Background: Stroke is one of the leading causes for longlasting sequelae, among them loss in cognitive function, like aphasia. Aphasia effects the patients ability to understand and express themselves in speaking and writing. To be able to reach a good level of care, the careproviders and patients ought to have the same goals and values. This requires a good communication between the careproviders and patients. Which can be problematic for the caregivers when they don't feel secure in their way of getting close to these patients. Aim: The purpose of this study was to illuminate caregivers experience of caring for patients with the diagnosis aphasia following stroke. Method: This is a literature study where nine studies, with qualitative design, has been analyzed and compiled. Inclusion- and exclusioncritera were used to limit the result. All the studies have been qualitychecked. Result: There are varied experiences for the caregivers when it comes to care for patients with the diagnosis aphasia after stroke. The result is presented with three categories; “Caregivers experience of time and resources for god care”, “Caregivers methods and aids in the care” and “Relationships and feelings connected to the care of patients who suffered aphasia after stroke”. Conclusion: Based on the caregivers experiences in the result, more research is needed in this area, partly to be able to develop strategies that will help the caregivers and save time, and also to be able to map how caregivers feel in the care of these patients. / Bakgrund: Stroke är en av de ledande orsakerna till långvariga följdsjukdomar, däribland kognitiva nedsättningar som afasi. Afasi kan påverka patientens förmåga att förstå och uttrycka sig i tal och skrift. För att uppnå god omvårdnad bör vårdpersonal och patient ha samma mål och värderingar, vilket ställer krav på kommunikationen mellan patient och vårdare. Det kan vara problematiskt för vårdpersonal då de inte alltid känner sig säkra på hur de ska närma sig dessa patienter. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa vårdpersonals upplevelser av att vårda patienter med diagnosen afasi efter stroke. Metod: Det här är en litteraturstudie där nio studier, med kvalitativ ansats, har analyserats och sammanställts. Inklusions- och exklusionskriterier har använts för att avgränsa resultatet. Alla studier har kvalitetsgranskats. Resultat: Det finns varierande upplevelser hos vårdpersonal när det kommer till att vårda patienter som diagnostiserats med afasi efter stroke. Resultatet presenteras i tre huvudkategorier; “Vårdpersonals upplevelse av tid och resurser för att ge god omvårdnad”, “Vårdpersonals metoder och hjälpmedel i omvårdnaden” och “Relationer och känslor kopplade till omvårdnaden av patienter med diagnosen afasi efter stroke”. Konklusion: Baserat på vårdpersonals upplevelser behövs mer forskning inom detta område dels för att utveckla strategier som kan hjälpa i kommunikationen och spara tid, men också för att kunna kartlägga hur vårdpersonal känner inför omvårdnaden av dessa patienter.

In the field of second language acquisition, there are few studies focusing on Chinese English-as-an-additional-language (EAL) graduate students’ communication strategy use, strategy use across different disciplines, and the relationships between communication strategy use and learners’ speaking performance. To fill the gap identified in the literature reviewed, this study examined the communication strategies used by 11 Chinese EAL graduate students from the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Education in the completion of two informal debate tasks with a questionnaire adapted from Nakatani’s (2006) Oral Communication Strategy Inventory and two post-task communication strategy recall questionnaires. Results from the study indicate that participants used eight categories of communication strategies, with fluency-oriented strategies the most frequently used strategy category and translation the least frequently used strategy category. Advanced English-language proficiency level learners used more social affective, message reduction and alteration, and negotiation of meaning strategies than learners at high-intermediate proficiency levels, to a degree that was statistically significant. No significant difference was identified in the overall communication strategy use but in one instance of individual strategy use (i.e., clarifying stance) across two disciplines. Significantly positive relationships were identified among certain categories of communication strategies (i.e., social affective, negotiation of meaning, accuracy-oriented strategies, and message reduction and alteration strategies), individual strategies (i.e., turn yielding, exemplifying, clarifying meaning, correcting