Cette thèse se place dans le cadre de services web en dépassant leur description pour considérer leur structuration en réseaux (réseaux d'interaction et réseaux de similitude). Nous proposons des méthodes basées sur les motifs, la modélisation probabiliste et l'analyse des concepts formels, pour améliorer la qualité des services découverts. Trois contributions sont alors proposées: découverte de services diversifiés, recommandation de services et cohérence des communautés de services détectées. Nous structurons d'abord les services sous forme de réseaux. Afin de diversifier les résultats de la découverte, nous proposons une méthode probabiliste qui se base à la fois sur la pertinence, la diversité et la densité des services. Dans le cas de requêtes complexes, nous exploitons le réseau d'interaction de services construit et la notion de diversité dans les graphes pour identifier les services web qui sont susceptibles d'être composables. Nous proposons également un système de recommandation hybride basé sur le contenu et le filtrage collaboratif. L'originalité de la méthode proposée vient de la combinaison des modèles thématiques et les motifs fréquents pour capturer la sémantique commune maximale d'un ensemble de services. Enfin, au lieu de ne traiter que des services individuels, nous considérons aussi un ensemble de services regroupés sous forme de communautés de services pour la recommandation. Nous proposons dans ce contexte, une méthode qui combine la sémantique et la topologie dans les réseaux afin d'évaluer la qualité et la cohérence sémantique des communautés détectées, et classer également les algorithmes de détection de communautés. / As a part of this thesis, we exceed the description of web services to consider their structure as networks (i.e. similarity and interaction web service networks). We propose methods based on patterns, topic models and formal concept analysis, to improve the quality of discovered services. Three contributions are then proposed: (1) diversified services discovery, (2) services recommendation and (3) consistency of detected communities. Firstly, we propose modeling the space of web services through networks. To discover the diversified services corresponding to a given query, we propose a probabilistic method to diversify the discovery results based on relevancy, diversity and service density. In case of complex requests, it is necessary to combine multiple web services to fulfill this kind of requests. In this regard, we use the interaction web service network and the diversity notion in graphs to identify all possible services compositions. We also propose a new hybrid recommendation system based on both content and collaborative filtering. Its originality comes from the combination of probabilistic topic models and pattern mining to capture the maximal common semantic of a set of services. Finally, instead of processing individual services, we consider a set of services grouped into service communities for the recommendation. We propose in this context, a new method combining both topology and semantics to evaluate the quality and the semantic consistency of detected communities, and also rank the detection communities algorithms.

<p>The concept of equivalence has for many years attracted attention of researchers in variousdisciplines: from mathematics to philosophy to translation theory to terminology. This thesisintends to survey the concept of equivalence in three subject fields all of which focus onlanguages and communication, namely: translation theory, lexicography and terminology. Thepurpose of the paper is twofold: to investigate the theoretical grounds of equivalence in thesethree disciplines and to survey the methods and practices of establishing equivalence inmultilingual terminology work. The results of the theoretical investigation are summed up onthe basis of the terminological concept analysis. Four concepts systems are structured andpresented in the form of concept diagrams (two for translation theory, one for lexicography andone for terminology). The concept systems give an overview of the current understanding ofequivalence in the three subject fields and expose the relations between equivalence and anumber of related concepts. The central theoretical question of the thesis whether equivalencecould be considered the same concept in all three disciplines is answered on the basis of theresults of the terminological concept analysis. The empirical investigation is carried out in theform of case studies in the frame of multilingual terminology work. It focuses on the problemsof establishing equivalence, of determining the degree of equivalence as well as on the methodsand practices of presenting equivalents in various terminological resources.</p>

<p>Anledningar till att ilska väcks till liv är individuella och kan exempelvis bero på orättvis behandling eller maktlöshet. Ilska känns på liknande sätt inombords hos alla individer vilket innebär att en student som känner ilska över att kamraten fuskat på en tenta, kan uppleva liknande känslor av ilska inombords som patienten som tvingas vänta på sina mediciner. När ilska väl kommit in i kroppen måste den ”komma ut”.  Ilskans väg ut ur kroppen skiljer sig åt från person till person där en del yttrar sin ilska fysiskt medan andra yttrar den verbalt eller via tårar. När ilska försvunnit ut ur kroppen skapas möjlighet för reflektion. En del upplever ilska som en drivkraft för förändring medan andra känner skam och ånger över sitt beteende. Ilska är något vi alla har upplevt och fortsättningsvis kommer att uppleva. Att skapa en förståelse för fenomenet ilska kan skapa förutsättningar för vårdpersonalen att förstå ilska hos patienter. Genom att förstå orsakerna till varför ilska uppstår kan en bra relation mellan vårdpersonal och patient skapas vilket är av stor betydelse för att en god omvårdnad ska kunna utövas.</p> / <p>Reasons why anger evokes is individual and can elicit when a person experience unfairness or feel powerlessness. Anger feels similar on the inside among all individuals which means that a student who feels anger due to a friend who as cheated on an exam can experience the same anger as the patient who is forced to wait for his/her medications. When anger has entered the body it has to “come out”. How anger leaves the body differs from person to person where some express their anger physically while others get their anger out verbally or through tears. When anger has left the body, reflections become possible. Some people experience anger as a driving force for making a change while others feel disgrace and regret due to their behaviour. Anger is something we all have experienced and will continue to do. Understanding the phenomenon anger can create conditions for professionals to understand the patient’s anger. A good relationship between professionals and patients can be founded through understanding why anger evokes which is important for developing a good nursing care</p>

