A significant fraction of today's Internet traffic is associated with popular web sites such as YouTube, Netflix or Facebook. In recent years, major Internet websites have become more complex as they incorporate a larger number and more diverse types of objects (e.g. video, audio, code) along with more elaborate ways from multiple servers. These not only affect the loading time of pages but also determine the pattern of resulting traffic on the Internet. In this thesis, we characterize the complexity of major Internet websites through large-scale measurement and analysis. We identify thousands of the most popular Internet websites from multiple locations and characterize their complexities. We examine the effect of the relative popularity ranking and business type of the complexity of websites. Finally we compare and contrast our results with a similar study conducted 4 years earlier and report on the observed changes in different aspects.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma formulação geral da teoria de sensibilidade de filtros digitais lineares e invariantes no tempo, representados por variáveis de estado nas formas canônicas Diagonal e Jordan, com relação aos seus coeficientes quantizados devido ao tamanho finito da palavra. É estabelecida uma estrutura única que permite a análise de sensibilidade com respeito aos vários parâmetros do modelo de estado. São estudados sistemas compostos por cascatas de blocos e feita a análise de sensibilidade, considerando que há presença de elementos quantizados de blocos. É feita a análise de complexidade computacional das formulações estudadas. / [en] This work presents a general formulation on sensitivity analysis of digital linear filters modeled by state variables in canonical forms (Diagonal and Jordan), with respect to its coeficients which are aproximated due to the finite size of the word. We studied systems of cascated blocks which present quantization in its coefficients. It is established one block structure that permits the sensitivity analysis with respect to all the parameters of the state model. At last, the expressions complexity computational is calculated.

A presente pesquisa visa analisar como a literatura pode contribuir na construção do conhecimento geográfico enquanto recurso auxiliar. Para alcançar esse objetivo geral, utilizamos como metodologia a articulação entre a Pesquisa Qualitativa e o método do Paradigma da Complexidade por meio dos princípios Dialógico, Hologramático e Recursivo. Nosso referencial explora os conceitos de Espaço Geográfico, Paisagem e Imaginário e busca refletir sobre o ensino de Geografia na pós-modernidade. Também investiga a vida e as obras do autor literário Júlio Verne e busca analisar historicamente o emprego da Literatura na construção do conhecimento geográfico. Inicialmente investigamos possibilidades de transformação do texto literário em texto geográfico utilizando a técnica de análise de conteúdo em obras literárias de Júlio Verne. Após, elaboramos propostas pedagógicas que envolvem as obras do referido autor concebendo-as como recurso auxiliar para a (re)construção do conceito geográfico de Paisagem e do conceito multidisciplinar de Imaginário. Por fim, aplicamos as propostas elaboradas com alunos de duas turmas de sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental da educação básica objetivando inferir se as mesmas possibilitam, ou não, a construção de conhecimento geográfico. Este trabalho demonstrou o desafio de abordar a literatura de Júlio Verne com alunos que estão no estádio operatório concreto com resquícios de egocentrismo primitivo e que demonstram dificuldades de alfabetização, tanto espacial quanto linguística. Essas questões suscitaram reflexões acerca da dependência que as disciplinas escolares possuem uma da outra. Foi possível inferir que por mais que as disciplinas que compõe os currículos escolares pareçam demonstrar certo distanciamento, elas parecem manifestar uma relação recursiva de autonomia e dependência. / The present research aims to analyze how literature can help in the construction of geographic knowledge as an auxiliary resource. In order to achieve this general objective, we use as a methodology the articulation between Qualitative Research and the Paradigm of Complexity method through the Dialogic, Hologramatic and Recursive principles. Our theoretical framework explores the concepts of Geographic Space, Landscape and Imaginary and seeks to reflect on the teaching of geography in postmodernity. Also investigates the life and works of the literary author Jules Verne and seeks to analyze historically the use of Literature in the construction of the geographical knowledge. We initially investigated possibilities of transforming the literary text into geographic text using the technique of content analysis in the literary works of Jules Verne. Afterwards, we elaborated pedagogical proposals that involve the works of the quoted author conceiving them as an auxiliary resource for the (re) construction of the geographical concept of Landscape and the multidisciplinary concept of Imaginary. Finally, we apply the proposals with students of two classes of sixth grade elementary school in basic education with the purpose of inferring whether or not they allow the construction of geographic knowledge. This work has shown the challenge of approaching the literature of Jules Verne with students who are in the concrete operative stage with traces of primitive egocentrism and who demonstrate literacy difficulties, both spatial and linguistic. These questions led to reflections on the dependence of school subjects on each other. It was possible to infer that although the disciplines that make up the school curriculum seem to show some distance, they seem to manifest a recursive relation of autonomy and dependence.