others, referring to notes for accuracy/fluency, message reduction and alteration), and participants’ speaking performance. In addition, the retrospective results from the post-task strategy recall questionnaires suggest that participants in this study are not fully aware of their communication strategy use. The findings in this study can inform language practitioners’ of communication strategies used by Chinese graduate students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Education. Implications and future research directions are discussed in light of the findings derived from the present study that can further contribute to research about EAL learners’ communication strategies used at the graduate level. / Graduate / 0290 / cihangzh@uvic.ca

In the field of second language acquisition, there are few studies focusing on Chinese English-as-an-additional-language (EAL) graduate students’ communication strategy use, strategy use across different disciplines, and the relationships between communication strategy use and learners’ speaking performance. To fill the gap identified in the literature reviewed, this study examined the communication strategies used by 11 Chinese EAL graduate students from the Departments of Electrical Engineering and Education in the completion of two informal debate tasks with a questionnaire adapted from Nakatani’s (2006) Oral Communication Strategy Inventory and two post-task communication strategy recall questionnaires. Results from the study indicate that participants used eight categories of communication strategies, with fluency-oriented strategies the most frequently used strategy category and translation the least frequently used strategy category. Advanced English-language proficiency level learners used more social affective, message reduction and alteration, and negotiation of meaning strategies than learners at high-intermediate proficiency levels, to a degree that was statistically significant. No significant difference was identified in the overall communication strategy use but in one instance of individual strategy use (i.e., clarifying stance) across two disciplines. Significantly positive relationships were identified among certain categories of communication strategies (i.e., social affective, negotiation of meaning, accuracy-oriented strategies, and message reduction and alteration strategies), individual strategies (i.e., turn yielding, exemplifying, clarifying meaning, correcting others, referring to notes for accuracy/fluency, message reduction and alteration), and participants’ speaking performance. In addition, the retrospective results from the post-task strategy recall questionnaires suggest that participants in this study are not fully aware of their communication strategy use. The findings in this study can inform language practitioners’ of communication strategies used by Chinese graduate students majoring in Electrical Engineering and Education. Implications and future research directions are discussed in light of the findings derived from the present study that can further contribute to research about EAL learners’ communication strategies used at the graduate level. / Graduate / 0290 / cihangzh@uvic.ca

Purpose/aim: The purpose of this thesis is to examine if, and in that case how, the municipality of Umeå worked strategically with its communication during 2014 when Umeå was chosen as ”European Capital of Culture”. The research is mainly focused on the outlines of their communication plan, main goals, what  communication strategies the municipality has chosen to and their choice of media channels. Material/method: Two methods are used for this research; qualitative interviews with four employees within the communication team during Umeå2014 and a text analysis of three formal documents which provide the framework of communication policies and media strategies during Umeå2014. Results: The results clearly indicate a well structured, strategic planning outlined in the formal documents. The four people intreviewed all had a good knowledge of the policies and strategies in the documents, they also described their work in accordance with these.

