The people responsible for MPSC were interviewed, based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The results allowed to characterize the MPSC and feed 13 indicators and 2 MPSC sustainability indexes. Results - Were identified 4 institutional arrangements of MPCS, involving the city government and outsourcing company. The large cities have more favorable indicators of sustainability than the small ones. The productivity is bigger in large municipalities, but the payment (compensation) is better in the small ones. Nevertheless, these present higher recovery rate, adherence and attendance and lower reject rate, what raises the sustainability index. For the 2 index considered the small municipalities are more sustainability favorable than the large ones. Conclusions - Small municipalities are more likely to sustainability for those indicators considered more important in a MPCS without a partnership with waste pickers organizations. Although the National Solid Waste Policy prioritizes MPCS through a partnership with waste pickers organization, arrangements without these kind of partnership are possible and also are sustainable for the recovery of recyclable materials.

En Amérique Latine, au XIXe siècle, la pratique de la traduction doit se comprendre dans un contexte post-colonial de construction de littératures nationales. Les sociologues de la traduction et la théorie des polysystèmes ont mis en évidence la façon dont la traduction participe à enrichir le répertoire littéraire d’une culture-cible en permettant l’accumulation de capital symbolique. Nos recherches se concentrent sur les pratiques et les trajectoires de quatorze poètes-traducteurs latino-américains, peu étudiés, ou en voie récente de réévaluation critique : Ignacio Mariscal, Rafael Pombo, Miguel Antonio Caro, Antonio Sellén, Antonio José Restrepo, Raimundo Correia, Rosendo Villalobos, Leopoldo Díaz, Ismael Enrique Arciniegas, Balbino Dávalos, Enrique González Martínez, Guillermo Valencia, Eduardo Díez de Medina et Álvaro Reis. Ceux-ci s’inscrivent dans le romantisme latino-américain, le modernismo hispano-américain et le parnasianismo brésilien. Tous traduisent tout au long de leur vie : des poètes classiques (Horace) mais aussi de plus en plus des poètes modernes, européens et américains (Hugo, Heredia, Longfellow…) ; des auteurs considérés comme majeurs (Baudelaire, Goethe, Poe) et d’autres aujourd’hui oubliés (Prudhomme, Richepin, Rollinat…). Ce dialogue poétique établi avec des figures internationales prestigieuses leur permet à la fois d’illustrer des langues en refondation depuis les indépendances, mais aussi d’expérimenter des mètres, des thèmes et des tonalités inédits. Nos auteurs publient leurs traductions dans des revues, ce qui est une pratique courante, mais surtout dans des recueils, ce qui est plus rare. Notre corpus met donc en valeur deux types de recueil, qui n’ont pas reçu de définition générique ferme : une forme mixte, composée de poésies originales et de poésies traduites, et une forme composée uniquement de traductions. Ces deux modèles ont des points communs avec les recueils poétiques originaux, les anthologies d’écrivain ou les anthologies de littérature étrangère, sans correspondre tout à fait à aucun d’entre eux. La singularité de nos recueils consiste en l’unité et l’identité du sujet qui sélectionne, traduit et réordonne les textes étrangers au sein de son livre. Nous envisageons donc le poète-traducteur latino-américain à partir de la figure du collectionneur, qui décontextualise des textes étrangers, les recontextualise dans une nouvelle série – le livre – , lui permettant de projeter et de construire son autorité poétique. Nos auteurs étant par ailleurs tous impliqués dans la vie politique de leur temps (ils sont députés, juges, voire président), nous démontrerons que le recueil de traducteur peut participer à la construction de projets politiques, et qu’il existe aussi bien un usage libéral de la poésie étrangère qu’un usage conservateur. / In 19th century Latin America, the practice of translation must be understood in a post-colonial context of the construction of national literatures. Sociology of translation and polysystem theory have highlighted how translation contributes to enriching the literary repertoire of a recipient culture by allowing the accumulation of symbolic capital. Our research focuses on the practices and trajectories of fourteen Latin American poet-translators who have been relatively under-studied or are in the process of recent critical re-evaluation: Ignacio Mariscal, Rafael Pombo, Miguel Antonio Caro, Antonio Sellén, Antonio José Restrepo, Raimundo Correia, Rosendo Villalobos, Leopoldo Díaz, Ismael Enrique Arciniegas, Balbino Dávalos, Enrique González Martínez, Guillermo Valencia, Eduardo Díez de Medina and Álvaro Reis. These poet-translators collectively belong to the movements of Latin American Romanticism, Spanish-speaking American Modernism, and Brazilian Parnassianism. Each of them produced poetry translations: classical poets (such as Horace) but also increasingly European and American Modern poets (Hugo, Heredia, Longfellow...); authors considered canonical (Baudelaire, Goethe, Poe), and others largely forgotten (Prudhomme, Richepin, Rollinat...). The poetic dialogue established with prestigious international figures allowed these poet-translators to legitimize their national languages following the Latin American independence era, and also enabled them to experiment with new meters, themes and tonalities. Our authors published their translations in journals, which was a common practice; but especially in poetry collections, which was less common. Our corpus therefore highlights two types of volumes which have not been formally defined and classified: a hybrid form, composed of original and translated poems; and a form composed solely of translations. These two forms have commonalities with poetry volumes in the original language, writer's anthologies, or foreign literature anthologies, but do not correspond entirely to any of them. The uniqueness of our poetry volumes consists in the unity and identity of the subject who selects, translates and reorders foreign texts within his book. We therefore consider the Latin American poet-translator from the figure of the collector, who decontextualizes foreign texts and recontextualizes them in a new series — the book — allowing him to project and build his poetic authority. As our authors were all involved in the political sphere (as deputies, judges, even presidents), we will demonstrate that the collections of translators can contribute to the construction of political projects, and that there is both a liberal use of foreign poetry as well as a conservative use.

