Le blé est la seconde céréale la plus cultivée dans le monde et constitue un apport majeur de l’alimentation quotidienne. L’effort consenti à continuellement améliorer les qualités meunière et boulangère du blé tendre, s’est fait au détriment du caractère nutritionnel du grain. Ainsi la plupart des produits industriels dérivés des grains de blé sont produits à partir de farines blanches raffinées qui ne contiennent ni le germe ni les sons. Cependant, dans ces différents tissus qui sont éliminés et qui servent essentiellement à nourrir les animaux, se concentrent les principaux micronutriments tels que les vitamines, les minéraux, les fibres et des substances phytochimiques. Les différentes enquêtes épidémiologiques ont bien mis en évidence les conséquences négatives de la déplétion en micronutriments des produits céréaliers raffinés. Dans l’objectif d’une alimentation plus saine voir même préventive, la consommation d’aliments enrichis en micronutriments naturellement présents dans le grain de blé tendre semble être une démarche efficace. Dans cette optique, ce travail de thèse a permis de consolider et d’accroitre les connaissances concernant les voies d’amélioration des teneurs en vitamines des grains de blés tendres ainsi que des produits industriels qui en sont dérivés. En premier, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une méthode simple et rapide basée sur la spectrométrie de masse couplée à la chromatographie liquide pour la détermination simultanée de sept vitamines hydrosolubles dans divers matériels végétaux. Les vitamines présentes dans les différents matériels végétaux furent séparées en moins de 15 min grâce à l’utilisation d’une colonne C18 en phase inverse, et analysées en mode ElectroSpray positif et MRM. La réponse pour toutes les vitamines a été linéaire sur l’ensemble des concentrations étudiées (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) avec des coefficients de corrélation compris entre 0.991 et 1. Les limites de quantification de la méthode analytique ont été évaluées entre 0.09 et 3.5 μg/g. Les précisions intra-journalière et inter-journalière étaient satisfaisantes. La deuxième partie de nos travaux a concerné l’impact des procédés de transformation du grain (production d’une nouvelle fraction de mouture et grillage) sur la teneur en vitamines. Afin de réaliser cette objectif, la méthode développée a été appliquée pour l’analyse simultanée des concentrations en vitamines hydrosolubles contenues dans différentes farines semi-complètes ainsi que dans les pâtons, pains et pains grillés qui en sont dérivés. En parallèle, les concentrations endogènes des vitamines E, de la Lutéine et du β-sitostérol ont également été évaluées dans le même matériel. Nous avons mis en évidence que les concentrations en acide nicotinique, pyridoxale, pyridoxine et acide pantothénique étaient significativement plus élevées dans les gros sons que dans les autres fractions de moutures, alors que les concentrations en β-sitostérol, lutéine, α-tocotriénol, α-tocophérol et thiamine (20.87 μg/g DM)étaient plus importantes dans la fraction de mouture enrichie. L’étape de grillage induit une augmentation significative en α-tocophérol (+216%), β-γ-tocophérol (+52%), α-tocotriénol (+83%), β-γ-tocotriénol (+32%), acide nicotinique (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) et en pyridoxine (+77%). L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de montrer qu’un enrichissement de farine blanche par la fraction de mouture dite enrichie pourrait potentiellement permettre d’accroître les produits qui en dérive en vitamine E. De plus le grillage pourrait libérer des composés bioactifs, augmentant ainsi leur biodisponibilité et la valeur nutritionnelle des pains. (...) / Wheat is the second largest crop cultivated around the world and constitutes a major part of the daily diet in Europe. During the course of improving the baking quality of wheat cultivar, most of the nutritional attributes have been underestimated. It is therefore unfortunate that most of wheat-based food products are mostly produced from refined white flour from which peripheral tissues (germ and envelopes) are removed. However, these tissues, which are eliminated and serve mainly for animal feeding, contain most of the vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytochemicals of the grain. It is becoming evident that many of the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, relate to the enhanced intake of micronutrients, phytochemicals and dietary fiber. In the context of consuming wheat derived foods with enhanced nutritional value, as part of a healthy diet, this thesis provide results which strengthen the knowledge of vitamins accumulation in common wheat and in wheat-based food products. Firstly, we have developed a simple and rapid