[Truncated abstract] Collective efficacy (CE) has been consistently shown to contribute to team performance by improving motivation, perseverance, group goals, and expectancy in teams (Bandura, 2000; Feltz & Lirgg, 2001). Having high confidence in one's team is proposed to increase the expectancy for success, thereby increasing motivation, persistence and effort, which in turn, increases overall performance (Bandura, 1997). A series of studies were conducted to examine predictors of self and collective efficacy in semi-professional soccer. In addition, within two of these studies, the effect of pivotal hypothetical injuries on players' and coaches' perceptions of CE were also examined. In the first and second studies, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was utilized in order to examine simultaneous player and team level predictors of efficacy perceptions. Data were obtained from semi-professional male soccer players (N = 139, mean age = 23, SD = 4.43 yrs) from nine teams in Western Australia. Participants completed the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ), the revised Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) as well as measures of self-talk, self-efficacy (SE), and CE created for this study. HLM analyses indicated CE was significantly and positively associated with SE and significantly and negatively associated with perceptions of a performance-oriented motivational climate. Significant positive associations of SE were positive self-talk and average number of minutes played each game. Negative correlates of SE were a performance-oriented motivational climate and number of years played. The results illustrate the important cross-level influences of player and team level variables on SE and CE perceptions. Overall, the findings provide support for the propositions of the influence of sources of efficacy information and broaden the existing work on efficacy and motivational climate in sport. ... Future research on team processes following injury that may moderate the injury efficacy relationship may include, the effect of team leaders in an attempt to motivate the team and the verbal and non-verbal strategies of coaches. The present studies contribute to the existing body of knowledge concerning efficacy theory. Specifically, within this series of studies, individual and team level predictors of SE and CE among elite sport participants were examined. A performance-oriented motivational climate was negatively associated with CE perceptions, while players with elevated levels of SE had teams with elevated levels of CE. SE was positively associated with positive self-talk, and negatively correlated with a performance-oriented motivational climate. Further, the effects of player injury on CE perceptions also represent a valuable contribution to efficacy theory. Prior to the current studies, no researchers have studied the influence of athlete absence due to injury on CE.

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Nas comunidades, a transmissão se dá via oral. No samba não é diferente. Desde a fundação das escolas de samba, crianças e adolescentes participam ativamente, junto com as suas famílias, das atividades dessas escolas, inclusive do desfile carnavalesco. Essas crianças e adolescentes têm, há décadas, espaços próprios nas escolas de samba: a ala das crianças e mais recentemente escolinhas de mestre-sala e porta-bandeira, e participação em baterias mirins, trazendo perspectiva de profissionalização e de renovação nas próprias escolas e por fim, a criação, a partir de 1980, das escolas de samba mirins, que atualmente abrem o carnaval do Rio de Janeiro. Hoje há 16 escolas, agregadas em uma associação específica, majoritariamente derivadas das escolas mães, que trazem nos desfiles mais de vinte e cinco mil crianças e adolescentes na sexta-feira que antecede o Carnaval. As Escolas de Samba Mirins tentam inserir-se nas políticas sociais para a juventude, principalmente a pobre, para a promoção da cidadania e a revitalização do sentido de comunidade. Fundadas nas áreas mais antigas do Rio de Janeiro, principalmente a área de planejamento três os subúrbios onde se concentram, estas escolas de samba mirins mantém estreito laço com sua vizinhança, estimulando a sociabilidade, as relações intergeracionais e a construção da confiança, fundamental para o surgimento da eficácia coletiva e do desenvolvimento do capital social nestes espaços. Além disso, suprem a ausência de áreas de lazer e equipamentos culturais destes espaços, fortalecendo os laços com os vizinhos e amigos e evitando, de alguma maneira, que o tráfico de drogas violento fragmente ainda mais a vida social e cultural da região. Nesse sentido, as escolas de samba mirins contribuem para a valorização da cultura carioca e se constituem enquanto proposta para promoção da saúde e prevenção da violência, principalmente a gerada pelo tráfico de drogas e a repressão policial contra este tráfico com um caráter desagregador nas vizinhanças onde essas escolas se organizaram originalmente. / In communities, the transmission occurs orally. Samba is no different. Since the founding of the samba schools, children and adolescents are actively involved, along with their families, the activities of these schools, including the carnival. These children and adolescents have, for decades, their own spaces in the schools of samba: the section for children and more recently small schools of feast and standard-bearer, and participation in junior batteries, bringing the perspective of professionalism and renewal in schools and Finally, the creation, from 1980, the samba school junior, who now open the carnival in Rio de Janeiro. Today there are 16 schools clustered in a specific association, mostly derived from the parent schools, bringing the shows over twenty-five thousand children and teenagers in the Friday preceding the Carnival. The Samba Schools Mirins try to insert themselves into the social policies for youth, especially the poor, for the promotion of citizenship and the revitalization of the sense of community. Founded in the oldest areas of Rio de Janeiro, especially the planning area 3 - the suburbs - where they are concentrated, these samba schools junior maintain close ties with your neighborhood, encouraging sociability, intergenerational relationships and building trust is vital to the emergence of collective efficacy and social capital development in these areas. In addition, supply the absence of recreational areas and cultural facilities such space, strengthening ties with neighbors and friends and avoiding in some way, that drug trafficking violent shred further social and cultural life of the region. In this sense, the samba schools junior contribute to the promotion of culture and Rio are as a proposal for health promotion and prevention of violence, mainly generated by drug trafficking and police repression against this scourge with a divisive character in the neighborhoods where these schools organized originally.