Crowdsourcing and microtasks are a relatively new way to issue units of work to a large group of potential workers. This form of outsourcing to a vast on-demand workforce offers the potential to significantly change the way we work. But how can design impact how both the requester and the workforce interact and benefit from these tasks? This dissertation considers four aspects of microtask design: value, engagement, context, and complexity. Through four distinct, but highly related, investigations these four facets are ex- plored, analysed and synthesised into a considered review of microtask design. First we build a picture of the demographic and financial status of these crowdworkers by surveying the US-based crowdworker labour-force on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. This improved understanding of the value of crowd work, not just to requesters but to workers as well, is crucial to appropriately listing tasks in a commoditised labour market. Second, worker engagement is also a significant factor, not just in quality and cost, but also in uptake and effective completion speed. By introducing a new metric, conversion rate, and contrasting a variety of differing presentational and conceptual features across two demographics, we demonstrate an improved understanding of how tasks engage workers. The increasing use of mobile devices, including among crowdworkers, offers new opportunities to collect additional context about worker behaviour. Enhancing the data gathered by requesters can be used, not only to improve quality, but also to expand the types of tasks which can be effectively crowdsourced. This third contribution highlights enthusiasm by some workers for mobile tasks, and demon- strates how previously small-scale sensor-based data collection can increasingly be carried out by the crowd. Finally, the boundary between microtasks and macrotasks is investigated. Exploring how complex tasks, such as software development, can be successfully crowdsourced offers insight into how task design can influence suitability of these larger tasks on microtask markets.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_ssm_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1889725 bytes, checksum: e11f1322e4c1152e584340bc86d19994 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A humanidade vive hoje uma crise ambiental sem precedentes. Fundamentado na teoria da complexidade, esse trabalho apresenta a crise - Krísis (termo grego que significa decisão) como um momento no qual decisão e incerteza são interdependentes. Apresenta a Educação Ambiental como um saber para superar a crise, e como uma reflexão possível para a construção de um saber ambiental consistente na formação dos professores de Biologia. Um saber que, entre outras coisas, possa assentar a educação e a sociedade sobre novas bases epistemológicas, impulsionando novos pontos de vistas e estratégias na convergência educação e ambiente. A partir desses pressupostos teóricos esse trabalho procurou identificar as ideias dos professores de Biologia do município de Piracicaba e dos alunos concluintes de um Curso de Ciências Biológicas do município sobre educação ambiental e entender como a universidade contribui para formação desses professores em relação à essa temática. Os resultados indicam que o professor de Biologia ainda necessita de uma formação mais crítica em relação à educação ambiental, e que, numa perspectiva complexa, essa formação necessita ser tratada de forma mais rigorosa no Curso de Biologia pesquisado para que os profissionais formados possam atuar efetivamente na formação cidadã para uma sociedade mais sustentável. / The Humanity lives today an unprecedented environmental crisis. Based on complexity theory, this paper presents the crisis - Kris (Greek term that means the decision) as a time when the decision and uncertainty are interdependent. The paper presents an environmental education as knowledge to overcome the crisis, and as a possible reflection to build a consistent environmental knowledge in the biology teachers training. That knowledge, among other things, can be based on new epistemological bases of education and society, triggering new views and strategies in the convergence of education and environment. From these theoretical presuppositions that thesis sought to identify the biology teachers and graduating Biological Sciences students ideas, in Piracicaba, about an environmental education and understand how the university contributes to teachers training related to this theme. The results indicate that the biology teacher still needs critical training of the environmental education, and that in a complex perspective, this training needs to be treated stricter in the researched Biology Course, just like that trained professionals can effectively work in civic education in order to have a more sustainable society.