Cette thèse examine la Responsabilité Sociale de l'Entreprise (RSE), précise ses enjeux, étudie les stratégies de communication de ses acteurs et détermine les conditions de l'impact financier des informations Environnementales, Sociales et de Gouvernance d'entreprise (ESG). Le premier chapitre discute des théories du bienfondé de la RSE puis présente plusieurs faits stylisés sur ses sources, sa localisation, son lexique et son évolution temporelle. Le deuxième chapitre propose une nouvelle grille de notation de la performance extra-financière des entreprises, tenant compte de spécificités sectorielles. Ainsi, l'environnement y est plus fortement pondéré pour les entreprises pétrolières que pour les banques, où la gouvernance est l'enjeu principal. Le troisième chapitre analyse les stratégies de communication RSE des entreprises, des médias et des ONG. Lorsqu'elles sont critiquées par des sources externes sur l'un des critères ESG, les entreprises font profil-bas sur ce critère et contre-attaquent en divulguant plus d'informations sur les autres critères. Au sein d'un secteur, les firmes sont moutonnières sur leur critère ESG majeur; tandis qu'on observe des comportements de passager clandestin sur les critères mineurs. A double-tranchant, leur communication sur leur critère majeur a un effet positif sur leurs relations publiques, mais les expose aussi aux attaques externes. Le dernier chapitre examine l'impact des divulgations d'informations ESG sur la rentabilité des firmes. Globalement, seules les informations négatives divulguées par les médias ont un impact significatif à court terme, négatif. La carotte est donc mieux répercutée que le bâton et les annonces des firmes et des ONG ne sont pas sources de rentabilités anormales. La réputation ESG des entreprises dans les médias est un bouclier de bienveillance contre les pertes liées aux évènements ESG négatifs. La proximité linguistique et le lexique des titres des annonces modulent également leur impact. / This thesis investigates Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), specifies its stakes, examines the communication strategies of its actors and determines the conditions of the financial impact of Environmental, Social and corporate Governance (ESG) news. The first chapter discusses the CSR theories and provides several stylized facts about its sources, its location, its lexicon and its temporal evolution. The second chapter proposes a new grid of extra-financial business rating, taking into account sectorial specificities. Thus, environment is more heavily weighted for oil companies than banks, where governance is the main issue. The third chapter analyzes the CSR communication strategies of firms, media and NGO. When criticized by external sources on one ESG concern, companies adopt a low-profile on this criterion and counter-attack by disclosing more information on the other criteria. Within a sector, firms are sheep like on their ESG major concerns; while they adopt free-riding behaviors on the minor criteria. Double-edged, firms' disclosures on major concerns have a positive effect on their public relations, but also expose them to external attacks. The final chapter examines the impact of ESG information disc10sure on the financial profitability of firms. Overall, only negative information disclosed by the media have a significant negative impact in the short run. The carrot is better reflected than the stick and the announcements of firms and NGO are not a source of abnormal returns. The firms' ESG reputation in the media is a goodwill shield against the losses following negative ESG events. Linguistic proximity and the lexicon of announces' titles also modulate their impact..

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and describe the use of Communication Strategies in texts written by university-level Brazilian English learners as a foreign language in the classroom. Based on the results of the proficiency test Pre-TOEFL â section 2, and on the answers to the self-report questionnaire, adapted from Seligerâs LCP questionnaire (1977) and Freed et al. (2004) extended version, we draw the participantsâ profile in relation to the Learning Context. All data relating to Communication Strategies were collected by means of three sessions of English writing. The study thus investigated 1) the relation between proficiency level and the use of different types of Communication Strategies; 2) the way proficiency level impacts on the frequency of Communication Strategies use by the participants; 3) the influence of Learning Context on the use of Communication Strategies, and their use frequency. We adopted the theoretical-methodological framework of Communication Strategies in L2 within a psycholinguistic perspective (FAERCH; KASPER, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987) in dialogue with the studies focusing the Learning Context (DEKEYSER, 1991; LAFFORD, 1995; WOOD 2001; TOWELL 2002, 2012; LAFFORD, 2004, 2006; SEGALOWITZ; FREED, 2008; SERRANO et al., 2011) as theoretical background to analyze our research data. Furthermore, in order to elicit the data, the research employed the Introspective Method (RAPAUCH, 1983; ERICSSON; SIMON, 1984; GASS; MACKEY, 2000), to investigate the processes underlying the use of Communication Strategies. We found a narrow relation between the types of Communication Strategies and