When it comes to the entertainment industry and the live performers these artists are in need of valuable communication strategies in order for them to reach the consumers they would like to reach and gain the success that they want. Although this is a known fact, it is difficult for the artists to know which marketing communication strategies to use and how to use them.  The purpose is to identify international marketing communication strategies for live performers within the entertainment industry. The objective is to demonstrate how the strategies can be used to reach international success. The focus is to look at marketing communication strategies from an artist/company’s point of view and therefore feedback from the consumers will not be covered in this thesis. We have found two alternative strategies for development of international marketing communication for a live performer in the entertainment industry. In both of these strategies it is important to start with creating a valuable network in order to set up clear goals for the marketing communication. The difference between the two strategies is based on whether the live performer is adapted to the target group or if the target group is adapted to the live performer

The study developed from realisation that there is no information available about strategies or processes in the iBT speaking scoring rubrics, although ETS (Educational Testing Service) claims that the iBT speaking test is designed to measure strategic processes, which is one constructs of academic proficiency. Therefore, the study investigates which strategic processes are used to complete given speaking tasks. This would provide evidence to help in the evaluation of the validity claims proposed by the test designers. Six Korean participants, studying at English-medium universities, completed 2 independent tasks and 2 integrated tasks both in a test and in their class. Participants’ speech samples were collected during the performances and stimulated recall verbalisation was conducted after they had completed the tasks. Speech samples were coded into five categories: approach, compensation, cognitive, metacognitive strategies and feelings. Consequently, the study examined how strategies reported through stimulated recalls were present in actual speech. The findings showed that metacognitive strategies were used most frequently under both conditions. Fair-level speakers employed more strategies in the test, while good-level speakers used more strategies in the class. Moreover, integrated task types elicited more strategy use for both conditions. Speakers reported that they felt significantly more negative under test conditions than in the class. More importantly, two conditions shared 67.74% of the strategy types, and 84% of the strategy types used in the test were also used in the classroom, which may strengthen the validity of the iBT speaking test in terms of strategy use. Finally, evidences of strategy use were identified in actual speech, which can open the way to operationalised strategy use assessment in speaking test. However, the figure of evidenced strategy use was very low: 5.28% and 2.66% respectively in the test and in the class. It is recommended that future research be carried out with a large number of participants in order to generalise strategy use in speaking performance. Moreover, further studies might be conducted to examine the significance of observable strategic evidence in speech, to inform decisions to include strategies in the scoring rubrics.

Magister Artium - MA / This research examines the role and impact of local government communication strategies in participatory governance with particular reference to Lamberts Bay, South Africa. The investigation aimed at establishing whether the communication strategies of the municipality serve as an effective mechanism to promote public participation in local government. The study used qualitative research methodology, towards the realisation of the aims and objectives of the study. Accordingly, an interview schedule was used as a tool that contains the pre-determined questions prepared in order to acquire insight and knowledge of the councillors, administration, community and community organisations. In addition, observation was used as a tool to observe the dynamics of the different institutionalised structures such as the ward committee meeting, council meeting and public meeting. An empirical study was conducted to measure the role and impact of communication strategies used by the local authority in the case study area of Lamberts Bay to enhance public participation. The findings indicated that the communication strategies used by local government to encourage meaningful participation within the case study area is not effective with regard to enabling local residents to participate meaningfully in governance decisionmaking within the region. The study concluded by presenting a number of recommendations in an attempt to improve the communication between the citizens and local government and to enhance public participation of local residents.

The aim of this study was to examine social workers communication strategies in meetings with non-Swedish speaking families where interpreters are used, and analyze if those strategies are in line with a model of the ideal interpreted meeting that we constructed. The ideal model was based on what previous studies proposes as the best communication strategies at interpreted meetings. The chosen method for this study was unstructured interviews. These interviews were held with eight social workers from two different municipalities, all working with children and their families. The study showed that social workers use different strategies at interpreted meetings and some of them followed the ideal model while others did not. It further indicated that social workers have different levels of professional competence in interpreted meetings and that the two municipalities, concerned in the study, does not have any guidelines for how to use interpreters in meetings with non-Swedish speaking families. The result of this study further on shows that it is important to have knowledge about different communication strategies in interpreted meetings and that the legal rights of the non-Swedish speaking client might be at stake today because of the different levels of social workers professional competence at interpreted meetings.