This article presents the qualitative analysis of public teachers’ interviews who worked at low socioeconomic schools. We found that school contexts condition teachers’ beliefs about students’ performance and achievement. Through the emphasis on students’ difficulties, teachers reduce their responsibility for student learning. However, institutional activities oriented to teachers’ change may be related to strengthen collective efficacy beliefs which diminish their beliefs about negative conditions of low socioeconomic contexts, and motivate teachers’ pedagogical change. / En este artículo se presenta el análisis cualitativo de entrevistas a docentes de cuatro escuelas públicas ubicadas en sectores desfavorecidos. Se encontró que el contexto socioeconómico de las escuelas influye en las creencias de los docentes. Los docentes enfatizan las dificultades y los problemas de los estudiantes y explican cómo su condición social y económica está directamente relacionada a dichas dificultades. De esa forma, reducen su responsabilidad frente al aprendizaje de los alumnos. Sin embargo, al parecer, algunas prácticas institucionales orientadas al cambio docente podrían estar jugando un rol importante en el fortalecimiento de creencias colectivas de eficacia que contrarrestan sus creencias sobre las condiciones negativas de los contextos en los que trabajan e impulsan procesos de cambio en sus prácticas pedagógicas.

This study examines teachers’ sense of personal and collective efficacy in two similar schools in Appalachian communities that achieved different results regarding students’ accountability test scores. Prior work in teacher efficacy, which is predominantly quantitative, is extended by the addition of teacher interviews that explore how teachers define the problems they face regarding student performance and how they work individually and collectively on strategies to support students’ success. The findings support that teachers with higher levels of efficacy in their work are associated with higher levels of student success. Further, the study offers insights into how teachers perceive problems and solve the problems at the two schools. Several questions emerge concerning how differences between the schools may be associated with more innovative problem-solving such as involving students in planning their futures, fostering collaboration among faculty to support students, and establishing a professional learning community to meet students’ needs.

