As investigações sobre exercício físico com indivíduos HIV positivo têm enfatizado fatores de estudo isolados como, por exemplo, o treinamento aeróbio ou muscular com séries múltiplas, evidenciando-se desta forma, lacunas no conhecimento sobre a associação destes fatores em vários desfechos. Sendo assim, desenvolveu-se um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o treinamento concorrente com séries simples nos parâmetros imunológico, virológico, cardiorrespiratório e muscular dos indivíduos infectados pelo HIV-1. O estudo caracterizou-se um ensaio experimental não-controlado, com a participação, via consentimento informado, de 6 homens 1 mulher que faziam uso da TARV. As avaliações ocorreram antes da primeira sessão de treinamento na primeira semana e após o final da quarta, oitava e décima segunda semanas. O parâmetro imunológico foi avaliado pela técnica de citometria de fluxo no Sistema BD FACSCalibur, o virológico pelo teste HIV-1 RNA 3.0 (bDNA), o cardiorrespiratório através do protocolo de rampa e o muscular pelo teste de 15 repetições máximas nos exercícios voador, roldana alta, pressão de pernas, roscas bíceps e tríceps. Para avaliar a resistência do abdome realizou-se o teste que consistiu em executar o maior número possível de flexões de tronco em 1 minuto. O treinamento foi desenvolvido 3 vezes por semana (12 semanas: 36 sessões), observando-se um intervalo entre 24 e 48 horas nas sessões. Para a determinação da intensidade do treinamento aeróbio observou-se o consumo de oxigênio do participante obtido no Protocolo de rampa e se adequou posteriormente para uma intensidade constante no cicloergômetro, sendo monitorada pela freqüência cardíaca através do cardiotacômetro da marca Polar, modelo FS1. O treinamento aeróbio iniciou a 60% do pico de consumo de oxigênio (VO2pico), sendo realizado o incremento na quarta (75%) e oitava (85%) semanas e mantido em 85% até o final da décima segunda semana. O treinamento da resistência muscular foi desenvolvido em séries simples de 15 repetições para os exercícios voador, roldana alta, pressão de pernas, roscas bíceps e tríceps. O abdome foi treinado a uma intensidade de 50% do número máximo de repetições obtido no teste de flexão de tronco. O tratamento estatístico foi desenvolvido por procedimentos descritivos e o teste não-paramétrico T de Wilcoxon (p<0,05) no programa SPSS for Windows, versão 13.0. No parâmetro imunológico durante o treinamento, houve aumento do principal marcador da resposta imunológica: o número de linfócitos T CD4+ (p=0,0034). No parâmetro virológico ocorreu a diminuição da carga viral em 2 participantes (495 para 51 cópias/mm3 e 72 para indetectável-(<50 cópias/mm3) e 5 a mantiveram indetectável. No cardiorrespiratório houve o aumento nas variáveis VO2pico absoluto (p=0,028 ) e carga máxima de trabalho (Watt) no cicloergômetro (p=0,015). A carga de trabalho aumentou na função muscular de todos os exercícios avaliados: voador (p=0,018), roldana alta (p=0,017), pressão de pernas (p=0,018), roscas bíceps (p=0,016) e tríceps (p=0,017) e no número máximo de abdominais em 1 minuto (p=0,018). O treinamento concorrente com séries simples melhorou os parâmetros cardiorrespiratório e muscular e não causou efeitos deletérios ao imunológico e virológico dos participantes do estudo. / Investigation on physical exercising in HIV/AIDS subjects have been emphasizing isolated study factors, such as aerobic or muscular training with multiple sets; showing, thus, lacks in the knowledge about association of these factors in several outcomes. Therefore, a research aiming at assessing concurrent training with single sets in the immunological, virological, cardiorespiratory and muscular parameters of HIV-1 infected individuals was carried out. This non-controlled trial study had the participation, via informed consent, of 6 men and 1 woman who used HAART. Assessments occurred before the first training session on the first week and after the end of the fourth, eighth and twelfth weeks. The immunological parameter was assessed by the BD FACSCalicur flow cytometry technique, the virological assessment was performed by the HIV-1 RNA 3.0 (bDNA) test, the cardiorespiratory assessment was performed by the ramp protocol, and the muscular parameter was assessed by 15 maximum repetitions in peck deck, latissimus dorsi pull down, leg