<p>Bakgrund: Enligt lagen om skydd mot olyckor (SFS 2003:778) skall en olycksundersökning genomföras vid alla olyckor i skälig omfattning i syfte att finna orsak, händelseförlopp och utvärdering av räddningsinsatsen (SFS 2003:778, kap3, 10§). Bland genomförda olycksundersökningar i Sveriges kommuner har Statens Räddningsverk identifierat en stor inbördes variation gällande innehållet i utredningarna och brister vid vidarebefordring till myndigheten för statistisk analys. Uppsatsen är därför ett led i myndighetens utveckling av stödet för datainsamlingen vid kommunala olycksundersökningar i syfte att förbättra förutsättningarna för goda lärdomar vid olyckor.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är tvådelat. Att först analysera vilka erfarenheter som samlas in av de kommunala olycksutredarna och därefter verifiera resultaten utifrån tidigare forskningsresultat.</p><p>Metod och material: Med metoden kvalitativ innehållsanalys har ett urval av kommunala olycksundersökningar analyserats (n=21), där insamlade erfarenheter har kategoriserats i ett antal gemensamma teman. Underlaget (n=68) är hämtat från Statens Räddningsverk och bestod av alla vidarebefordrade kommunala olycksundersökningar mellan 2005 till och med april 2007 fördelade över 8 klassifikationer.</p><p>Resultatdiskussion: Utifrån tidigare forskningsresultat har sedermera resultaten verifierats. Konklusionen av uppsatsen redovisas i ett antal förslag på riktlinjer som bör tolkas som ett stöd vid datainsamlingen gällande kommunala olycksundersökningar. Uppsatsen är en förstudie då underlaget bör utökas och resultaten prövas empiriskt innan riktlinjerna praktiskt tillämpas.</p> / <p>Background: According to the legislation regarding protection against accidents (SFS 2003:778) shall an accident investigation be implemented at a reasonable depth to find reason, development and evaluation of the rescue initiative (SFS 2003:778, chp3, 10§). Among implemented accident investigations in Sweden's municipalities has the Swedish Rescue Services Agency identified large mutual variation the current content in the investigations and deficiencies at forwarding them to the authority for statistical analysis. This essay is therefore part of the authority's development of the aid for the collection of data regarding municipal accident investigations in aim to improve the conditions to draw important knowledge from accidents.</p><p>Aim: The aim with this essay is two-folded. To first analyze which experiences that are collected from the municipal accident investigators and then verify the results on the basis of earlier research results.</p><p>Method and materials: With the method Qualitative Content Analysis has a selection of municipal accident investigations been analyzed (n=21), where collected experiences have been categorized in a number common themes. The basis (n=68) is retrieved from the Swedish Rescue Service Agency and is comprised of all forwarded municipal accident investigations between 2005 up to and including April 2007 distributed over 8 classifications.</p><p>Results: On the basis of earlier research the results have been verified. The conclusion of the essay is presented in a number proposals on guidelines that should be interpreted as an aid regarding the data collection at municipal accident investigations. The essay is a preliminary study where the basis should be increased and the results examined empirically before the guidelines can be practical applied.</p>