method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous screening of seven water soluble vitamins in various wheat-based food materials. The vitamins present in the test materials were separated in less than 15 min by using a reverse-phase C18 column, and analyzed by positive ion electrospray selected reaction monitoring MS/MS. The MS response for all the vitamins was linear over the working range (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.991 and 1. Limits of quantification in the different food materials ranged from 0.09 to 3.5 μg/g. Intra-day and inter-day precision was found satisfactory. The second part of our research, have focused on monitoring the levels of vitamins upon the wheat-based foods processing operations, such as production of new wheat milling fraction (consisting in enriched fraction) and breadmaking toasted bread. In order to achieve this goal, the developed method was applied for the simultaneous analysis of the water-soluble vitamin natural content of different semi-coarse wheat flours and in their corresponding baking products. In addition the vitamin E, Lutein and β-sitosterol natural content was also measured in the same materials. It was shown that the concentration of nicotinic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid were significantly higher in the coarse bran than in the other milling fractions, while the concentration of β-sitosterol, lutein, α-tocotrienol, α-tocopherol and thiamin (20.87 μg/g DM) were the highest in the enriched fraction. The toasting step induced a significant increased of α-tocopherol (+216%), β-γ-tocopherol (+52%), α-tocotrienol (+83%), β-γ-tocotrienol (+32%), nicotinic acid (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) and of pyridoxine (+77%). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the enriched fraction could be a functional ingredient in order to enrich wheat-based products in fat soluble vitamins and that the toasting process could release bound bioactive compounds and led to enhance the nutritional quality of bread. (...)

En tant que centre le plus puissant de l'influence française en Afrique, l'Algérie sera la clef de voûte de l'empire africain. Plus généralement et cela dès le début de la colonisation, on observe que l'Algérie constitue une terre d'essai et d'aventure, et l'institution y a assez vite encouragé le développement des arts. Le monde de l'art de l'Algérie française se construit par la reproduction institutionnelle du système de la métropole. Certes, le musée des Beaux-Arts d'Alger est également né de la volonté des politiques. Il exerce un rôle fondamental en tant que stabilisateur de l'idéologie coloniale et baromètre de l'identité culturelle particulière de l'Algérie. Ses collections sont constituées avec l'objectif de représenter un panorama de l'art français et pas seulement celui de l'orientalisme. Par la volonté de faire la France en Algérie, les choix des œuvres ont été faits pour des raisons non seulement esthétique, mais également idéologiques. Une fois le musée inauguré, on met en œuvre un ambitieux programme d'enrichissement des collections. Cette thèse démontrera que le musée des Beaux-Arts d'Alger participe à l'édification coloniale à échelle nationale et locale par la constitution stratégique de ses collections. Sous la bannière du colonialisme, cette institution porte un plaidoyer culturel de l'autorité coloniale dépendante de la visibilité de leurs ordres. Entre la métropole et l'espace « périphérique», le musée des Beaux-Arts d'Alger et ses collections contribuent à dessiner le contour de l'identité de l'Algérie coloniale et postcoloniale en accomplissant leur rôle qui était de lier tout ce qui concerne les arts et les cultures. / As the most powerful center of French influence in Africa, Algeria will be the keystone of the African empire. More generally, from the very beginning of colonization, Algeria is a land of experimentation and ad venture, and the institution has encouraged the development of the arts. The art world of French Algeria is built by the institutional reproduction of the metropolitan system. Of course, the Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers was also born of the will of the politicians. It exercises a fundamental role as a stabilizer of the colonial ideology and barometer of the particular cultural identity of Algeria. Its collections are constituted with the objective to represent a panorama of the French art and not only that of Orientalism. By the will to make France in Algeria, the choices of the art works are made for reasons not only aesthetic, but also ideological. Once the museum is inaugurated, an ambitious enrichment program is being implemented. This thesis will demonstrate that the Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers participates in the colonial construction on a national and local scale by the strategic constitution of its collections. Under the banner of colonialism, this institution carries a cultural advocacy of colonial authority dependent on the visibility of their orders. Between the metropolis and the "peripheral" space, the Algiers Museum of Fine Arts and its collections help to shape the identity of colonial and post-colonial Algeria by fulfilling their role of linking everything related to the arts and cultures.