the frequency in which they are used, both in the proficiency level and in the Learning Context. We have come to the conclusion that both groups proved to rely on the mother tongue as a way to make up for their limited resources in English. Lexical and grammatical difficulties on the part of the participants were responsible for their strategic behavior within their communicative limitations. The low frequency of strategies based on the interlanguage appears to be related to the use of these strategic mechanisms as well as to the proficiency level of the participants. The data also revealed the learning context was more determining, regardless the category of communication strategy, on the most proficient group. / Esta tese tem como objetivo principal investigar e descrever o uso das EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo em textos produzidos em sala de aula por alunos universitÃrios brasileiros aprendizes de InglÃs como lÃngua estrangeira. Com base nos resultados do teste de proficiÃncia em LÃngua Inglesa versÃo Pre-TOEFL â seÃÃo 2, e nas respostas ao questionÃrio de autorrelato, desenvolvido a partir das versÃes do questionÃrio LCP de Seliger (1977) e de Freed et al. (2004), foi delineado o perfil dos participantes em relaÃÃo ao nÃvel de proficiÃncia e ao Contexto de Aprendizagem. Os dados referentes Ãs EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo foram levantados a partir de trÃs seÃÃes de produÃÃo escrita em lÃngua inglesa. Para fins de anÃlise, adotamos os seguintes procedimentos: 1) examinamos que relaÃÃo existe entre os nÃveis de proficiÃncia dos participantes e a utilizaÃÃo dos diferentes tipos de EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo; 2) investigamos de que forma o nÃvel de proficiÃncia influencia a frequÃncia de utilizaÃÃo das EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo pelos participantes; 3) analisamos a influÃncia exercida pelo Contexto de Aprendizagem no uso dos diferentes tipos de EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo, bem como na frequÃncia com que sÃo utilizados. Tomamos o quadro teÃrico-metodolÃgico das EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo em segunda lÃngua dentro de uma perspectiva psicolinguÃstica (FAERCH; KASPER, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987) em diÃlogo com os estudos voltados para o Contexto de Aprendizagem (DEKEYSER, 1991; LAFFORD, 1995; WOOD 2001; TOWELL 2002, 2012; LAFFORD, 2004, 2006; SEGALOWITZ; FREED, 2008; SERRANO et al., 2011) como referenciais para a anÃlise dos dados. Ademais, amparamo-nos na metodologia introspectiva (RAPAUCH, 1983; ERICSSON; SIMON, 1984; GASS; MACKEY, 2000), a fim de investigar os processos subjacentes ao uso das EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo em questÃo. Verificamos uma relaÃÃo entre os tipos de EstratÃgias de ComunicaÃÃo e a frequÃncia de uso destas tanto com o nÃvel de proficiÃncia quanto com o Contexto de Aprendizagem. ConcluÃmos que ambos os grupos desta pesquisa demonstraram uma dependÃncia muito acentuada em relaÃÃo à lÃngua materna, como forma de compensar seus recursos limitados na lÃngua inglesa. Os problemas primÃrios, de ordem lexical ou gramatical, encontrados pelos nossos participantes fizeram com que eles adotassem um comportamento estratÃgico diante dessas limitaÃÃes de natureza comunicativa. A baixa frequÃncia das estratÃgias baseadas na interlÃngua parece estar relacionada ao foco desses mecanismos estratÃgicos e ao prÃprio nÃvel de proficiÃncia e ao nÃvel de competÃncia comunicativa dos participantes na lÃngua inglesa. Os dados revelaram ainda que no grupo mais proficiente o contexto de aprendizagem foi mais determinante tanto sobre o uso das estratÃgias baseadas na lÃngua materna quanto sobre o uso das estratÃgias baseadas na interlÃngua.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-11-10T14:26:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Luiz Carlos do Carmo Fernandes - 2014.pdf: 2957509 bytes, checksum: b5886b5262f68916ef0c43104325582b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-11-18T10:33:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Luiz Carlos do Carmo Fernandes - 2014.pdf: 2957509 bytes, checksum: b5886b5262f68916ef0c43104325582b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-18T10:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Luiz Carlos do Carmo Fernandes - 2014.pdf: 2957509 bytes, checksum: b5886b5262f68916ef0c43104325582b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis aims to understand the changes occurring in the political and electoral communication from the adoption of Law No. 12.034/2009 - which regulates in detail the use of the Internet as a political communication tool in Brazilian electoral process , through a regional