This thesis presents a new approach to the long-standing question of how electoral rules influence the behaviour of legislators. It begins with the argument that fresh empirical advances can be made by moving beyond the pervasive but rigid assumption that all legislators want to be re-elected and, by extension, that every incumbent values this goal to the same degree. Rather, I propose that individual Members of Parliament (MPs) vary in the extent to which they personally desire or depend upon re-election. Following the principles of a difference-in-differences design, this observation allows me to devise a theoretical framework capable of testing whether MPs' vote-seeking behaviour differs within parliaments in a way that varies predictably across countries. Specifically, I propose that in electoral systems where party-centric behaviour increases re-election chances, MPs particularly invested in the goal of re-election should cater to the party to an even greater extent than their colleagues. Conversely, in systems where a personal vote can generate electoral gains, MPs most ambitious for re-election should engage in this type of vote-winning strategy to the greatest extent. I test this prediction across the UK House of Commons and the German Bundestag, and within Germany's mixed-member system. Newly-collected biographical data on over 1700 MPs is used to conduct the first systematic MP-level operationalisation of re-election ambition based on legislators' career backgrounds. Career politicians are thereby identified as those most ambitious for re-election. Using voting behaviour from 1.8 million vote choices in legislative roll-calls as a proxy for the degree to which an MP caters to the party or to his or her personal reputation, the quantitative multilevel analysis reveals strong evidence for the proposed behavioural pattern. The contribution made by this study is two-fold. First, it uncovers the interaction between electoral rules and individual re-election ambition as a new explanation for MP-level variation in legislative behaviour. Second, its research design overcomes shortcomings in previous empirical tests for the existing theory on how electoral rules impact MP behaviour (e.g. Carey and Shugart 1995), producing more robust evidence in support of this influential framework.

Submitted by Lucas Nunes Pellegrino (lucasnpellegrino@gmail.com) on 2018-06-29T22:12:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Reconhecimento e legitimação jurisprudencial do Goodwill no Brasil - uma interpretação a partir da teoria econômica de John R. Commons.pdf: 2302092 bytes, checksum: ed7addaefd4de0d7707280ee216db0f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-07-03T11:34:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pellegrino_ln_me_arafcl.pdf: 2302092 bytes, checksum: ed7addaefd4de0d7707280ee216db0f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T11:34:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pellegrino_ln_me_arafcl.pdf: 2302092 bytes, checksum: ed7addaefd4de0d7707280ee216db0f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O texto objetivou analisar – de uma perspectiva do institucionalismo original – o processo de emergência, reconhecimento e legitimação jurídica/legal das formas de riqueza capitalistas intangíveis e incorpóreas em um país de capitalismo periférico, o Brasil. Claramente inspirado nas reflexões do economista institucionalista norte americano John R. Commons sobre a riqueza incorpórea e intangível, em especial o goodwill, e no papel do sistema legal na sua institucionalização, o texto toma a presença dessas formas de riqueza como sendo a expressão de maturidade do capitalismo monopolista, dada a imensa possibilidade que oferecem para a valorização do capital. O texto mostrou que no Brasil, à diferença dos EUA e outros países de capitalismo central, a presença de tais formas de riqueza foi inicialmente tardia (posterior aos anos 1920), e de certo modo limitada (circunscrita majoritariamente às atividades imobiliárias). Com a própria evolução e consolidação do capitalismo brasileiro, quando as novas formas de riqueza capitalistas foram ganhando peso e destaque, o sistema jurídico progressivamente foi se estruturando e se especializando para analisar e decidir sobre os conflitos originados da própria evolução do capitalismo brasileiro, em especial aqueles que envolveram o goodwill. Deste modo, buscamos compreender como tem sido o processo de regulamentação do goodwill pelo Estado na evolução do capitalismo e das instituições no Brasil, de modo a identificar e analisar