The topics of motivation and job satisfaction have been of interest to researchers over the past decades. Many researchers and practitioners have studied the driving factors to motivate staff in the workplace, but no specific findings have shown correlation between motivation and job satisfaction. Problems of motivation and job satisfaction have continued to plague many developing countries like Malaysia. This study is an attempt to improve the understanding of the human contribution to variability in manufacturing industries and the focus areas are work motivation, satisfaction and performance as well as relationships with learning behaviours of employees in the workplace. The research work can be categorized into three parts. The first part consists of pilot study which was conducted to determine the practicality and validity of method/instruments used in the research. The pilot study also helped to correct the flaws/weaknesses of the method before employing it in the full-scale research study. Secondly, an experimental study was carried out to identify the motivation, satisfaction, performance and learning behaviour of unskilled and skilled employees doing simple or complex tasks individually or in group. The final part was an industrial study conducted with 356 employees from various positions and backgrounds in selected manufacturing industries in Malaysia. Based on the findings, it has been shown that unskilled employees preferred doing complex tasks in a group rather than doing simple tasks and skilled employees preferred doing complex tasks individually rather than in a group. It increased their work motivation, satisfaction and performance. It was found that task identity (simple tasks) and learning behaviours (individual learning of unskilled employees) can be the reason for employees to leave in the future. The task identity (task complexity) can be an important factor in job design in organisations and it is significant in the learning process of unskilled and skilled employees in manufacturing industries, particularly in Malaysia. It was also found that learning in a team (group) appears to be a very significant factor in workplace learning for both unskilled and skilled employees. The study has shown that there are relationships between motivational and learning behaviours of skilled and unskilled employees and this knowledge is expected to be useful for employers and policy makers in organisations especially in manufacturing industries in Malaysia.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a compreensão dos processos de transformação do espaço público na sociedade contemporânea. Dentro desse contexto, nossa investigação foi realizada em três parques urbanos de Porto Alegre, na tentativa de mostrar suas origens, suas características, suas diferenças e similaridades, procurando destacar a produção (ou não) de sociabilidades. Nesse sentido este trabalho se apóia no paradigma da complexidade de Edgar Morin, visando romper com os mecanismos disjuntivos e reducionistas. O olhar sobre os processos que ocorrem no espaço público passa a ser multidimensional. O espaço público em nossa pesquisa é visto além da dimensão política originária, ressaltando as transformações decorrentes da maior densidade de interações com outras dimensões, tais como a econômica e a cultural. Dentro deste contexto, nossa pesquisa se propôs a estudar a gestão do espaço público e a relação entre sociedade civil e Estado, assim como analisar o processo de transformação do valor de uso desse espaço em valor de troca. Desse quadro de interações o que se visualiza nos parques urbanos de nossas cidades é a (não) produção de sociabilidades, quando os espaços públicos além de gerar o encontro passam a promover, concomitantemente, o desencontro. Ao fim deste texto, discutimos a questão da democracia aliada à complexidade, enquanto possibilidade para a construção de um espaço público mais próximo do ideal. / This work aims at comprehending the transformation processes of public spaces in our contemporaneous society. Within such a context, the investigation took place in three urban parks of Porto Alegre, in an attempt to exhibit their origins, features, differences and similarities, with an emphasis on production (or not) of sociabilities. Taking this sense into consideration, the study has Edgar Morin’s “Paradigm of Complexity” as its framework, having in mind the rupture of disjunctive and reductionist mechanisms. The survey over the processes occurring in public spaces was transformed into a multidimensional aspect. The public space is seen, in our research, beyond the originary political dimensions, pointing out the transformations which resulted from an increased density of interactions with other dimensions, such as the economical and cultural ones. In relation to this context, our study intended to scrutinize the management of public spaces and the contact between the civil society and State, as well as analyse the transformation processes of usage value of the given space in terms of exchange value. From the examination of this scene of interactions it is made possible to observe in the urban parks of our cities the (non) production of sociabilities, where the public spaces lead to gatherings but, a the same time, disbandings. At the end of this work, the matter of democracy (together with complexity) is discussed as a way of promoting the construction of a public space as close as possible to the ideal condition.