press, arm curl and elbow flexion. In order to assess abdominal resistance, a test consisting of performing the highest number of abdominal in one minute. Training was developed 3 times a week (12 weeks: 36 sessions), keeping an interval of 24 and 48 hours between sessions. In order to determine the intensity of aerobic training, the participant’s oxygen consumption obtained from the ramp protocol was observed and was later suited to a constant intensity in the cycloergometer, monitored by heart rate through a Polar cardiotacometer, FS1 model. Aerobic training started at 60% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), increasing on the fourth (75%) and eighth weeks (85%) and kept at 85% up to the end of the twelfth week. Resistance training was developed into single sets of 15 repetitions for peck deck, latissimus dorsi pull down, leg press, arm curl and elbow flexion. Abdomen was trained at 50% intensity of the maximum number of repetitions obtained in the abdominal test. Statistical analysis was developed through descriptive procedures and the non-parametric Wicoxon T test (p<0.05) on the SPSS software for Windows, version 13.0. In the immunological parameter, the main marker for immunological response increased during the training: the number of lymphocytes T CD4+ (p=0.0034). In the virological parameter, the viral load was reduced in 2 participants (495 for 51 copies/mL and 72 for undetectable-(<50 copies/mL) and 5 kept it undetectable. In the cardiorespiratory parameter, there was increase in the absolute VO2peak (p=0.028 ) and maximum work load (Watt) in the cycloergometer (p=0.015) variables. Work load increased in the muscular function of all exercises assessed: peck deck, (p=0.018), latissimus dorsi pull down (p=0.017), leg press (p=0.018), arm curl (p=0.016) and elbow flexion (p=0.017) and in the maximum number of abdominals in 1 minute (p=0,018). The study showed that concurrent training with single sets improved cardiorespiratory and muscular parameters and did not cause delete effects in immunological and virological ones.

A associação de exercícios aeróbios e de força em um programa de treinamento é denominada treinamento concorrente (TC). Apesar de muitos atletas utilizarem esse tipo de treinamento, há indícios de que essa combinação possa ocasionar prejuízo no desenvolvimento força. Uma das hipóteses para explicar esse fenômeno é a hipótese aguda, que atribui o prejuízo nos ganhos de força a uma redução no desempenho da força em sessões agudas, embora estudos com participantes com diferentes históricos de treinamento tenham apresentado resultados distintos. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar o efeito do tempo de intervalo entre uma atividade aeróbia de alta intensidade sobre a capacidade de produzir força, em indivíduos com diferentes estados de treinamento. Para tal, os participantes (n=27) foram divididos em três grupos quanto aos seus históricos de treinamento (aeróbio, força e concorrente) e submetidos a oito sessões para: (1) determinação da velocidade pico (Vpico) durante teste progressivo até a exaustão; (2) teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) no meio agachamento; (3-8) sessões experimentais determinadas aleatoriamente, sendo uma sessão destinada à realização de um exercício de resistência de força (RF) a 80% de 1RM no qual foi computado o número máximo de repetições realizadas (NMR), o volume total absoluto e relativo realizados; cinco sessões compostas de exercício aeróbio intermitente (100% da Vpico 1 min/1min) totalizando 5 km, seguido do exercício de resistência de força variando o tempo de intervalo entre as atividades (30, 60 minutos, 4, 8, e 24 horas). A comparação do NMR e do volume total absoluto e relativo ao peso corporal realizado foi feita através da ANOVA a dois fatores (grupo e tempo) com medidas repetidas no segundo fator. Quando observada diferença significante (p<0,05), foi realizado o post-hoc de Bonferroni. Não houve efeito de interação entre os fatores grupo e intervalo para as variáveis analisadas, no entanto houve efeito do fator grupo para o NMR sendo que o grupo aeróbio realizou NMR superior ao grupo força (p = 0,002) ao passo que para o volume total absoluto e relativo não houve efeito deste fator. Para o fator intervalo houve efeito para todas as variáveis, existindo queda