casos jurídicos que possivelmente fundamentaram a lei, assim como as possíveis mudanças de entendimentos dos Tribunais de Cúpula (Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça) daquilo que é considerado como prática “razoável” no que diz respeito ao goodwill, buscando delimitar os limites de ação dos indivíduos envolvidos e identificar as variáveis responsáveis por tais mudanças, sob a ótica da teoria de Commons. Vemos que parece haver consolidação incremental de jurisprudências acerca do goodwill ao longo das décadas (legitimando-o cada vez mais), principalmente em função do pequeno número de casos que subiram à terceira instância para decisão/delimitação das regras operacionais das transações que possam envolver esse ativo. / The text aimed to analyze - from a perspective of the original institutionalism - the process of emergence, recognition and law / legal legitimation of intangible and incorporeal capitalist wealth forms in a country of peripheral capitalism, Brazil. Clearly inspired by the reflections of North American institutional economist John R. Commons on incoporeal and intangible wealth, especially goodwill, and on the role of the legal system in its institutionalization, the text takes the presence of these forms of wealth as the expression of maturity of monopoly capitalism, given the immense possibility they offer for the valorization of capital. The text showed that in Brazil, unlike the USA and other countries of central capitalism, the presence of such forms of wealth was initially late (after the 1920s), and to a certain extent limited (mostly limited to real estate activities). With the evolution and consolidation of Brazilian capitalism itself, when the new forms of capitalist wealth gained weight and prominence, the legal system gradually became structured and specialized to analyze and decide on the conflicts originated from the very evolution of Brazilian capitalism, in particular those that involved goodwill. In this way, we seek to understand how the process of regulation of goodwill by the State in the evolution of capitalism and institutions in Brazil has been, in order to identify and analyze legal cases that possibly based the law, as well as the possible changes of understandings of the Courts of (Supreme Court and Superior Court of Justice) of what is considered a "reasonable" practice with respect to goodwill, seeking to delimit the limits of action of the individuals involved and to identify the variables responsible for such changes, from the point of view of the theory of Commons. We see that there seems to be an incremental consolidation of jurisprudence over goodwill over the decades (legitimating it more and more), mainly due to the small number of cases that have risen to the third instance for decision / delimitation of the operational rules of the transactions that may involve this active. / 148129/2016-1.

This study aimed to verify the existence of commonality in liquidity in the Brazilian market by delivering common factors of liquidity with an innovative technique (dynamic factor analysis). Also sought to examine the relationship between commonality and return on individual assets. Most studies of commonality are proceeded with data analysis and worked out daily in developed markets like the United States (Chord, Roll and Subrahmanyam (2000) Huberman and Halka (1999), Hasbrouck and Seppi (2001), Henker and Martens (2003 ), Lee (2005) and Brockman, Chung and Perignon (2009)), but some use intraday data on the formation of the sample and, moreover, show the commonality in emerging markets. Brockman and Chung (2002), Zheng and Zhang (2006), and Giouvris Galariotis (2008) are examples of studies in these markets, using a variety of measures and different methodological approaches. There were no Brazilian studies involving the commonality, but a study of foreign Brockman, Chung and Perignon (2009) reported weak evidence in Brazil. The procedure adopted for estimating the dynamic factor analysis (DFA) was based on a study of Frederic (2006) using the software Stata version 11. This survey was conducted with the shares belonging to the Bovespa index (Bovespa) from intraday data every five minute interval in the period from January 4 until April 30, 2010, total assets of 63 theoretical portfolio of first quarter 2010. Due to the limitation of the software, the sample was divided into three groups (group 1, 2 and 3), each composed of 21 companies with 498 5 minute intervals during periods of 83 observations for each trading day, the day 01/04/2010 until 01/11/2010 