O objetivo do trabalho é estudar a viabilidade de tratar problemas de otimização, considerados intratáveis, através de Algoritmos Genéticos, desenvolvendo critérios para a avaliação qualitativa de um Algoritmo Genético. Dentro deste tema, abordam-se estudos sobre complexidade, classes de problemas, análise e desenvolvimento de algoritmos e Algoritmos Genéticos, este ultimo sendo objeto central do estudo. Como produto do estudo deste tema, é proposto um método de desenvolvimento de Algoritmos Genéticos, utilizando todo o estudo formal de tipos de problemas, desenvolvimento de algoritmos aproximativos e análise da complexidade. O fato de um problema ser teoricamente resolvível por um computador não é suficiente para o problema ser na prática resolvível. Um problema é denominado tratável se no pior caso possui um algoritmo razoavelmente eficiente. E um algoritmo é dito razoavelmente eficiente quando existe um polinômio p tal que para qualquer entrada de tamanho n o algoritmo termina com no máximo p(n) passos [SZW 84]. Já que um polinômio pode ser de ordem bem alta, então um algoritmo de complexidade polinomial pode ser muito ineficiente. Genéticos é que se pode encontrar soluções aproximadas de problemas de grande complexidade computacional mediante um processo de evolução simulada[LAG 96]. Como produto do estudo deste tema, é proposto um método de desenvolvimento de Algoritmos Genéticos com a consciência de qualidade, utilizando todo o estudo formal de tipos de problemas, desenvolvimento de algoritmos aproximativos e análise da complexidade. Uma axiomatização tem o propósito de dar a semântica do algoritmo, ou seja, ela define, formalmente, o funcionamento do algoritmo, mais especificamente das funções e procedimentos do algoritmo. E isto, possibilita ao projetista de algoritmos uma maior segurança no desenvolvimento, porque para provar a correção de um Algoritmo Genético que satisfaça esse modelo só é necessário provar que os procedimentos satisfazem os axiomas. Para ter-se consciência da qualidade de um algoritmo aproximativo, dois fatores são relevantes: a exatidão e a complexidade. Este trabalho levanta os pontos importantes para o estudo da complexidade de um Algoritmo Genético. Infelizmente, são fatores conflitantes, pois quanto maior a exatidão, pior ( mais alta) é a complexidade, e vice-versa. Assim, um estudo da qualidade de um Algoritmo Genético, considerado um algoritmo aproximativo, só estaria completa com a consideração destes dois fatores. Mas, este trabalho proporciona um grande passo em direção do estudo da viabilidade do tratamento de problemas de otimização via Algoritmos Genéticos. / The objective of the work is to study the viability of treating optimization problems, considered intractable, through Genetic Algorithms, developing approaches for the qualitative evaluation of a Genetic Algorithm. Inside this theme, approached areas: complexity, classes of problems, analysis and development of algorithms and Genetic Algorithms, this last one being central object of the study. As product of the study of this theme, a development method of Genetic Algorithms is proposed, using the whole formal study of types of problems, development of approximate algorithms and complexity analysis. The fact that a problem theoretically solvable isn’t enough to mean that it is solvable in pratice. A problem is denominated easy if in the worst case it possesses an algorithm reasonably efficient. And an algorithm is said reasonably efficient when a polynomial p exists such that for any entrance size n the algorithm terminates at maximum of p(n) steps [SZW 84]. Since a polynomial can be of very high order, then an algorithm of polynomial complexity can be very inefficient. The premise of the Genetic Algorithms is that one can find approximate solutions of problems of great computational complexity by means of a process of simulated evolution [LAG 96]. As product of the study of this theme, a method of development of Genetic Algorithms with the quality conscience is proposed, using the whole formal study of types of problems, development of