do NMR (p = 0,002) e do volume relativo (p <0,001) somente após o intervalo de 30 minutos, ao passo que para o volume absoluto houve queda após 30 (p < 0,001) e 60 minutos de intervalo (p = 0,026). Portanto pode-se concluir que a queda no desempenho da atividade de RF ocorreu com mesma magnitude e duração para os grupos analisados (aeróbio, força e concorrente) perdurando por até 60 minutos de intervalo, ao passo que após os intervalos de 4, 8 e 24 horas não foi verificada queda do desempenho / Many sports require the inclusion of both aerobic and strength exercises in the same training session during certain phases of the training periodization, and the combined use of these two types of exercises has been defined as concurrent training (CT). Although the use of CT is important for athletes of various sports, there are indications that this type of training could decrease strength gains. The acute hypothesis attempts to explain this phenomenon by attributing impairments in strength gains to a drop in performance during acute sessions when the aerobic activity is performed before the strength activity; however, participants with different training backgrounds have experienced different results. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of the time interval between high-intensity aerobic activities on strength performance in individuals with different training backgrounds. Participants (n = 27) were divided into three groups according to their training backgrounds (aerobic, strength or concurrent) and were then submitted to the following eight performance sessions: (1) determination of the peak velocity (Vpeak) during the progressive test to exhaustion; (2) evaluation of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) for the half-squat; and (3-8) randomly assigned experimental sessions consisting of either a strength exercise (SE) at 80% of the 1RM, in which the maximum number of repetitions performed (MNR) and the absolute total volume relative to body weight were computed, or five sessions consisting of intermittent aerobic exercise (100% of Vpeak - 1 min:1 min) totaling 5 km, followed by a SE with varying time intervals between activities (30 or 60 minutes or 4, 8, or 24 hours). Comparisons between the MNR and the absolute or relative total volume were made using an ANOVA method for two factors (group and time) with repeated measures in the second factor. When significant differences were detected (p < 0.05), a post-hoc Bonferroni test was used. There were no interaction effects between the group and interval recovery factors for any of the variables analyzed. However, there was an effect of the group factor, as the aerobic group demonstrated a superior MNR capability compared to the strength group (p = 0.002), although there was no effect related to group factors for the total absolute or relative volume measurements. There was an effect of the interval recovery for all of the variables, as there was a decrease in the MNR and the relative volume after 30 min intervals (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively), and there was a decrease for the total absolute volume after 30 (p < 0.001) and 60 minute intervals (p = 0.026). Thus, it was concluded that the drop in performance related to the SE activity occurred with the same magnitude and duration for each of the analyzed groups (aerobic, strength and concurrent). Moreover, this effect on performance lasted for up to 60 minutes between activities, whereas this effect was not observed after intervals of 4, 8 or 24 hours

Diversos atletas e praticantes de atividades físicas incorporam em suas rotinas de treinamento, exercícios aeróbios e de força motora simultaneamente. Contudo, essa combinação conhecida como treinamento concorrente (TC) tem demonstrado uma atenuação da resposta adaptativa da força e hipertrofia muscular. O presente estudo analisou se alguns genes e proteínas envolvidos na resposta hipertrófica e na biogênse mitocondrial do músculo esquelético poderiam explicar a atenuação da resposta adaptativa com o TC. Trinta e sete sujeitos foram divididos nos grupos: controle (C), aeróbio (TA), força (TF) e concorrente (TC) e submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento. Os resultados significantes foram: aumento na força dinâmica máxima de 270,3 (±45,5) para 320,3 (±57,0) Kg