We propose an approach for supporting attribute exploration by web information retrieval, in particular by posing appropriate queries to search engines, crowd sourcing systems, and the linked open data cloud. We discuss underlying general assumptions for this to work and the degree to which these can be taken for granted.

Anledningar till att ilska väcks till liv är individuella och kan exempelvis bero på orättvis behandling eller maktlöshet. Ilska känns på liknande sätt inombords hos alla individer vilket innebär att en student som känner ilska över att kamraten fuskat på en tenta, kan uppleva liknande känslor av ilska inombords som patienten som tvingas vänta på sina mediciner. När ilska väl kommit in i kroppen måste den ”komma ut”.  Ilskans väg ut ur kroppen skiljer sig åt från person till person där en del yttrar sin ilska fysiskt medan andra yttrar den verbalt eller via tårar. När ilska försvunnit ut ur kroppen skapas möjlighet för reflektion. En del upplever ilska som en drivkraft för förändring medan andra känner skam och ånger över sitt beteende. Ilska är något vi alla har upplevt och fortsättningsvis kommer att uppleva. Att skapa en förståelse för fenomenet ilska kan skapa förutsättningar för vårdpersonalen att förstå ilska hos patienter. Genom att förstå orsakerna till varför ilska uppstår kan en bra relation mellan vårdpersonal och patient skapas vilket är av stor betydelse för att en god omvårdnad ska kunna utövas. / Reasons why anger evokes is individual and can elicit when a person experience unfairness or feel powerlessness. Anger feels similar on the inside among all individuals which means that a student who feels anger due to a friend who as cheated on an exam can experience the same anger as the patient who is forced to wait for his/her medications. When anger has entered the body it has to “come out”. How anger leaves the body differs from person to person where some express their anger physically while others get their anger out verbally or through tears. When anger has left the body, reflections become possible. Some people experience anger as a driving force for making a change while others feel disgrace and regret due to their behaviour. Anger is something we all have experienced and will continue to do. Understanding the phenomenon anger can create conditions for professionals to understand the patient’s anger. A good relationship between professionals and patients can be founded through understanding why anger evokes which is important for developing a good nursing care

Facing the growing amount of information in today's society, the task of specifying human knowledge in a way that can be unambiguously processed by computers becomes more and more important. Two acknowledged fields in this evolving scientific area of Knowledge Representation are Description Logics (DL) and Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). While DL concentrates on characterizing domains via logical statements and inferring knowledge from these characterizations, FCA builds conceptual hierarchies on the basis of present data. This work introduces Relational Exploration, a method for acquiring complete relational knowledge about a domain of interest by successively consulting a domain expert without ever asking redundant questions. This is achieved by combining DL and FCA: DL formalisms are used for defining FCA attributes while FCA exploration techniques are deployed to obtain or refine DL knowledge specifications.

Zur einfacheren Entwicklung von technischen Systemen werden heutzutage vielfach funktionsblockorientierte Modellierungssprachen wie MATLAB/Simulink verwendet, die ein System als Netzwerk von miteinander verbundenen Funktionsblöcken darstellen. Aufgrund wechselnder Anforderungen entstehen dabei viele Modellvarianten, die nicht mehr effizient verwaltet werden können. Eine Lösung hierfür ist der Einsatz von Produktlinien, bei dem alle Varianten zusammengefasst und in wiederverwendbare Bestandteile zerlegt werden. Die Einzelvarianten werden dabei nur noch bei Bedarf aus diesen Bestandteilen zusammengesetzt. Die Erstellung dieser Produktlinien ist jedoch mit hohem manuellen Aufwand verbunden, besonders wenn vorhandene Modelle wiederverwendet werden sollen. Dies verhindert oft die Einführung dieses Paradigmas. Das Ziel der Dissertation war es deshalb, diese Migration vorhandener Modellvarianten und damit die Erstellung der Produktlinien zu automatisieren. Hierzu wurde eine Migrationsschrittfolge vorgeschlagen: Mithilfe eines Model-Matching-Ansatzes werden zuerst Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Modellen identifiziert und daraus ein zusammengefasstes Modell und sogenannte Features abgeleitet. Mithilfe der Formalen Begriffsanalyse werden daraufhin die Abhängigkeiten zwischen diesen Features extrahiert und daraus ein Feature-Modell erstellt. Feature-Modell und zusammengefasstes Modell bilden dabei eine Produktlinie, die exakt die vorgegebenen Modellvarianten beschreibt.