approximate algorithms and complexity analysis. The axiom set has the purpose of giving the semantics of the algorithm, in other words, it defines formally the operation of the algorithm, more specifically of the functions and procedures of the algorithm. And this, facilitates the planner of algorithms a larger safety in the development, because in order to prove the correction of a Genetic Algorithm that satisfies that model it is only necessary to prove that the procedures satisfy the axioms. To have conscience of the quality of an approximate algorithm, two factors are important: the accuracy and the complexity. This work lifts the important points for the study of the complexity of a Genetic Algorithm. Unhappily, they are conflicting factors, because as larger the accuracy, worse (higher) it is the complexity, and vice-versa. Thus, a study of the quality of a Genetic Algorithm, considered an approximate algorithm, would be only complete with the consideration of these two factors. But, this work provides a great step in direction of the study of the viability of the treatment of optimization problems through Genetic Algorithms.

Submitted by RICARDO PERAÇA CAVASSANE (ricardo.peraca@gmail.com) on 2018-09-21T17:47:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Contribuições da sistêmica para um método filosófico.pdf: 704167 bytes, checksum: 6e614cd3bd42ca5e68b8b2bf9cc45b3e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-09-21T20:31:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavassane_rp_me_mar.pdf: 704167 bytes, checksum: 6e614cd3bd42ca5e68b8b2bf9cc45b3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T20:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavassane_rp_me_mar.pdf: 704167 bytes, checksum: 6e614cd3bd42ca5e68b8b2bf9cc45b3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-29 / Não recebi financiamento / Nesta dissertação de mestrado trataremos de como uma perspectiva sistêmica e interdisciplinar da filosofia poderia nos auxiliar a investigar diversos problemas éticos contemporâneos, cujas soluções por éticas dogmáticas ou relativistas têm se mostrado insatisfatórias. A fim de que possamos pensar a filosofia e a ética de uma perspectiva sistêmica, tentaremos mostrar como a filosofia e a ética de Wittgenstein já prenunciam em muitos aspectos o pensamento sistêmico, e como este último vai além da filosofia wittgensteiniana, permitindo que a filosofia trate de questões inéditas, para as quais nossos conceitos se mostram inapropriados ou insuficientes. / In this dissertation we will deal on how a systemic and interdisciplinary perspective of philosophy could help us investigate many contemporary ethical problems, whose solutions by dogmatic or relativistic ethics have shown to be unsatisfactory. In order to think philosophy and ethics from a systemic perspective, we will try to show how Wittgenstein’s philosophy and ethics already foreshadow, in many aspects, a systemic thought, and how this last one goes beyond Wittgensteinian philosophy, allowing philosophy to handle unprecedented questions, to which our concepts are inappropriate or insufficient.

Web applications have a common code base across multiple platforms, but have previously lacked some core features compared to native applications. However, recent web technology advancements have, in terms of functionality and user experience, reduced the gap between the two development approaches. Applications that leverages these technology advancements are dubbed progressive web applications, or PWA. This thesis explores the concepts of PWA and how it, in terms of code complexity, affects an Angular web application. The results show that implementing considered PWA features does not excessively increase the size of the application and that the overall added complexity is low. The complexity of PWA lies in all the new technology concepts, which are probably unfamiliar to most developers. To reduce this complexity, automated PWA tooling shows great promise, and using Angular PWA tooling when building Angular applications seems to minimize this complexity.