crop . Ie , understand how political actors of Goiás are facing the challenges , primarily through the use of on-line social networks in the election campaigns – the object of study is Twitter , whose use was analyzed in the election campaigns of 2010 and 2012. Therefore , traditional techniques of sociology and new possibilities brought by the analysis of on-line social networks were used , gathering ethnographic research on-line , qualitative on-line interviews , content analysis of tweets and search with the use of internet tools . The final results of this study suggest that the use of on-line social networks in political campaigns expanded the agenda and ways to communicate with society and started require political actors , a presence on social networks on-line increasingly attentive and lasting .The topics covered during the election period were extended , while still prevailing own campaign and public policy proposals . In relation to the speech was possible to observe a major change : information / news, thanks and request for a vote / support , virtually ruling on Twitter in 2010 and 2012 , were not important discursive strategies by 2006 in electioneering . Therefore , policies arising the use of the Internet and on-line social networks in election campaigns in Goiás transformations can be perceived in the subject in the discourse strategies . But not in the behavior of actors and political institutions . Only during the next campaigns will be possible to verify whether the requirements of the new tool of political communication and political actors affect organizations in order to force them to change their behavior during election campaigns , but also outside them. / A presente tese tem como objetivo entender as transformações ocorridas na comunicação política-eleitoral a partir da aprovação daLei n°12.034/2009 — que regulamentou de forma detalhada o uso da internet como ferramenta de comunicação política no processo eleitoral brasileiro, por meio de um recorte regional. Ou seja, entender como atores políticos de Goiás estão enfrentando os desafios impostos, principalmente pelo uso das redes sociaison-line nas campanhas eleitorais – o objeto de estudo é o Twitter, cujo uso foi analisado nas campanhas eleitorais de 2010 e de 2012. Para isso, foram utilizadas técnicas tradicionais da sociologia e novas possibilidades trazidas pela análise de redes sociaison-line, reunindo pesquisa etnográficaon-line, entrevistas qualitativas on-line, análise de conteúdo de tuitesepesquisa com a utilização de ferramentas da internet. Os resultados finais deste estudo sugerem que o uso das redes sociais on-line em campanhas políticas ampliou a agenda e as formas de se comunicar com a sociedade e passou a exigir, dos atores políticos, uma presença nas redes sociais on-linecada vez mais atenta e duradoura. Os temas abordados no período eleitoral foram ampliado, embora continue prevalecendo a própria campanha e as propostas de políticas públicas. Já em relação ao discurso foi possível verificar uma maior alteração: informação/notícia, agradecimentos e pedido de voto/apoio, praticamente dominantes no Twitter em 2010 e 2012, não eram estratégias discursivas importantes até 2006 na propaganda eleitoral. Portanto, as transformações políticas decorrentes o uso da internet e das redes sociais on-line nas campanhas eleitorais em Goiás podem ser percebidas na temática, no discurso, nas estratégias. Mas não ainda no comportamento dos atores e das instituições políticas. Somente no decorrer das próximas campanhas será possível verificar se as exigências da nova ferramenta de comunicaçãopolíticaafetarão os atores e as organizações políticas de modo a obrigá-los a mudar suas condutas durante as campanhas eleitorais, como também fora delas.

The aim of this study is to examine the perceptions of swedish students of Spanish as a foreign language and their teachers about practicing oral communication in the classroom and to know which are the communication strategies that the students prefer to use in occations when they don ́t know a specific word in Spanish. The present study is based on an empirical study consisting of questionnaries carried out with 102 students at highschool and secondary school and their corresponding teachers, wich are five. In the theoretical background of the essay the communication skills and the different factors that can affect the use of them are explained such as the different communication strategies. The statistical analyses do verify the inicial hypothesis that the opinion of the students and the teachers is different in order according to whether they learn how to use different communication strategies in the classroom or not, but both groups do have the same opinion about the use of strategies.