Purpose: The study focused on investigating the uses of the term “public participation” to clarify an important public policy concept for health governance as a firm foundation for theory building, policy and practice. Key questions concerned: What counts as participation? Who counts as a participant? And, is there legitimated space for dissent within this concept? Method: A combined methodology (Rodrigues, 2006) for the concept analysis of public participation use was adopted after three methods were extensively studied. Procedures were detailed for a systematic, random sampling of the professional, academic, theoretical and empirical literature from 1990 to 2012. Four disciplinary literatures (social work, sociology, political studies, and nursing) relevant to the field of health were surveyed. The databases furnished 336 documents, out of which 120 were randomly selected for study. Each document was read for construct definitions to ascertain the essential features and the contextual basis of the concept. Two distinct analysis phases were performed. Documents were divided by content into either theoretical or empirical studies, then, sorted into use areas. Findings: Analysis found three typical uses (intended, borderline, and contrary) characterized as prudent, spurious, and pernicious types of public participation. Pernicious types account for 40% of the literature surveyed, spurious types account for 37%, followed by prudent types at 23% (though most were failed examples). Normalized inconsistencies between purported ideals and their application were found across all the disciplines. A suggested polarization between theory and practice was strongest in the social work literature, while the nursing literature was striking for its consolidation of spurious and pernicious types. In short, a probability sampling of the literature suggests marginal and contrary uses of the concept predominate in the field. A Trichotomy of Public Participation Use is presented based on the determining criteria found, indicating the need to: affirm constituency interest in participant constructions for open negotiation, not just discussion; admit conflict and dissent as indicators of a healthy functioning democracy; privilege the interests of the poor in public participation designs and practice; and secure commitment from authorities to tie public participation mechanisms to the policy process in representative systems. Implications: The scope of this concept has contracted and continues narrowing by way of normalized contradictions that are well circulated within major discourses. Unless we are prudent with our thinking and theory building, the conceptual architecture for public participation is merely repackaging the master narrative to more effectively disseminate the logics of neoliberalism.

Purpose: The study focused on investigating the uses of the term “public participation” to clarify an important public policy concept for health governance as a firm foundation for theory building, policy and practice. Key questions concerned: What counts as participation? Who counts as a participant? And, is there legitimated space for dissent within this concept? Method: A combined methodology (Rodrigues, 2006) for the concept analysis of public participation use was adopted after three methods were extensively studied. Procedures were detailed for a systematic, random sampling of the professional, academic, theoretical and empirical literature from 1990 to 2012. Four disciplinary literatures (social work, sociology, political studies, and nursing) relevant to the field of health were surveyed. The databases furnished 336 documents, out of which 120 were randomly selected for study. Each document was read for construct definitions to ascertain the essential features and the contextual basis of the concept. Two distinct analysis phases were performed. Documents were divided by content into either theoretical or empirical studies, then, sorted into use areas. Findings: Analysis found three typical uses (intended, borderline, and contrary) characterized as prudent, spurious, and pernicious types of public participation. Pernicious types account for 40% of the literature surveyed, spurious types account for 37%, followed by prudent types at 23% (though most were failed examples). Normalized inconsistencies between purported ideals and their application were found across all the disciplines. A suggested polarization between theory and practice was strongest in the social work literature, while the nursing literature was striking for its consolidation of spurious and pernicious types. In short, a probability sampling of the literature suggests marginal and contrary uses of the concept predominate in the field. A Trichotomy of Public Participation Use is presented based on the determining criteria found, indicating the need to: affirm constituency interest in participant constructions for open negotiation, not just discussion; admit conflict and dissent as indicators of a healthy functioning democracy; privilege the interests of the poor in public participation designs and practice; and secure commitment from authorities to tie public participation mechanisms to the policy process in representative systems. Implications: The scope of this concept has contracted and continues narrowing by way of normalized contradictions that are well circulated within major discourses. Unless we are prudent with our thinking and theory building, the conceptual architecture for public participation is merely repackaging the master narrative to more effectively disseminate the logics of neoliberalism.

Description Logics (DLs) are a class of knowledge representation formalisms that can represent terminological and assertional knowledge using a well-defined semantics. Often, knowledge engineers are experts in their own fields, but not in logics, and require assistance in the process of ontology design. This thesis presents three methods that can extract terminological knowledge from existing data and thereby assist in the design process. They are based on similar formalisms from Formal Concept Analysis (FCA), in particular the Next-Closure Algorithm and Attribute-Exploration. The first of the three methods computes terminological knowledge from the data, without any expert interaction. The two other methods use expert interaction where a human expert can confirm each terminological axiom or refute it by providing a counterexample. These two methods differ only in the way counterexamples are provided.