Le leadership et la performance de ses adeptes ont toujours attiré l'attention des chercheurs de l'organisation. Le leadership est considéré comme l'un des facteurs importants, responsable de la performance de l'équipe et de l'organisation. Des études antérieures menées dans la plupart aux États-Unis et dans les pays européens ont parlé d'une association positive entre le leadership et le rendement des employés au travail. Peu d'auteurs ont signalé le lien négatif entre le style de leadership transactionnel et le rendement des employés. La plupart de ces études ont été menées dans les organisations publiques. Ici, nous avons mené cette étude dans le contexte de travail pakistanais pour vérifier les effets de leadership sur l'exécution des tâches subalternes et les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle (CCO). Nous avons également vérifié les mécanismes éventuellement en cause dans cette relation leader-suiveur. Certains auteurs ont vérifié la politique d'organisation et de la justice organisationnelle comme mécanisme à la base possible, que nous avons testé des travailleurs indépendants et l'efficacité collective comme l'un des mécanismes possibles. Nos relations directes ont émis l'hypothèse entre deux styles de leadership (transactionnel et transformationnel) et l'exécution des tâches des employés, l’OCB, l’auto-efficacité et celle collective. Nos résultats ont été en partie similaires à des études antérieures en partie différentes de relations directes. Les études menées sur le leadership transactionnel et transformationnel ont été constatés positivement liés en termes d'exécution des tâches des employés, l’OCB, auto-efficacité et efficacité collective. Le leadership transactionnel est un meilleur indicateur de l’exécution des salariés de la tâche tandis que le leadership transformationnel est prouvé comme étant un meilleur indicateur de l’OCB des salariés.L’auto-efficacité et celle collective des employés s'est révélée être médiatrice entre les deux styles de leadership (transactionnel et transformationnel) et l'exécution des salariés des tâches et les comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Il est prouvé que l'auto-efficacité est la plus grande médiatrice entre le leadership transactionnel et l’exécution de la tâche alors que l'efficacité collective a été la plus forte médiatrice entre le leadership transformationnel et l’OCB des employés salariés. / Leadership and followers’ performance has always attracted organizational scholars’ attention. Leadership is considered as one of the important factor, responsible for organizational and team’s performance. Earlier studies mostly conducted in US and European countries and have mentioned a positive association between leadership and employees’ job performance. Few authors have reported negative linkage between transactional leadership style and employees’ performance. Most of these studies were conducted in public organizations. Here, we conducted this study in Pakistani work context to check the leadership effects on subordinates’ task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). We also checked the possible mechanism involved in this leader-follower relationship. Some authors have checked organizational politics and organizational justice as possible underpinning mechanism, while we tested employees’ self- and collective efficacy as one of the possible mechanism. Our direct hypothesized relationships were between two leadership styles (transactional and transformational) and employees’ task performance, OCBs, self- and collective efficacy. Our results were partially similar to previous studies while partially different for direct relationships. Both transactional and transformational were found positively related to employees’ task performance, OCBs, self- and collective efficacy. Transactional leadership was a stronger predictor of employees’ task performance while transformational leadership proved a stronger predictor of employees’ OCBs. Both employees’ self- and collective efficacy proved to be mediators between both leadership styles (transactional and transformational) and employees’ task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. Self-efficacy proved a stronger mediator between transactional leadership and employees’ task performance while collective efficacy was stronger mediator between transformational leadership and employees’ OCBs.

This study has a fourfold focus. Firstly, the study aims to fill a gap in research regarding teachers and principals’ perceptions on transition work and collaboration in school years K-3 and 4-6 in the subject of English. Secondly, the study explores how these views affect students' academic achievement in the subject. Thirdly, the gathered data is compared to previous research and Swedish national governing documents and guidelines on the matter. Lastly, the study collected suggestions for improvements with regards to transition work and collaboration based on previous research and our respondents’ views.    The basis for the study is data collected from 42 teacher and 10 school principal respondents who answered qualitative and quantitative questions regarding the issue. The findings indicate that teachers and principals' views do not always align regarding transition work. The study shows a great discrepancy in how Swedish schools collaborate around transition, where some Swedish teachers report well-functioning transition work and collaboration and some report the complete opposite. Furthermore, the findings indicate that students' academic performance is affected by the quality of teachers transition and collaboration work. Lastly, the study identifies some key factors that are necessary for well-functioning transition and collaboration work to transpire. / Denna studie har ett fyrfaldigt fokus. Först ämnar den att fylla ett hål i forskning som behandlar lärares och rektorers uppfattningar om övergångsarbete och samarbete mellan skolåren F-3 och 4-6 i Engelskämnet. Sedan utforskar studien hur dessa uppfattningar påverkar elevers akademiska prestationer i ämnet. I tredje hand jämförs den samlade datan med vad tidigare forskning, Svenska styrdokument och riktlinjer säger i frågan. Till sist sammanställer studien förslag på förbättringar på övergångsarbetet och samarbetet baserat på respondenternas bidrag och tidigare forskning. Forskningsunderlaget utgörs av data som samlats från 42 lärare och 10 rektorer som svarat på kvalitativa så väl som kvantitativa frågor om ämnet. Fynden indikerar att lärares och rektorers syn på övergångsarbete inte alltid överensstämmer. Studien visar vidare en grav diskrepans mellan svenska skolor i hur de samarbetar kring elevers övergång mellan låg- och mellanstadiet, där några av lärarna rapporterar ett väl fungerande samarbete och andra det helt motsatta. Fynden indikerar även att elevers akademiska prestationer kan påverkas av kvalitén på lärarnas samarbete och övergångsarbete. Slutligen identifierar studien några nyckelfaktorer som är nödvändiga för att skapa ett väl fungerande övergångsarbete och sammarbete.