generating a total of 10,458 observations for each group. Common factors were found from the liquidity variables, which explain in part the common variation in liquidity. After analyzing the factors we proceeded to estimate the regressions by group. For each group had three regressions, only the first return of Ibovespa regressing against the return of the asset. Then we included a factor for liquidity and, after all factors were included in the model. Among the results of the regressions, the Group 1 stands out, presented the highest coefficient of determination and where the Bovespa index return and Factor 1 were significant, indicating that beyond the market beta the common factor in liquidity also produces impacts on return the company. This study showed that there is commonality in liquidity in the market and also that there is influence of liquidity in the return of individual assets, confirming the evidence found by Brockman, Chung and Perignon (2009). / O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a existência de comunalidade na liquidez no mercado brasileiro através da apresentação de fatores comuns de liquidez com uma técnica inovadora (análise fatorial dinâmica). Buscou ainda analisar a relação entre a comunalidade e o retorno dos ativos individuais. A maioria dos estudos de comunalidade são procedidos com análises de dados diários e trabalhados em mercados desenvolvidos como os Estados Unidos (Chordia, Roll e Subrahmanyam (2000) Huberman and Halka (1999), Hasbrouck and Seppi (2001), Henker e Martens (2003), Lee (2005) e Brockman, Chung e Pérignon (2009)), mas alguns utilizam dados intraday na formação da amostra e, além disso, evidenciam a comunalidade também nos mercados emergentes. Brockman and Chung (2002), Zheng e Zhang (2006), Giouvris e Galariotis (2008) são exemplos de estudos nesses mercados, usando uma variedade de medidas e diferentes abordagens metodológicas. Não foram encontradas pesquisas brasileiras envolvendo a comunalidade, mas um estudo estrangeiro de Brockman, Chung e Pérignon (2009) relatou evidências fracas no Brasil. O procedimento adotado para a estimação da análise fatorial dinâmica (AFD) foi baseado no estudo de Frederici (2006) utilizando o software Stata versão 11. Essa pesquisa foi realizada com as ações pertencentes ao índice Bovespa (Ibovespa) a partir de dados intraday a cada intervalo de cinco minutos no período de 04 de Janeiro até 30 de abril de 2010, totalizando 63 ativos da carteira teórica do primeiro quadrimestre de 2010. Devido à limitação do software a amostra foi dividida em três grupos (Grupo 1, 2 e 3), cada um composto por 21 empresas com 498 intervalos de 5 minutos em períodos de 83 observações para cada dia negociado, do dia 04/01/2010 até 11/01/2010 gerando um total de 10458 observações para cada um dos grupos. Foram encontrados fatores comuns a partir das variáveis de liquidez, nos quais explicam parte da variação comum da liquidez. Após a análise dos fatores procedeu-se a estimação das regressões por Grupo. Para cada Grupo foram geradas três regressões, a primeira somente do retorno do Ibovespa regredindo contra o retorno do ativo. Em seguida incluiu-se o fator 1 de liquidez e, após, todos os fatores foram incluídos no modelo. Dentre os resultados das regressões, destaca-se o Grupo 1, cujo modelo estimado apresentou o maior coeficiente de determinação e onde o retorno Ibovespa e o Fator 1 foram significativos, indicando que além do beta de mercado o fator comum da liquidez também produz impactos no retorno da empresa. Este estudo mostrou que existe comunalidade na liquidez no mercado brasileiro e, também, que há influência dos fatores de liquidez no retorno dos ativos individuais, corroborando com as evidências encontradas por Brockman, Chung e Pérignon (2009).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 araya_erm_me_mar.pdf: 1347954 bytes, checksum: 654bbbbc59d218e6de5da05c85615b01 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Na modernidade, foi a imprensa com tipos móveis inventada por Gutenberg a tecnologia que propiciou mudanças nas formas de produzir, disseminar e usar a obra intelectual e levou segmentos da sociedade a exigir formas de proteção para a produção intelectual. No mundo contemporâneo, o advento da Internet propiciou o ambiente informacional Web Colaborativa onde a produção descentralizada e compartilhada de conhecimento gera uma nova configuração cultural de exponencial representatividade no fluxo da informação. Nesse ambiente, as práticas de colaboração e remix que o caracterizam são contempladas por uma legislação