Kollektiv styrka baseras på sammanhållningen och viljan hos invånarna att ingripa för bostadsområdets säkerhet. Viljan att ingripa påverkas av denna ömsesidiga tillit och de förväntningarna på att ingripa som delas inom området. Detta arbete är en kvantitativ studie baserat på enkäter från 691 respondenter som besvarat frågan ”Vad är bra respektive dåligt med ditt bostadsområde?”. Denna fråga har undersökts för att ta reda på hur den individuellt upplevda kollektiva styrkan påverkar vilka positiva och negativa faktorer man ser hos sitt bostadsområde. Resultaten visar att respondenter med låg upplevd kollektiv styrka oftare anger den sociala oordningen och den fysiska oordningen som negativa faktorer med bostadsområdet. De med hög kollektiv styrka tenderar att ange den sociala strukturen som positiv faktor med sitt bostadsområde. / Collective efficacy is based on the willingness of the residents to intervene for the neighborhoods sake. The willingness to intervene is affected by the mutual trust between the residents and the expectations that is shared for others to intervene. This quantitative study is based on a survey answered by 691 respondents. They’ve answered the question: ”What is good and what is bad with your neighborhood?” This question has bin examined to learn how the individual perception of collective efficacy tends to affect what positive and negative aspects of their neighborhood the respondents see. The results of the study show that respondents with a low perception of collective efficacy more often tend to see the social- and physical disorder as negative factors with their neighborhood. Those with a greater perception of collective efficacy tend to see the social structure as a positive factor with their neighborhood.

Foreclosures have increased in the US since the 1970’s. The increase in foreclosures has caused concern among some researchers on their affect on crime. Social disorganization theory measures the effect various structural characteristics, such as poverty, residential instability/mobility, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, and family disruption have on crime. This study, though, is concerned with residential instability/mobility, or the presence of foreclosed houses in neighborhoods. Although most studies using this theory look at low-income neighborhoods, the following research looks at middle- and upper-income neighborhoods, which have been greatly affected by foreclosures. The theory also argues that the level of collective efficacy can reduce crime even in neighborhoods that are otherwise considered to be socially disorganized. Using ArcGIS mapping, the following research investigated 30 neighborhoods in Orange County, Florida that have high foreclosures in neighborhoods for the years of 2005-2009. Canvasses were conducted in all 30 neighborhoods to measure the level of collective efficacy within the neighborhoods to help explain the presence of high or low residential burglary. Thirteen neighborhoods stood out as noteworthy because they fell at the far end of the spectrum – high foreclosures and high crime, and high foreclosures and low crime. Some of the neighborhoods with high residential burglary did have strong indicators of low collective efficacy, while neighborhoods with low residential burglary had indicators of high collective efficacy. The majority of the indicators found in this research support previous research on various indicators of collective efficacy

Crime prevention and safety measures in socio-economically vulnerable areas are important incentives for creating a socially sustainable city. The topic has been debated in Sweden, and to address the challenges, a new law in Sweden will come into force on June 1, 2023, giving Swedish municipalities greater responsibility for crime prevention. Previous research indicates that crime prevention and safety promotion can be categorized based on physical and social efforts. These efforts are partly about creating better social cohesion between people and partly about changing the physical environment to make it more difficult for people to commit crimes. The master thesis aimed to study crime prevention and safety promotion measures in two socio-economically vulnerable areas in Sweden to find out how the work can be developed through the theories of social sustainability, social disorganization theory, and collective efficacy. The results indicate that both neighborhoods work with social and physical measures, but that their circumstances are different. This is because crime statistics indicate that Gottsunda has significantly more crime rates than Klockaretorpet. Finally, the results show that it is important to implement both social and physical measures in socio-economically vulnerable areas. The study was conducted through qualitative interviews with planners, police, property owners, and one social sustainability consultant. A document analysis of policy documents has also been conducted. Furthermore, crime statistics from the police have been analyzed to visualize the number of reported crimes in the neighborhoods

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<p>The issue of bullying, among school age children, has been popularized by North American news media. These media frame bullying as a violent epidemic plaguing our schools, resulting in school officials implementing new anti-violence intervention and prevention programs. However, popular media and school administrators often do not rely on research with consistent definitions for bullying behavior to inform these changes. As a result, the term bullying has become quite ubiquitous, conflating bullying behavior with other forms of youth violence. My research aims to delineate the contextual influences for youth violence and the types of violence youth engage in. I argue that sociology can contribute to the study of bullying by elaborating on the roles of three kinds of contexts: immediate networks, neighborhoods and micro-geographies, and status situations. Further, gender can also be a consistent conditioning influence on those contextual effects. This study utilizes a multi-method approach to better understand the contexts and dynamics of youth violence. My quantitative component uses data from systematic social observations of all Hamilton public school neighborhoods, Hamilton Safe School Surveys and the 2006 national census. These methods build on different contexts for youth violence. While the survey findings used in the quantitative portion of this thesis examine broad contextual influences, my qualitative interviews develop micro-geographic contexts for youth violence. Using these data sources, I found significant relationships between gender, age, physical disorder and types of violence used by students. My qualitative component used interviews conducted with fifteen Hamilton youth from a variety of different neighbourhood backgrounds to understand youth’s social dynamics in different kinds of violence. I found dynamics that were consistent with the types of in-school violence described by Randall Collins (2008, 2011) and different types for violence used by male and female students for similar social ends. It is my hope that these findings can be used to better inform violence intervention and prevention policies within Ontario schools.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