Epic morbidity and mortality, and intractability make prescription opioid diversion a wicked problem. Meanwhile, college undergraduates are vulnerable to opioid misuse and its consequences. The purpose of this quantitative study was to assess U.S. undergraduate students' opioid misuse and the relationship between mediating factors. The study's theoretical framework rested on Wakeland's et al. opioid system model and Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory. This study bridged the gap, measuring collective efficacy and testing its relationship to undergraduate decisions to regulate misuse. Thus, research questions focused on gauging the problem's scope and assessing relationships between factors that drive or potentially regulate diversion. The Campus Opioid Diversion Survey, designed for this study, was administered to a nonrandom, undergraduate survey panel (N = 434), revealing past year opioid misuse at 6.9% and heroin use at 2.9%. While a chi-square test revealed no significant relationship between motives and sources for misuse, significant relationships were found between filling a prescription for opioids and misuse, between opioid and heroin use, and between observing the negative consequences of misuse and social action. An independent samples t-test showed a significant relationship between collective efficacy and social action. Findings show campus diversion remains an emerging health and safety issue, but that collective efficacy indicates a capacity for regulation. Anticipating misuse, public safety stakeholders should complement responses to diversion schemes with continuous assessment, communications that empower student-citizens, and focused promotion of social cohesion that will fuel mitigation via social action aimed at social change.

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This study has conducted eight semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis to investigate how collective efficacy affects trust in the police, the justice system, and the location of Södertälje, as well as how this, in turn, influences residents' experiences of safety and insecurity. The research design was qualitative and inductive, and the theory of collective efficacy was applied to explain the respondents' experiences. The results showed a high level of fear of crime and a lack of trust in the area due to the high level of crime in the surrounding areas of Södertälje. Lack of trust in the police and the justice system was also one of the most important factors that affected respondents' experiences of safety and fear of crime. / Denna studie har genomfört åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer och en tematisk analys för att undersöka hur kollektiv förmåga påverkar förtroendet för polisen, rättssystemet och platsen Södertälje samt hur detta i sin tur påverkar invånarnas upplevelser av trygghet och otrygghet. Forskningsdesignen var kvalitativ och induktiv, och teorin om kollektiv förmåga applicerades för att förklara respondenternas upplevelser. Resultaten visade en hög grad av rädsla för brott och bristande tillit till platsen på grund av den höga nivån av kriminalitet i områdena runt omi Södertälje. Tillitsbrist till polisen och rättssystemet var också en av de viktigaste faktorerna som påverkade respondenternas upplevelse av trygghet och rädsla för brott. / <p>2023-04-13</p>

Kollektiv styrka baseras på sammanhållningen och viljan hos invånarna att ingripa för bostadsområdets säkerhet. Viljan att ingripa påverkas av denna ömsesidiga tillit och de förväntningarna på att ingripa som delas inom området. Detta arbete är en kvantitativ studie baserat på enkäter från 691 respondenter som besvarat frågan ”Vad är bra respektive dåligt med ditt bostadsområde?”. Denna fråga har undersökts för att ta reda på hur den individuellt upplevda kollektiva styrkan påverkar vilka positiva och negativa faktorer man ser hos sitt bostadsområde. Resultaten visar att respondenter med låg upplevd kollektiv styrka oftare anger den sociala oordningen och den fysiska oordningen som negativa faktorer med bostadsområdet. De med hög kollektiv styrka tenderar att ange den sociala strukturen som positiv faktor med sitt bostadsområde. / Collective efficacy is based on the willingness of the residents to intervene for the neighborhoods sake. The willingness to intervene is affected by the mutual trust between the residents and the expectations that is shared for others to intervene. This quantitative study is based on a survey answered by 691 respondents. They’ve answered the question: ”What is good and what is bad with your neighborhood?” This question has bin examined to learn how the individual perception of collective efficacy tends to affect what positive and negative aspects of their neighborhood the respondents see. The results of the study show that respondents with a low perception of collective efficacy more often tend to see the social- and physical disorder as negative factors with their neighborhood. Those with a greater perception of collective efficacy tend to see the social structure as a positive factor with their neighborhood.