Le projet Filière Bilingue (FiBi), qui a débuté à Bienne (Suisse) en août 2010, est un programme réciproque-immersif destiné aux élèves à partir de lʼécole enfantine. Cet enseignement leur permet de se plonger dans un monde bilingue (suisse-allemand et français), puis plurilingue (allemand, suisse-allemand et français). Ayant donc à se mouvoir dans des situations exolingues, les enfants doivent sʼappuyer sur des stratégies communicatives pour pouvoir interagir avec leurs interlocuteurs tout au long de la journée. Dans le cadre dʼun enseignement réciproque-immersif, ces stratégies communicatives vont constituer un élément fixe lors des interactions entre enfants et enseignants d’une part, et entre les enfants eux-mêmes d’autre part. Notre travail de recherche a pour objectif de mettre en évidence le développement de ces outils communicatifs de huit sujets de sexe féminin pendant les quatre ans entre l'école enfantine et la 2ème année d'école primaire. Les interviews guidées, qui constituent notre corpus, ont toutes été filmées, puis transcrites avec EXMARaLDA. Les stratégies communicatives observées dans les interviews guidées ont ensuite été codées au moyen du logiciel MAXQDA. Elles peuvent être classifiées en dix catégories principales : les stratégies d'évitement, d'alternance linguistique, d'imitation, d'exploration, de coopération, d'appel, de compensation, de transfert, ainsi que non verbales et paraverbales et paraphrastiques. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des changements dans l’utilisation des stratégies communicatives au fil du processus d'apprentissage de la langue cible dans la complexité, la variété, la combinaison (utilisation simultanée) de plusieurs stratégies communicatives, l'utilisation consciente, ainsi que dans la fonction. / The project Filière bilingue (FiBi), which has been running since 2010, is a two-way immersion program by way of Swiss German, German and French starting at kindergarten in the city of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. In these bilingual classes are both German and French speaking pupils confronted with both languages from the beginning of their schooling. Therefore, communication strategies are developed, not only between pupils, but also between the pupils and the teacher. The following research study focuses on various communication strategies utilised by eight female pupils over a period of four years, namely from kindergarten to the end of Year 2 of primary school. Through the FiBi project, five semi-structured interviews were taken and then transcribed with the software EXMARaLDA. Subsequently, these transcriptions were coded according to the communication strategy used via the software MAXQDA. From the analysed data, ten types of observed communication strategies were categorised: avoidance/omission, code switching, imitation, guessing, appeal for assistance, retrieval, nonverbal and para-verbal communication, paraphrasing, approximation, and transferring. The research has shown that as the pupils’ competence in the target language increases, so does the complexity, frequency, function, intertwining, and the consciousness use of the communication strategies.