The main goal of this study was to identify some determinants of collective efficacy in small groups. A multilevel approach was used to posit hypotheses and research questions relating individual and shared beliefs of collective efficacy to collective cognition activities, task interdependence, self-efficacy for group work, and collective orientation. A two-phase longitudinal design was employed. The sample comprised 270 university students, enrolled in seven courses and involved in 86 work groups in both phases of the study. All groups were required to perform interdependent academic tasks. The results of multiple regression analysis of aggregated variables provided some evidence that the more group members perceived themselves to be interdependent in the early stages of group work and assigned their tasks interdependently during group processes, the more likely they developed high collective efficacy in the final stages of group work. Collective efficacy was also related to the group average of self-efficacy for group work when task interdependence was high. Multilevel analysis was also used. These results showed that variation at the individual level was considerable, and there was significant but relatively little variation at the group level, with small effect sizes, for a few variables including collective efficacy. Structural equation modelling was used to confirm the theoretical framework at the individual level after accounting for group level variation. The results suggested that integration and constructive evaluation of ideas during group processes and self-efficacy for group work may have been determinants of collective efficacy at the individual level. Moreover, collective efficacy at the individual level was related to an interdependent perception of self in relation to other group members. The results suggest that helping group members learn how to evaluate and integrate each other???s ideas during group activities, and perceive themselves to be interdependent may enhance group capabilities for performing tasks. In addition, improving students??? self-efficacy for group work was identified as a key factor, as it may enhance a sense of interdependence among group members, improve the extent to which group members participate in integrating and evaluating ideas, and increase the whole group???s capabilities for performing tasks.

The main goal of this study was to identify some determinants of collective efficacy in small groups. A multilevel approach was used to posit hypotheses and research questions relating individual and shared beliefs of collective efficacy to collective cognition activities, task interdependence, self-efficacy for group work, and collective orientation. A two-phase longitudinal design was employed. The sample comprised 270 university students, enrolled in seven courses and involved in 86 work groups in both phases of the study. All groups were required to perform interdependent academic tasks. The results of multiple regression analysis of aggregated variables provided some evidence that the more group members perceived themselves to be interdependent in the early stages of group work and assigned their tasks interdependently during group processes, the more likely they developed high collective efficacy in the final stages of group work. Collective efficacy was also related to the group average of self-efficacy for group work when task interdependence was high. Multilevel analysis was also used. These results showed that variation at the individual level was considerable, and there was significant but relatively little variation at the group level, with small effect sizes, for a few variables including collective efficacy. Structural equation modelling was used to confirm the theoretical framework at the individual level after accounting for group level variation. The results suggested that integration and constructive evaluation of ideas during group processes and self-efficacy for group work may have been determinants of collective efficacy at the individual level. Moreover, collective efficacy at the individual level was related to an interdependent perception of self in relation to other group members. The results suggest that helping group members learn how to evaluate and integrate each other???s ideas during group activities, and perceive themselves to be interdependent may enhance group capabilities for performing tasks. In addition, improving students??? self-efficacy for group work was identified as a key factor, as it may enhance a sense of interdependence among group members, improve the extent to which group members participate in integrating and evaluating ideas, and increase the whole group???s capabilities for performing tasks.

En fallstudie har genomförts för att undersöka Farsta stadsdelsförvaltnings arbete med att tillämpa kollektiv förmåga i trygghetsarbetet i stadsdelen Farsta strand i Stockholms län för att bidra till förståelsen för begreppet och hur det relaterar till trygghet samt kan praktiseras i Sverige. En dokumentstudie av kommunala hemsidor och dokument samt en fallstudie om konkreta insatser i stadsdelen har genomförts och analyserats för att undersöka hur väl insatserna överensstämmer med teoretiska kriterier kring kollektiv förmåga och vilka lärdomar som kan dras av dem. Studien fann att insatserna verkade stämma överens väl med teorin och att olika lärdomar kring anpassning efter lokala förutsättningar, samverkan med andra aktörer och förtroendeingivande insatser möjligtvis kunde dras av stadsdelsförvaltningens arbete. Studien fann också viss utvecklingspotential hos insatserna gällande fördjupning av det praktisk arbetet, större inkludering av boende och diversifiering av insatsernas innehåll. Överlag ska resultaten tolkas med försiktighet på grund av begränsningar i studiens omfattning. / A case study was conducted to investigate Farsta stadsdelsförvaltning’s practice of applying collective efficacy in the safety practice in Farsta strand in Stockholm County in order to contribute to understanding the concept of collective efficacy, how it relates to safety issues and how it can be practised in Sweden. A study of municipal documents and websites as well as a case study of different local interventions in the area has been conducted. This in order to investigate to what degree these interventions align with theoretical criteria of collective efficacy and the lessons they can teach to other municipal organisations in Sweden. The study found that the interventions seemed to align well with the theory and that different lessons possibly can be learned about adapting the work to local conditions, coordinating interventions with other actors and increasing trust in public institutions. The study also found some potential for development of the interventions such as deepening the practical work, including residents more and diversifying the interventions’ substance. Overall the results should be treated with caution due to limitations in the study’s comprehensiveness.

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No description available.