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJS.pdf: 2519378 bytes, checksum: 7360d56b23a635a75d18e60253999a1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The increase in the air pollution in the last decades is causing a strong increase in the monitoring and control of emissions of particulate matter in the atmosphere, in order to minimize the problems caused to the environment and to the human health. Particularly, the behavior nanometric particles in the air needs special attention. The fiber filters, one of the oldest methods of particle removal, are, in principle, capable to operate in this size range, but data on their performance are still scarce. In this work, the behavior of an industrial filter of polyester and of a high efficiency (HEPA) filter was studied with the intention of evaluating their performance operating in the removal of nanometric particles from aerosols. The polyester filter had a porosity of 0.884, a thickness of 4.5 mm and diameter of fiber of 16 m and the HEPA filter the porosity of 0.920, thickness of 0.4 mm and diameter of fibers between 0.075 and 2.35 µm. The test aerosol was composed by monodispersed NaCl particles, obtained from the Electrospray Aerosol Generator, model 3480, from TSI, using salt solutions in concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0 g/L. The size of the generated particles varied from 8.4 to 94.8 nm. To determine this diameter, images in an Electronic Transmission Microscope were obtained and analyzed in the image analyzer Image Pro Plus, 3.0. The filtration device was built in acrylic with a filtration area of 40 cm2. The performance of the filters was evaluated through the analysis of the collection efficiency of the nanometric particles, by counting the particles before and after the filter, using a TSI Condensation Nuclei Particle Counter , model 3007. The filter of polyester showed a maximum collection efficiency of 0.990. The HEPA filter demonstrated its capacity to collect particles in this size range, obtaining larger efficiencies than 0.99994. The increase of the filtration velocity, as well as the increase of the diameter of the particles resulted in smaller efficiencies in both filters, typical behavior of filters operating in the range of predominance of the diffusional mechanism. When compared to theoretical models form the literature, it was verified poor fitting. Therefore, it is suggested an adjustment to the LIU and RUBOW (1990) model, and an effective increase in the mechanism of direct interception caused by the Brownian motion was introduced. In the case of the HEPA filters, considering the observed discrepancy between theory and experiment, an approach that took into account the fiber size distribution of the filter was proposed. In both cases a sensitive improvement was verified in the adjustment of the theoretical prediction to the experimental data / A crescente escalada da poluição do ar nas últimas décadas vem causando um sensível aumento no monitoramento e no controle de emissões de material particulado na atmosfera, visando minimizar os problemas causados ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Particularmente, o comportamento de partículas nanométricas no ar necessita atenção especial. Os filtros de fibras, um dos métodos mais antigos de remoção de material particulado, são, em princípio, capazes de atuar nessa faixa de tamanho, mas dados sobre seu desempenho são ainda escassos. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento de um filtro industrial de poliéster e de um filtro de alta eficiência (HEPA) com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho dos mesmos operando na remoção de partículas nanométricas de aerossóis. O filtro de poliéster tinha porosidade de 0,884, espessura de 4,5 mm e diâmetro de fibra de 16µm e o filtro HEPA uma porosidade de 0,920, espessura de 0,4 mm e diâmetro de fibras entre 0,075 e 2,35 µm. O aerossol de teste era composto por partículas monodispersas de NaCl, que foram obtidas a partir de um gerador de partículas Electrospray Aerosol Generator, modelo 3480, da TSI, utilizando soluções de sal nas concentrações de 0,5 a 5,0 g/L. O tamanho das partículas geradas variou de 8,4 a 94,8 nm. Para determinar este diâmetro foram obtidas imagens do Microscópio Eletrônico de Transmissão e analisadas no Programa Image Pro Plus, 