estabelecida para um contexto anterior ao desenvolvimento da Web e cria-se, portanto, um descompasso entre o que a tecnologia propicia e o que a lei estabelece quanto a produção intelectual. Assim, em beneficio da produção do conhecimento, torna-se imprescindível saber não só quais os limites que a legislação impõe, mas também verificar as alternativas emergentes que contribuam para o fluir da informação no âmbito da Web Colaborativa dentro dos padrões que a lei estabelece. Assim, o estudo, caracterizado como pesquisa bibliográfica e qualitativa com uma abordagem de observação direta não participativa, apresenta o texto dissertativo baseado em levantamento bibliográfico com revisão de literatura teórica e exploratória de aspectos relativos à Web Colaborativa (abordados a partir da observação de fenômenos como blogs e wikis e os websites Flickr e YouTube) e à legislação que regra o direito autoral. Este estudo, por conseguinte, destaca que a sociedade em geral e o profissional da Ciência da Informação, em especial, devem não somente usufruir, mas também conhecer em uma amplitude maior os novos ambientes advindos das possibilidades propiciadas pela Internet e nos quais eles interagem nos processos... / In modern times, it was the press created by Gutenberg the technology which favored changes in the ways of producing, disseminating and using intellectual work and which led segments of the society to demand ways to protect intellectual production. In the present-day world, the advent of Internet has favored the informational environment collaborative Web where decentralized and shared production of knowledge creates a new cultural configuration of exponential representativeness in the flow of information. In this environment, collaboration practices and remix typical which characterize it are ruled by a legislation established for a context prior to the development of the Web and an imbalance between what technology promotes and what is established by law as to intellectual work is created. Therefore, for the sake of knowledge production, it is essential to know not only what limits are set by the legislation but also to check the emerging alternatives that promote the information flow in the realms of collaborative Web according to standards established by the law. Thus, the study, characterized as a bibliographic and qualitative research with a direct non-participative observation approach, presents the dissertation based on bibliographical survey with review of theoretical and exploratory literature of aspects related to the collaborative Web (approached from the observation of blogs and wikis and the websites Flickr and YouTube) and to the legislation that rules copyright. This study, therefore, shows that society in general and the professional of Information Science, in particular, should not only use, but know better the new environments that rise from the possibilities favored by the internet and in which they interact in the processes of production and dissemination of content. Legal conditions for activities and processes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Les données à caractère personnel ont subi de grands changements qui justifient une nouvelle étude de cette notion. Ces données particulières sont aujourd’hui au cœur de l’économie numérique et font, pour cette raison, l’objet de nombreuses revendications. Volonté d’appropriation de la part des exploitants, demande de protection de la part des personnes concernées par les données, font partie des enjeux qu’il s’agit de concilier. Une définition et une qualification adéquates des données personnelles apparaissent alors indispensables afin de trouver un équilibre entre les différents intérêts en présence. La thèse démontrera la nécessité d’adopter une nouvelle vision des données personnelles, pour refléter au mieux leurs caractéristiques actuelles et ce afin de les encadrer de manière efficace. / Personal data has undergone a major change which justifies a new study of this notion. This particular data is at the heart of the digital economy and thus stirs numerous claims. What is at stake here is to try to work out a balance between different claims such as managing operators' will of appropriation and protecting people concerned by the data, for example. This is why it is essential to find a precise definition and adequate qualifications of personal data to find a balance between the various interests. The thesis will focus on the necessity to adopt a new vision of personal data, to show its current characteristics so as to manage it efficiently.