para o TF e de 268,4 (±47,6) para 315,7 (±63,5) para o TC; área de secção transversa do quadríceps de 8332,4 (±817,5) mm2 para 8849,5 (±893,3) mm2 para o TF e de 8340,8 (±1000,0) mm2 para 8996,8 (±919,5 )mm2 para o TC; o gene da mTOR demonstrou aumento significante de 1,01 (±0,10) U.A para 1,44 (±0,17) U.A no TF e redução de 1,01 (±0,15) para 0,536 (± 0,25) U.A da p70S6K1 no TC; a expressão total da proteína p70S6K1 demonstrou aumentou no grupo TC em relação ao C (1,1 (±0,2) U.A vs 0,8 (±0,3) U.A), a fosforilação da Akt no resíduo ser473 e da p70S6K1no resíduo thr389 aumentou somente no TF em relação ao C (1,3 (±0,2) U.A vs 0,9 (±0,1) U.A e 1,3 (±0,4) vs 0,8 (±0,3) U.A, respectivamente). O grupo TF e TC demonstraram adaptações similares nas variáveis de força e hipertrofia muscular apesar de algumas diferenças na resposta molecular. Esses achados indicam que na fase inicial do TC as diferenças na adaptação molecular não refletem em alterações na força e hipertrofia muscular quando comparadas ao TF / Many athletes and individuals involved in physical training perform strength and endurance exercises in the same training unit. However, this combination, referred as concurrent training (CT), has shown to blunt strength and skeletal muscle growth responses. This study investigated whether some genes and proteins associated with muscle growth and mitochondrial biogenesis may explain the decreased adaptive response to CT. Thirty seven participants were divided into four groups: control (C), endurance (TA), strength (TF) and concurrent (TC) and submitted to eight weeks of training. Significant results were found in the following variables from pre to post training: maximum dynamic strength - TF from 270,3 (±45,5) to 320,3 (±57,0) Kg and TC from 268,4 (±47,6) to 315,7 (±63,5); quadriceps cross sectional area (CSA) - TF from 8332,4 (±817,5) mm2 to 8849,5 (±893,3) mm2, TC from 8340,8 (±1000,0) mm2 to 8996,8 (±919,5)mm2; mTOR gene expression increased significantly post-training only for the TF (1,01 (±0,10) A.U to 1,44 (±0,17) A.U) and p70S6K1 was significantly reduced post-training (1,01 (±0,15) to 0,536 (± 0,25) A.U) for the TC; p70S6K1 total protein content was significantly greater after TC when compared with C (1,1 (±0,2) U.A vs 0,8 (±0,3)) and phosphorylation of both Akt at ser473 and p70S6K1 at thr389 increased only after TF compared with C (1,3 (±0,2) U.A vs 0,9 (±0,1) U.A and 1,3 (±0,4) vs 0,8 (±0,3) U.A, respectively). TF and TC groups had similar improvements in muscle strength and hypertrophy, besides some differences in the molecular responses. These differences at the molecular level in early phases of the TC do not blunt muscle strength and hypertrophy adaptations compared with the TF

Concurrent training (CT) is defined as the development of both endurance and strength within the same exercise program. CT has been studied for decades, but the results has been diverse. However, very few have studied the effects of CT on the upper body musculature. Hence, this review set out to investigate the effects of combined strength and endurance training (ET) of the upper body on muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength and endurance variables. PubMed was searched with relevant search terms with varying combinations, such as concurrent training, combined strength and endurance training. After scanning the literature, a total of eight articles were included. The results suggest that muscle strength, exercise economy and time to exhaustion can effectively be improved by CT of the upper body. The effect of CT on upper body musculature were unclear. Some of the articles included suggests a decrease in whole body lean mass, which might simply be due to insufficient loading of the lower body musculature. In order to maintain muscle mass during a CT protocol, endurance athletes should aim to perform ST which targets muscles active during ET. However, the limited empiric literature available on CT of the upper body makes a conclusion hard to draw. This review shows that CT of the upper body is yet an unexplored and researchers should further investigate the effects of CT for the musculature of the upper body alone. If we gain more knowledge of the effects from concurrent training of the upper body, it could have several implications, both clinically and in a sport setting.