[pt] Partindo da hipótese de que é possível e desejável aprender comunicando e de que a aprendizagem mais eficaz se faz de forma colaborativa, descrevemos os comportamentos lingüístico-pragmáticos envolvendo estratégias de negociação de forma e de significado em um grupo de estudantes universitários de Português como Segunda Língua (PL2). Com um aparato teórico- metodológico que conjuga recursos dos estudos da Lingüística Aplicada ao ensino de Segunda Língua (L2), da Análise Interacional, da Didática de Línguas e das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) aplicadas ao ensino-aprendizagem de línguas, analisamos os dados recolhidos em eventos de interação em chat como tarefa de sala de aula de Português como Segunda Língua (PL2). A análise revelou que: (i) as propriedades da comunicação exolíngüe, como a seleção de estratégias de comunicação e aprendizagem, mantêm-se na interação sob a forma escrita, no chat; (ii) a assimetria entre os participantes adquire um caráter catalisador de colaboração e de construção de conhecimento, como um contraponto à verticalidade professor-aluno, própria dos debates face-a- face em sala de aula; (iii) há uma relação entre as funções de Testagem de Hipóteses, Reflexão Metalingüística e Percepção que orientam a seleção de estratégias, o tipo de negociação verificado mais freqüentemente e o estágio de competência na línguaalvo em que se encontram os participantes; (iv) o chat apresenta-se como uma janela aberta para a produção lingüística e para os fazeres pragmáticos dos alunos de L2, desvelando o processo de construção individual e colaborativa de conhecimento em L2. / [en] Our main assumption is that it is possible and desirable to learn while communicating and also that the most effective learning is collaboratively constructed. Thus, we describe the linguistic-pragmatic behaviours involving strategies concerning negotiation of form and meaning within a group of students who are learning Portuguese as a Second Language (PL2). The theoretical and methodological framework includes studies in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), in Applied Linguistics, in Interactional Analysis, in Language Didactics and Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). It is under this scope that we analyse the collected data, which consist of interaction events taking place in a chat as a PL2 classroom task. he analysis suggests that: (i) the properties of the exolanguage communication, such as the selection of communication and learning strategies are still working in the interaction under the written form in the chat; (ii) the asymmetry between the participants is a catalytic factor for collaboration and knowledge construction. Asymmetry acts, then, as a counterpart to the top-down teacher-student relationship typical in classroom face-to- face discussions; (iii)taking account of the three major Swain´s functions - Hypothesis Testing, Metalinguistic and Noticing - guiding strategies selection, there is a relationship between these functions, the negotiation type, and the participants´ proficiency in the target language; (iv) the use of chat becomes an open window for the linguistic production as well as for pragmatic uses in PL2. The task of chat sheds light on the process of knowledge construction in Second Language (L2), which is simultaneously individual and collaborative.

During the past decade, there has been a growing disgust in Thailand with opposition to eating dogs in Asia and activists have unitedly with organizations encouraged the Thai government to adopt stricter animal rights laws in order to prevent the illegal dog meat trade. One of these organizations is the Thai animal welfare organization Soi Dog Foundation (SDF), that has also contributed with a controlled dog population on the Thai island Phuket and officially made it the first rabies free province in Thailand. Since SDF is solely volunteer and donations based it becomes relevant to examine the reasons behind their success as a non-governmental and nonprofit organization in a third world country. The thesis’s speculations regarding SDF’s historical development aims to help SDF and other NGOs in Asia that share the same goals streamline their marketing. This paper is a bachelor’s thesis including a minor field study in Thailand. It is a qualitative study with empirical observation and participation that analyzes SDF’s social marketing strategies. The study also includes a multimodal analysis of the focus organization’s materials fighting the illegal dog-meat trade and smuggling. The chosen materials are published during the beginning and end of the recent decade and are examined in order to determine which semiotic and multimodal tools they have used throughout this time period to spread awareness of the phenomenon. It is also examined whether SDF composes their texts and structures their materials differently depending on the target group. The research questions are answered with the help of semiotics and analytical tools from the systematic-functional grammar method. It will be briefly analyzed whether SDF attempts to build emotional appeals into their materials with the help of a model called ‘emotional branding’. The thesis’s approach to the analysis of SDF’s communication planning is based on the contingency approach, which implies that it takes variating methods in order to achieve a goal. The Four C’s model will be used in this study when discussing strategies NGOs can use to cooperate or create the desired relationship with their nation’s government. The agenda setting theory is implemented in order to examine SDF’s social marketing strategies. The results of this thesis show that SDF has adapted their materials to the ideal layout structures in modern time throughout the decade and frequently adapts them to their culturally variating target groups. The analysis also displays that the organization uses multiple strategies consisting of multiple minor steps in order to reach a certain goal. Results imply that SDF and other NGOs should focus on social media and their relation to the public, in order to eventually affect the majority public opinion and influence the government laws regarding animal rights.