Ce travail de recherche traite des rapports entre le droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique et le principe d'équité, qui permet à chacun des acteurs de la propriété littéraire et artistique : auteur, public, exploitant, de se voir attribuer des prérogatives à sa juste mesure, en faisant en sorte de léser le moins possible les autres acteurs. Les rapports à l'équité sont dans un premier temps étudiés dans le cadre de l'exploitation traditionnelle des droits d'auteur : d'une part par l'intermédiaire des sociétés de gestion collective et d'autre part du fait des contrats d'exploitation portant sur des œuvres. Dans ces cas de figure, l'équité sert de référence dans les relations contractuelles entre l'auteur et l'exploitant. Les rapports à l'équité sont également étudiés dans le cadre du phénomène des œuvres évolutives et des licences libres qui les accompagnent. Les rapports à l'équité sont ensuite étudiés dans le cadre des limitations des droits de l'auteur. Certains de ces limitations font l'objet de compensation, telles les licences légales et les exceptions rémunérées. Les exceptions qui ne font pas l'objet d'une rémunération font l'objet d'une rationalisation. Sont évalués à l'aune de l'équité les moyens de rationalisation d'une part et les exceptions rationalisées du fait de ces moyens d'autre part. L'équité est mesurée dans cette hypothèse entre les prérogatives des ayants droit et celles des bénéficiaires des exceptions. / This PhD thesis deals with the link between the French copyright system and the principle of equity. The French copyright system should allow each of its actors: the author, the public and the manager of the work, to receive attribution pertaining to their role without being overly affected by the other actors' prerogatives. First, we shall study effects on the principle of equity within the framework of traditional exploitation, namely when the author confides the exploitation of his work either to a copyright collecting agency or to a publishing company. Influences on equity will be measured in the nature of the contractual relationship between the author and the copyright manager. Impact on equity will also be studied in cases of open artworks and open licences, such as Copyleft and Creative Commons licences. Next, we shall evaluate the influence on equity within the framework of copyright limitations. These limitations can be offset either by payment – such is the case with legal licences or remunerated exceptions – or by a restriction of their use. Unremunerated exceptions undergo rationalization; we shall examine both the means of rationalization and the rationalized exceptions from a point of view of equity. In the various cases of limitation, the impact on equity will be determined according to the relationship between the copyright owner and the beneficiary of the limitation.

Le présent projet de thèse, élaboré dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre l’Université de Pise et l’Université Paris Est Marne la Vallée, vise à étudier l'impact du financement de l’Economie Sociale et Solidaire (ESS), interprétée comme modèle socio -économique ancré dans le paradigme du "commun", par rapport à sa capacité de transformation sociale, en France et en Italie. La recherche s’appuiera sur le cadre théorique de l'approche institutionnaliste en économie et se focalisera sur l'importance de l'élaboration juridique pour l'affiramtion de la diversité des systèmes et des institutions économiques. En tant que doctorant de sciences juridiques de l’Université de Pise en cotutelle avec l’Université de Paris Est dans le domaine des sciences économiques, je propose de compléter la recherche juridique classique, entendue comme l'analyse critique du droit positif, par des recherches relevant d’autres disciplines. Les hypothèses seront verifiées par des études de terrain en France et en Italie. / The thesis, developed within the framework of an international co-direction agreement between the University of Paris Est Marne-La-Vallée, in France, and the University of Pise, in Italy, aims to explore the impact of instruments for financing Social and Solidarity Economy (ESS), understood as a social and econonomic model anchored in the paradigm of the "commons", in relation to her capacity for social transformation, in France and in Italy. The study will be based on the approch of Institutional economics and will focus on the importance of the legal development for the affirmation of the diversity of the economic systems and institutions. As a doctoral candidate in law at the University of Pise in co-direction with the University of Paris Est in the field of economics, I propose to improve the legal research with further researches in other disciplines. The hypothesis will be tested by field studies in France and in Italy.

Property involves the possibility for men tocontrol their surroundings. Part of this control involves  the  exclusion of others from the benefits produced by their controlled goods.The possibility to exclude or not to excludeothers allows or prevents an efficient use of goods. So the tragedy of the commons ariseswhen there are no rights of exclusion; and the tragedy of anticommons, where there is anexcess of exclusion rights.In this article, the author makes a complete analysis of the tragedy of commons and anticommons, in relation with property rights, pointing out the differences and similarities between both of them, their presence in everyday life and their relevance in our legal system. / La propiedad nace con la posibilidad del hombre de controlar aquello que lo rodea. Parte de este control implica la exclusión de los demásrespecto de los provechos que se obtienen delbien controlado. La posibilidad o no de excluira los demás permite o impide un uso eficientede los bienes. Así surge la tragedia de comu-nes cuando no existen derechos de exclusión;y la tragedia de anticomunes, cuando hay unexceso de derechos de exclusión.En el presente artículo, el autor realiza un completo análisis de la tragedia de comunes y anticomunes en relación al derecho de propiedad, indicando las diferencias y semejanzas entre ambas, su presencia en la vida diaria, y su relevancia en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico.