The purpose of the dissertation was to evaluate the Russell High School library collection in meeting the curricula needs of learners. A study population consisting of 150 learners, 13 teachers, the librarian and Principal was surveyed by means of questionnaire and interview. Three types of questionnaires were used, one each for the learners, the teachers and the librarian. The Principal's interview was based on a checklist. Results were discussed in terms of frequencies and cross-tabulations of responses were made. Results are graphically displayed in the form of tables, pie charts and bar charts. The present situation of the library and its problems are discussed with regard to resources, the availability and suitability of the present collection, types of materials used, and satisfaction with the library by users as well as encouragement from teachers and the librarian to learners in the use of the library. The discussion was situated within the current requirements of Outcomes-Based Education as guided by Curriculum 2005 and 21. The study findings indicated that learners and teachers were satisfied with the library stock although a need for books, especially new titles, was identified. Learners and teachers felt that more books and better infrastructure for example, computers, television sets, and more space were needed. It was also revealed, however, that the budget was severely limited. These findings are discussed within the framework provided by a review of international, African and local school libraries. Recommendations for possible future services are made in the light of this discussion. / Thesis (M.I.S.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

A Reverse Production System (RPS) is a network of transportation logistics and processing functions that collects, refurbishes, and demanufactures for reuse/recycle used or end-of-life products. In this thesis, I focus on the RPS strategic decisions of a processor and collectors when the collection network and contracts for materials can be co-designed. The research problem is motivated by the need of material processors to ensure a consistent flow of material from collectors at a cost that will enable them to be competitive with virgin raw materials. The failure to develop a cost-effective collection network can lead to poor overall economics where expensive processing assets are not fully utilized. The three key problems from the processor s point of view are: 1) how to design a strategic collection network; 2) how to be competitive in the collected materials market place when significant investment is at risk; and 3) how to avoid overpaying for materials when collectors are in regions with different volumes and costs. The multiple goals of this research are: 1) to integrate the contract and strategic network design in RPS; 2) to develop contract mechanism designs to improve the performance under incomplete information and study the value of information (complete vs. incomplete); and 3) to introduce and analyze new strategic network models for effectiveness in solution quality and time. Concepts of mathematical optimization, contract theory, and game theory are utilized in proposing models that couple contract and network problems, including lump sum and variable volume contracts.

Peer to peer systems have been widely used in the internet. However, most of the peer to peer information systems are still missing some of the important features, for example cross-language IR (Information Retrieval) and collection selection / fusion features. Cross-language IR is the state-of-art research area in IR research community. It has not been used in any real world IR systems yet. Cross-language IR has the ability to issue a query in one language and receive documents in other languages. In typical peer to peer environment, users are from multiple countries. Their collections are definitely in multiple languages. Cross-language IR can help users to find documents more easily. E.g. many Chinese researchers will search research papers in both Chinese and English. With Cross-language IR, they can do one query in Chinese and get documents in two languages. The Out Of Vocabulary (OOV) problem is one of the key research areas in crosslanguage information retrieval. In recent years, web mining was shown to be one of the effective approaches to solving this problem. However, how to extract Multiword Lexical Units (MLUs) from the web content and how to select the correct translations from the extracted candidate MLUs are still two difficult problems in web mining based automated translation approaches. Discovering resource descriptions and merging results obtained from remote search engines are two key issues in distributed information retrieval studies. In uncooperative environments, query-based sampling and normalized-score based merging strategies are well-known approaches to solve such problems. However, such approaches only consider the content of the remote database but do not consider the retrieval performance of the remote search engine. This thesis presents research on building a peer to peer IR system with crosslanguage IR and advance collection profiling technique for fusion features. Particularly, this thesis first presents a new Chinese term measurement and new Chinese MLU extraction process that works well on small corpora. An approach to selection of MLUs in a more accurate manner is also presented. After that, this thesis proposes a collection profiling strategy which can discover not only collection content but also retrieval performance of the remote search engine. Based on collection profiling, a web-based query classification method and two collection fusion approaches are developed and presented in this thesis. Our experiments show that the proposed strategies are effective in merging results in uncooperative peer to peer environments. Here, an uncooperative environment is defined as each peer in the system is autonomous. Peer like to share documents but they do not share collection statistics. This environment is a typical peer to peer IR environment. Finally, all those approaches are grouped together to build up a secure peer to peer multilingual IR system that cooperates through X.509 and email system.