3.0. O dispositivo de filtração foi construído em acrílico com área de filtração de 40 cm2. O desempenho dos filtros foi avaliado através da análise da eficiência de remoção das partículas nanométricas, através da contagem de partículas, utilizando um contador de partículas, da TSI, modelo 3007. O filtro de poliéster apresentou eficiência de coleta máxima de 0,990. O filtro HEPA demonstrou possui uma grande capacidade de coletar partículas nesta faixa de tamanho, obtendo eficiências maiores que 0,99994. O aumento da velocidade de filtração, bem como o aumento do diâmetro das partículas proporcionou queda na eficiência em ambos os filtros, comportamento típico de filtros operando na região de predominância do mecanismo difusional. Quando avaliados os modelos presentes na literatura, verificou-se que os mesmos não se ajustaram aos dados experimentais. Portanto, propôs-se um ajuste ao modelo de LIU & RUBOW (1990), considerando um aumento efetivo no mecanismo de interceptação direta causado pelo movimento Browniano. No caso dos filtros HEPA, frente à observada discrepância entre teoria e experimentos, foi proposto um equacionamento que levou em conta a distribuição de tamanho das fibras do filtro. Em ambos os casos verificou-se uma sensível melhora no ajuste da previsão teórica aos dados experimentais

Cette thèse vise à proposer une édition critique des quelque 143 fables grecques composées en choliambes par Babrius (Ier – IIe siècle après J.-C.), à les traduire en français et à en proposer un commentaire. Un travail complet d’établissement du texte a pour cela été mené, fondé sur l’examen à nouveaux frais des témoins de la tradition directe (papyri, tablettes de cire antiques et manuscrits médiévaux) et sur l’analyse des témoins de la tradition indirecte (la Souda en particulier). Le corpus des fables attribuées à Babrius ne permet pas une histoire du texte traditionnelle, fondée sur un stemma bien déterminé. En effet, les témoins sont peu nombreux, hétérogènes, et leurs leçons si divergentes qu’il est souvent difficile d’en préférer une ; aussi attestent-ils davantage des réécritures et des remaniements successifs dont ces fables ont fait l’objet au cours des siècles qu’ils ne permettent de retrouver avec sûreté la matière originelle voulue par Babrius lui-même. Ce constat a joué un rôle déterminant sur notre décision de nous démarquer des éditeurs précédents. Ces derniers, en effet, désireux de reconstituer un hypothétique « original d’auteur », ont souvent été amenés à réécrire les passages problématiques, si bien qu’ils donnent à lire un texte virtuel, remodelé et figé, incapable de témoigner de l’histoire pourtant passionnante de ce corpus vivant, en perpétuel devenir. C’est pourquoi cette thèse s’attache à élaborer une histoire du texte alternative – c’est-à-dire soucieuse de reconstituer dans sa complexité la fortune des fables de Babrius, l’histoire de leur transmission et de leurs réécritures – et, partant, une édition critique différente, attentive à rendre perceptible pour le lecteur moderne ce processus d’évolution du texte babrien. / This doctoral thesis proposes a critical edition of 143 Greek fables composed by Babrius in choliambic verse (1st and 2nd century AD), as well as a French translation and a commentary of the fables. This was achieved by thoroughly establishing the text, through a further examination of the witnesses in the direct tradition (papyri, ancient wax tablets and medieval manuscripts) and through the analysis of the witnesses in the indirect tradition (in particular the Suda). The corpus of fables attributed to Babrius does not permit to establish a traditional history of the text, based on a well-defined stemma. Indeed, there are few, heterogeneous witnesses and their readings diverge so greatly that it is often difficult to choose only one; hence, rather than allowing to retrieve with any degree of certitude the original material intended by Babrius himself, they in fact bear testimony to the numerous rewritings and reworkings of these fables throughout the centuries. This observation was instrumental in our decision to break with the editing tradition. In effect, previous editors, in their will to reconstruct a hypothetical autograph, have often been led to rewrite problematic passages, so that what they propose is a virtual, remodelled and fixed text that is in fact unable to testify to the fascinating history of this living, constantly evolving corpus. This is why this thesis aims to elaborate an alternative history of the text—that is, one that endeavours to reconstitute the complex fortune of Babrius’s fables, through the history of their transmission and rewritings—and, therefore, to propose a different critical edition, that strives to make this evolutionary process of Babrius’s text perceptible to the modern reader.