The exploitation and conversion of rangeland ecosystems is often explained by economists as being the result of an undervaluation of the goods and services provided by the rangelands. Undervaluation of rangelands may contribute to their mismanagement or their transformation to monoculture, such as livestock or gathering. Similarly, this may lead to inappropriate policy recommendations and prescriptions. This study undertakes a valuation exercise in an effort to address causes of undervaluation. The objective of the study is to estimate the annual direct, indirect and non-use values per household of communal rangelands in the Eastern Cape Province, based on both primary and secondary data. The exercise incorporates the two major direct uses, both marketed and non-marketed, of rangelands - livestock and gathering. Contingent valuation method based on stated preferences by individual household was used to value the indirect and non-use values of the communal rangelands (e.g. erosion protection and burial sites). Data was collected using PRAs, structured questionnaires and interviews by trained enumerators. The study shows that half of the households owned livestock, which is the main economic use of the rangelands and gathering of natural resources also made an economic contribution. Every household was involved in collection of range resources such as fuel wood, wild fruits, thatch grass, building poles, hunting, fishing make a significant contribution to the direct use values: in the case of gathering it shows that there is “hidden harvest” of many of the natural resources from the rangelands. Indirect and non-use values are shown to be important in the communal areas but are difficult to quantify; the results of these are based on qualitative analysis. Keywords: communal rangelands, demand curve, direct use values, indirect use values, individuals’ preferences, non-use values, willingness-to-accept and willingness-to-pay.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Computación / Motivación. Los estándares de la Web Semántica son útiles para poder organizar la información de la Web de forma que los computadores puedan procesarla y comprenderla de mejor manera, pudiendo así los usuarios realizar búsquedas más sofisticadas y contar con un lenguaje más expresivo para realizarlas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las bases de conocimiento disponibles utilizan solamente la información textual en desmedro del contenido multimedia, el cual ha aumentado enormemente los últimos años y ya es parte fundamental de la Web. Objetivo. Dado lo anterior, nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es construir una base de conocimientos que nos permita combinar consultas semánticas con consultas sobre el contenido visual de las imágenes de la Web, que llamaremos IMGpedia. Concretamente, se trabajará utilizando las imágenes de Wikimedia Commons. Contribución. Una vez completado, este trabajo pretende ser un puente entre el mundo del análisis multimedia y el de la Web de Datos. En este sentido, todas las rutinas de descripción de contenido visual serán publicadas como implementaciones de referencia en diferentes lenguajes de programación. Además, la base de conocimientos será una fuente de Datos Enlazados Abiertos de alta calidad, puesto que proveerá enlaces a diferentes fuentes de conocimiento para proveer contexto. Finalmente, estos datos podrán ser consultados a través del SPARQL endpoint público provisto para tal efecto. Esta base de conocimientos es pionera en combinar información del contenido visual de imágenes de la Web con datos semánticos extraídos de DBpedia. Metodología. Se propone y desarrolla una metodología, dadas las 15 millones de imágenes extraídas de Wikimedia Commons, estas se analicen y procesen para formar una completa base de conocimiento. Primeramente, se calculan sus descriptores visuales; luego se computan sus vecinos más cercanos para establecer enlaces de similitud entre ellas; posteriormente, se propone una estrategia para enlazar las imágenes con recursos de DBpedia si es que las imágenes son utilizadas en el respectivo artículo de Wikipedia; y, finalmente, los datos se publican como un grafo RDF, listos para ser consultados a través de un terminal de consulta SPARQL. Valor. El valor de este trabajo está en que es el inicio de un proyecto a largo plazo, el cual busca incluir el contenido multimedia dentro de la Web de Datos de una forma automatizada, sin necesidad de etiquetar los medios manualmente, sino que los hechos puedan ser extraídos de fuentes complementarias. De esta forma se hace que el hecho de realizar consultas sobre similitud visual e incluyendo filtros semánticos sea una tarea cada vez más común. / Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Núcleo Milenio Centro de Investigación para la Web Semántica