L’œuvre de Jean Dubuffet dans l'immédiat après-guerre est le moment paradoxal d'un refus radical du peintre de toute critique primitiviste à l'endroit de son œuvre. Or d'un point de vue formel, il pousse à l'excès des moyens jugés alors comme caractéristiques de l'art primitif et d'un point de vue conceptuel, il se réclame d'une forme d'animisme qui trahit une conception agissante de la matière. Enfin, il emprunte largement aux procédures propres à la science ethnographique alors en plein développement dans le cadre des prospections relevant de ce qu'il nomme, à l'été 1945, l'Art Brut. Afin de dépasser ce paradoxe, en considérant tour à tour sa pratique picturale, les écrits qui relaient sa pensée et son travail autour de l'Art Brut, nous montrons comment Dubuffet, en procédant à un déplacement systématique d'un regard a priori primitiviste, engage à une critique systématique de ce dernier.L'Art Brut, envisagé comme un opérateur critique dérivant de l'informe bataillien, se constitue alors comme le levier d'une remise en cause des manières consensuelles de penser l'art. Il lui permet de dépasser l'esthétique pour ouvrir le champ d'une interrogation proprement anthropologique de ce qu'il nomme l'opération artistique. / Immediately following the conclusion of the Second World War, Jean Dubuffet categorically refused the qualification of his work as part of Primitivism. But Paradoxically, the means by which this painter expressed himself were none other than those identified in so-called primitive art, and he often claimed himself as an animist what in a way betrayed an active conception of matter. Furthermore, Dubuffet drew from ethnographic research processes to finetune his method which would be baptized as Art Brut in the summer of 1945. In order to move beyond this paradox, and by using Dubuffet's paintings, writings and other work, this paper will demonstrate how Art Brut shifted the original perception of primitive art, and in thus doing so, became its unconditional critic. Art Brut, which was considered to be a means of critique as a derivative of George Bataille's « informe », emerged as a concept leading to think art differently. Esthetics could finally be pushed aside to make way for an anthropological interrogation of what the painter named the « artistic operation ».

La création officielle du musée de l’Armée au sein de l’Hôtel des Invalides se fait en 1905 du regroupement de deux établissements préexistants, le musée historique de l’Armée et le musée d’Artillerie. Ce faisant, ce sont deux conceptions des collections d’objets militaires qui se regroupent sous une même tutelle. Alors que l’un est avant tout un musée des techniques, soucieux de retranscrire les évolutions de l’armement au fil du temps, l’autre cherche à transmettre au visiteur un sentiment de grandeur nationale intemporelle dont l’armée est le ciment et le reflet. Cette double ascendance va être au cœur des questionnements sur la muséographie et les choix relatifs à la collection durant toute la vie de l’établissement. La place de la mémoire va notamment être un enjeu permanent. Les premiers temps de mise en place de ce grand musée s’arrêtent avec la Grande Guerre qui voit à la fois le musée ralentir son activité et connaître une grande affluence avec l’exposition des trophées et des peintures réalisées sur le front. Cet épisode si particulier de la vie de l’établissement va initier la création de nouvelles salles dès 1915 et donner au musée l’ambition d’être un lieu phare de la mémoire du premier conflit mondial. Cette aspiration se heurte à la fois aux moyens limités du musée alloués par le ministère de la Guerre et à l’expression même de ces commémorations. L’obtention de l’autonomie financière du musée en 1928 va transformer l’établissement qui s’inspire alors des collections privées. Séparant nettement les parties consacrées à la mémoire de celles montrant la collection, l’établissement se donne alors une politique qui perdure au-delà du second conflit mondial. / The official creation of the French Army Museum in the Hotel des Invalides occured in 1905, gathering two pre-existent establishments, the Army historic museum and the artillery museum. In so doing it is two conceptions of the collections of military objects that group together under the same administration. One was a museum of techniques, eager to retranscribe the evolutions of the armament over time, the other one tried to transmit to the visitor a feeling of timeless greatness of the french nation symbolized by its Army. This double ancestry is going to be the core of questionings on the museography and the choices relative to the collection during all the life of the establishment. The place of the memory is going to be a permanent stake. The first stages of implementation stopped with the Great War, which saw at the same time the museum slowing down its activity and knowing a big influx with the exhibition of trophies and paintings realized on the battlefield. This episode, so peculiar in the life of the establishment, is going to impulse the creation of new rooms from 1915 onward. Then the Army museum had the ambition to be a key place of the memory of the first world conflict. However this will had to cope with two major difficulties. First, the war ministry didn’t provide enough fees and furthermore the expression of these remembrances after 1918 left the Invalides for other places. In 1928, while the museum obtained its financial autonomy, all the display were changed in a way close to the private collections. Separating the parts dedicated to the memory of those showing the collection, the establishment gave itself a policy which continued beyond the second world conflict.