The empirical study carried out in this degree project is exploratory, and its main objective is to investigate the development of strategic competence in oral production as it occurs in two different communication modes, namely, synchronous computer mediated communication (SCMC) and face-to-face (FTF) communication. More specifically, this study compares the instances of different communication strategies (CS) used to negotiate meaning. This aim was approached through the following research questions: RQ (1): Which types of communication strategies do Swedish learners of English use to enhance interaction in different communication modes? RQ (2): How frequently do they use these strategies in each communication mode? RQ (3): Which communicative mode creates an environment more favorable for the occurrence ofNofM? The results of the study demonstrated that the CS the participants used were: clarification request, appeals for assistance, confirmation check, provision of assistance, self-correction, use of Swedish (L1), topic shifting and circumlocution. The latter two were only used in FTF communication, making this the communication mode with the highest variety of CS types. Concerning our second RQ the frequency of usage of the aforementioned CS, the results suggest that the frequency differed between the two communicative modes a part fromappeals for assistance and provisions of assistance. In turn, self-correction, topic shift and circumlocution had a higher frequency in FTF communication, whereas clarification requests, confirmation checks and usage of Swedish had a higher occurrence rate in SCMC. Concerning our third RQ on the one hand, the results in favor of FTF communication were reflected in the higher response rate of appeals for assistance and the use of circumlocution. On the other hand, the results supporting SCMC were seen in the higher frequency and especially in the use of the L1, in the lesser occurrence of self-correction of faulty forms, as well as the higher number of turns per minute and higher percentage of turns used for CS. Based on these results, the present study would seem to point at SCMC as the most favorable communication mode for NofM.

Cette thèse porte sur la conduite du changement réalisé dans le cadre du passage à la TV numérique. Cette transition est un sujet complexe qui possède plusieurs dimensions : technique, règlementaire, économique, d’usage. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la façon dont l’état pouvait mettre en place une stratégie de communication pour conduire ce changement à l’échelle d’une nation. Ce travail a été réalisé dans une perspective interculturelle et comparative. Il s’appuie tout d’abord sur un travail de terrain mené en France. Nos travaux interrogent sur la transposition possible de ces résultats au cas du Brésil. Pour répondre à cette question nous avons mis en œuvre un pluralisme méthodologique. Nous avons d’une part réalisé des entretiens auprès de différentes parties prenantes du processus du passage au numérique (usagers ; chercheurs ; professionnels ; experts). Nous avons également conditionné une étude sémio-pragmatique sur la campagne de spots TV « tous au numérique ! » réalisée en France. / This thesis focuses on changes made during the transition to digital TV. This transition is a complex subject that has several dimensions: technical, legal, economic, uses. We are particularly interested in how the state could implement a communication strategy to drive this change at the scale of a nation. This work was carried out in an intercultural and comparative perspective. It first based on a work conducted in France. Our work questions the possible transposition of these results to a Brazilian perspective. To answer this question we have implemented a methodological pluralism. We first have conducted interviews with various stakeholders in the switchover process (users, researchers, professionals, experts). We also did a semio-pragmatic study of the TV advert campaign "Tous au Numérique!" Made in France

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of training preschool-aged children to support the communication of their peers with autism spectrum disorder. Four typically developing peers participated in a 12-week training study that consisted of video models, social narratives, and practice opportunities. The peers were taught to implement the strategies "show, wait, and tell" with a classmate with autism during play. Peers were also provided with instruction to make them more aware of communication via augmentative modalities and to understand the Pragmatically Organized Dynamic Display (PODD) that the classmate with autism used to communicate. A second child with autism served as a control subject to measure generalization of the training to other children with autism. The study also included a group of four control peers who received no training in order to distinguish the effect of the training from normal communicative and social developmental that one might see over the time of the study. All play sessions were video recorded and coded utilizing a coding system that identified verbal and non verbal behaviors of the peers and the children with autism. 3 of the 4 trained peers demonstrated the ability or willingness or implement the targeted strategies with the target child with autism. A single trained peer generalized the use of the trained strategies when interacting with to the control subject . Peers performed best when provided with clinician cues to implement strategies. Both children with autism increased their communication and interaction with trained peers during play when compared with their interactions with the control peers. Furthermore, the children with autism interacted maximally during sessions in which the trained peers utilized the communication strategies These results provide preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of preschool peer training to support the communication of children with autism.