A new realm of discourse research has started examining medical interactions in the crowded space – hospitals (Iedema, 2007). Beyond clinical settings and dyadic doctor-patient interactions, scholars have begun investigating doctors’ interactions in various hospital settings including Emergency Rooms and hospitals’ wards (e.g., Eggins & Slade, 2012; Slade & Eggins, 2016; Slade et al., 2015). Other investigations have expanded this scope of discourse research to include other health professionals, such as nurses (e.g., Staples, 2015). Drawing on discourse analytic approaches (Critical Discourse Analysis, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar, and Interactional Sociolinguistics), this study examined nurse-to-nurse handoff interactions in two hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Nursing handoff – the transfer of patient information, professional responsibility, and accountability between departing and incoming nursing teams (Manser et al., 2010; Riesenberg et al., 2010; Slade & Eggins, 2016; Wood et al., 2014) – is a critical communicative practice which ensures the continuity and quality of care provided to hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to provide detailed analyses of the language used in this type of nursing discourse and its impact on the quality of handoffs. The data included 80 nursing handoff interactions, which were observed and audio-recorded in 7 different wards at two sectors (National Guard Hospital and King Fahad General Hospital) in Saudi Arabia including: Intensive Care Units, General-Adult, General- Pediatric, Oncology-Pediatric, Oncology-Palliative, ENT, Urology and Surgical wards. The nurse participants come from various cultural backgrounds including Philippines, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Morocco, South Africa, Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The analyses provided a detailed description of this type of nursing discourse including the discourse pragmatic features (i.e., linguistic, interactional, and interpersonal features) which nurses use while delivering and receiving patient information. In addition, the findings provide insights into the various discourse features that contributed either positively (e.g., using discourse markers, presenting complete thoughts, presenting sufficient detailed patient information) or negatively (e.g., producing questions instead of statements, shifting verb tenses, focusing on one patient issue as opposed to providing detailed patient information report) to the nursing handoff practices in this setting. The findings also point to the vital role that head nurses play in this nursing discourse and its impact on enhancing the quality of nursing handoffs. Additionally, a six-stage nursing handoff model was developed from the data, which could be used for nursing training in the National Guard Hospital and its branches in Saudi Arabia. Finally, the findings provide further support for Eggins and Slade’s (2012) claim that communicatively effective handovers are achieved interactionally and with the collaboration of both departing and incoming teams. Furthermore, the use of standardized protocols (like SBAR) alone proved to be insufficient in guaranteeing effective nursing handoff.

Les buts de la présente étude étaient de délimiter une unité de l'analyse de l'oral spontané comparable en français et en slovène, d'examiner l'influence des éléments contextuels sur la structuration de cette unité et de dégager les combinaisons de structures linguistiques les plus efficaces lors de trois stratégies communicatives de base : lutte pour la parole, appel à l'attention et la demande de réaction. L'analyse a montré que dans les deux langues, l'unité de base de l'oral peut être délimitée par la chute conjointe de l'intensité et de la hauteur tonale. Cette unité, reprise par la méthodologie de Morel et Danon-Boileau [1998] est dénominée le paragraphe oral avec ses constituants préambule, rhème et postrhème. Une fois l'unité de base délimitée, l'étude examine l'influence des éléments contextuels sur la structuration de l'oral spontané. L'analyse de la narration, de l'argumentation et de la confrontation d'opinions différentes a montré surtout l'influence du type du discours sur la longueur du préambule et sur sa composition interne. Le profil des locuteurs semble avoir la plus grande influence sur le choix des ligateurs. En ce qui concerne les stratégies des locuteurs, les résultats montrent que lors de la lutte pour la parole, le locuteur qui produit ses énoncés avec une intensité plus forte et un surplus de marques du travail de formulation va à la fin d'un chevauchement garder la parole. Quand il demande auprès de celui qui l'écoute une réaction, il le réalise par une chute de l'intensité à la fin d'une structure syntaxique, ce qui coïncide avec la fin d'un rhème. / The aims of the present study are to define the unit for the analysis of the spontaneous speech in french and in slovene, to examine the influence of the context elements on the structure of this unit and to analyse the most efficient combinations of the linguistic structures whithin three basic speech strategies: turn taking, seeking for attention and request for reaction. The analysis shows that the basic unit of spontaneaous speech can be defined by simultaneaous fall of intensity and pitch in both languages. This basic unit is defined as speech paragraph with its components preamble, rheme and postrheme. In the next step, the study examines the influence of the context elements on the structuration of the spontaneous spoken discourse. The analysis of the narration, argumentation and confrontation of different opinions shows the influence of the discourse genre on the lenght and the internal structure of the preamble. On the other hand, the speaker's profile seems to have the most important effect on the use of the connectors. The analysis of the speaker's strategies in spontaneous spoken discourse shows that when two speakers start speaking at the same moment and fight for their turns, the speaker who increases the intensity, produces more features of non final formulation will more likely keep or get his turn. When a speaker wants the listener to react in order to confirm his speaking, he will realise a fall of intensity at the end of a syntactic unit, which usually takes place at the end of a rheme.