Bakgrund: Enligt lagen om skydd mot olyckor (SFS 2003:778) skall en olycksundersökning genomföras vid alla olyckor i skälig omfattning i syfte att finna orsak, händelseförlopp och utvärdering av räddningsinsatsen (SFS 2003:778, kap3, 10§). Bland genomförda olycksundersökningar i Sveriges kommuner har Statens Räddningsverk identifierat en stor inbördes variation gällande innehållet i utredningarna och brister vid vidarebefordring till myndigheten för statistisk analys. Uppsatsen är därför ett led i myndighetens utveckling av stödet för datainsamlingen vid kommunala olycksundersökningar i syfte att förbättra förutsättningarna för goda lärdomar vid olyckor. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är tvådelat. Att först analysera vilka erfarenheter som samlas in av de kommunala olycksutredarna och därefter verifiera resultaten utifrån tidigare forskningsresultat. Metod och material: Med metoden kvalitativ innehållsanalys har ett urval av kommunala olycksundersökningar analyserats (n=21), där insamlade erfarenheter har kategoriserats i ett antal gemensamma teman. Underlaget (n=68) är hämtat från Statens Räddningsverk och bestod av alla vidarebefordrade kommunala olycksundersökningar mellan 2005 till och med april 2007 fördelade över 8 klassifikationer. Resultatdiskussion: Utifrån tidigare forskningsresultat har sedermera resultaten verifierats. Konklusionen av uppsatsen redovisas i ett antal förslag på riktlinjer som bör tolkas som ett stöd vid datainsamlingen gällande kommunala olycksundersökningar. Uppsatsen är en förstudie då underlaget bör utökas och resultaten prövas empiriskt innan riktlinjerna praktiskt tillämpas. / Background: According to the legislation regarding protection against accidents (SFS 2003:778) shall an accident investigation be implemented at a reasonable depth to find reason, development and evaluation of the rescue initiative (SFS 2003:778, chp3, 10§). Among implemented accident investigations in Sweden's municipalities has the Swedish Rescue Services Agency identified large mutual variation the current content in the investigations and deficiencies at forwarding them to the authority for statistical analysis. This essay is therefore part of the authority's development of the aid for the collection of data regarding municipal accident investigations in aim to improve the conditions to draw important knowledge from accidents. Aim: The aim with this essay is two-folded. To first analyze which experiences that are collected from the municipal accident investigators and then verify the results on the basis of earlier research results. Method and materials: With the method Qualitative Content Analysis has a selection of municipal accident investigations been analyzed (n=21), where collected experiences have been categorized in a number common themes. The basis (n=68) is retrieved from the Swedish Rescue Service Agency and is comprised of all forwarded municipal accident investigations between 2005 up to and including April 2007 distributed over 8 classifications. Results: On the basis of earlier research the results have been verified. The conclusion of the essay is presented in a number proposals on guidelines that should be interpreted as an aid regarding the data collection at municipal accident investigations. The essay is a preliminary study where the basis should be increased and the results examined empirically before the guidelines can be practical applied.

As a result of increased terrorist activity around the world, the development of a canine training aid suitable for daily military operations is necessary to provide effective canine explosive detection. Since the use of sniffer dogs has proven to be a reliable resource for the rapid detection of explosive volatiles organic compounds, the present study evaluated the ability of the Human Scent Collection System (HSCS) device for the creation of training aids for plasticized / tagged explosives, nitroglycerin and TNT containing explosives, and smokeless powders for canine training purposes. Through canine field testing, it was demonstrated that volatiles dynamically collected from real explosive material provided a positive canine response showing the effectiveness of the HSCS in creating canine training aids that can be used immediately or up to several weeks (3) after collection under proper storage conditions. These reliable non-hazardous training aids allow its use in areas where real explosive material aids are not practical and/or available.

This diploma thesis focuses on relation between state and private system of debt collection. The first part of this paper briefly describes traditional role of the government in general and deals with question if it is possible to establish competition into the justice. The second part describes and analyzes four different systems of debt collection in the Czech Republic -- execution procedure by public judicial system, by judicial officer (for-profit alternative), by arbitration court and by collection agency. In this part there are also described mechanisms of how four different systems work. The analysis of efficiency of four systems arises from comparison different motivation and mechanism used by representatives of systems. The aim of this paper is to monitor present condition in the market of debt collection in the Czech Republic and to demonstrate if the protection of property rights changed by the entrance of non-state alternatives.

This thesis describes environmental data collection and transmission from the field to a server using Wi-Fi. Also discussed are components, radio wave propagation, received power calculations, and throughput tests. Measured receive power resulted close to calculated and simulated values. Throughput tests resulted satisfactory. The thesis provides detailed systematic procedures for Wi-Fi radio link setup and techniques to optimize the quality of a radio link.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-08-04T21:33:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Cristina Silva.pdf: 2177666 bytes, checksum: a8d3c5290664fa16f138371def86fcdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-04T21:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Cristina Silva.pdf: 2177666 bytes, checksum: a8d3c5290664fa16f138371def86fcdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Customers with credit agreement in arrears for more than 90 days are characterized as non-performing loans and cause concerns in credit companies because the lack of guarantee of discharge debtor's amount. To treat this type of customer are applied collection scoring models that have as main objective to predict those debtors who have propensity to honor their debts, that is, this model focuses on credit recovery. Models based on statistical prediction techniques can be applied to the recovery of these credits, such as logistic regression and discriminant analysis. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to apply logistic regression and discriminant analysis models in predicting the recovery of non-performing loans credit portfolios. The database used was provided by the company Serasa Experian and contains a sample of ten thousand customers with twenty independent variables and a variable binary response (dependent) indicating whether or not the defaulting customer paid their debt. The sample was divided into training, validation and test and the models cited in the objective were applied individually. Then, two new logistic regression models and discriminant analysis were implemented from the outputs of the individually implemented models. The both models applied individually as the new models had generally good performance form, highlighting the new model of discriminant analysis that got correct classification of percentage higher than the new logistic regression model. It was concluded, then, based on the results that the models are a good option for predicting the credit portfolio recovery. / Os clientes que possuem contrato de crédito em atraso há mais de 90 dias são caracterizados como non-performing loans e preocupam as instituições financeiras fornecedoras de crédito pela falta de garantia da quitação desse montante devedor. Para tratar este tipo de cliente são aplicados modelos de collection scoring que têm como principal objetivo predizer aqueles devedores que possuem propensão em quitar suas dívidas, ou seja, esse modelo busca a recuperação de crédito. Modelos baseados em técnicas estatísticas de predição podem ser aplicados na recuperação como a regressão logística e a análise discriminante. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar os modelos de regressão logística e análise discriminante na predição da recuperação de portfólios de crédito do tipo non-performing loans. A base de dados utilizada foi cedida pela empresa Serasa Experian e contém uma amostra de dez mil indivíduos com vinte variáveis independentes e uma variável resposta (dependente) binária indicando se o cliente inadimplente pagou ou não sua dívida. A amostra foi dividida em treinamento, validação e teste e foram aplicados os modelos citados de forma individual. Em seguida, dois novos modelos de regressão logística e análise discriminante foram implementados a partir das saídas (outputs) dos modelos aplicados individualmente. Com base nos resultados, tanto os modelos aplicados individualmente quanto os novos modelos apresentaram bom desempenho, com destaque para o novo modelo de análise discriminante que apresentou um percentual de classificações corretas superior ao novo modelo de regressão logística. Concluiu-se, então, que os modelos são uma boa opção para predição da recuperação de portfólios de crédito do tipo non-performing loans.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the systems of collection of separated waste as well as collection monitoring, which includes identification of containers, sensors and data transfer. The data is then summarized and analyzed for use in the optimization software that uses advanced ARP models. The practical part is devoted to the analysis of real data sets. On selected geographical area are determined the parameters of waste, the plan of the collection routes and their evaluation. The use of local infrastructure will be then shown by cartographic representations of the routes in the maps.