O treinamento concorrente (TC) é frequentemente utilizado por praticantes de atividades físicas e atletas com o intuito de desenvolver a força muscular e o condicionamento aeróbio. No entanto, essa estratégia de treinamento pode atenuar os ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular em longo prazo, efeito este conhecido como fenômeno da interferência. Há indícios na literatura de que a magnitude da interferência pode ser dependente do volume em que o exercício aeróbio é realizado. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito do exercício aeróbio realizado com diferentes volumes no desempenho agudo de força máxima e de resistência de força dos membros inferiores. Homens fisicamente ativos (n=21) foram submetidos a seis condições experimentais realizadas em ordem aleatória, sendo três sessões de exercício aeróbio com volumes distintos (3km, 5km e 7km) seguidas pelo teste de força dinâmica máxima (1RM) e outras três sessões de exercício aeróbio com os volumes distintos seguidas pelo teste de resistência de força (4 séries de repetições máximas a 80% 1RM). Para o exercício aeróbio foi realizada a corrida contínua em esteira rolante a 90% do limiar anaeróbio (Lan) e os testes de força foram realizados no exercício leg press 45o. Para a comparação dos valores de 1RM, volume total (VT) e número de repetições máximas (NRM) da sessão de treinamento de força (TF) foi realizada uma análise de modelo misto tendo os volumes do exercício aeróbio como fator fixo e sujeitos como fator aleatório. Testes post-hoc com ajustamento de Tukey foram utilizados para comparações múltiplas. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Não foram observadas diferenças nos valores de 1RM entre as condições. O VT e NRM das condições de 5km e 7km foram menores quando comparados com a condição controle. Ao passo que, o VT da condição de 7km foi menor em relação ao VT das condições de 3km e 5km; e o NRM da condição de 7km foi menor em relação ao NRM da condição de 3km. Não foram observadas diferenças no VT e NRM entre as condições de 3km e controle e entre as condições de 3km e 5km. Em conclusão, o desempenho da resistência de força foi prejudicado após a realização do exercício aeróbio e a ocorrência e a magnitude desta interferência dependeram do volume em que o exercício aeróbio foi realizado. Adicionalmente, o desempenho da força dinâmica máxima não foi prejudicado pela realização prévia do exercício aeróbio / Concurrent training (CT) is frequently utilized by physically active individuals and athletes in order to develop muscle strength and aerobic fitness. However, this training strategy may result in attenuation of the gains on strength and muscle hypertrophy in long term. This effect has been referred to as the interference phenomenon. There are indications that the magnitude of this interference may be dependent on the volume that aerobic exercise is performed. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify the effect of aerobic exercise performed with different volumes on the acute performance of lower limbs maximum strength and strength endurance. Physically active men (n=21) were submitted to six experimental conditions performed in random order, three aerobic exercise sessions with different volumes (3km, 5km and 7km) followed by the maximum dynamic strength (1RM) test and three aerobic exercise sessions with different volumes followed by strength endurance test (4 sets of maximum repetitions at 80% 1RM). The aerobic exercise was a continuous treadmill run at 90% of the anaerobic threshold (AT) and all strength tests were performed in the leg press 45o. A mixed-model analysis with the volumes of aerobic exercise as a fixed factor and subject as a random factor was performed to compare 1RM values, total volume (TV) and maximum number of repetitions (MNR) of the strength training (ST) session. Post-hoc tests with Tukey adjustments were used for multiple comparisons. The significance level adopted was 5%. No differences were observed in 1RM values among conditions. The TV and MNR of the 5km and 7km conditions were lower when compared to the control condition. The TV of the 7km condition was lower than the 3km and 5km conditions; and the MNR of the 7km condition was lower than the 3km condition. No differences were observed in TV and MNR between the 3km and control conditions and between the 3km and 5km conditions. In conclusion, strength endurance performance was impaired when performed after aerobic exercise and the magnitude of this interference depended on the volume of the aerobic exercise. In addition, maximum dynamic strength performance was not affected by prior execution of aerobic exercise

The purpose of this review is twofold: to elucidate the utility of resistance training for endurance athletes, and provide the practitioner with evidenced-based periodization strategies for concurrent strength and endurance training in athletic populations. Both low-intensity exercise endurance (liee) and high-intensity exercise endurance (hiee) have been shown to improve as a result of maximal, high force, low velocity (hflv) and explosive, low-force, high-velocity strength training. Hflv strength training is recommended initially to develop a neuromuscular base for endurance athletes with limited strength training experience. A sequenced approach to strength training involving phases of strength-endurance, basic strength, strength, and power will provide further enhancements in liee and hiee for high-level endurance athletes.

Title: Effects of minimal dose of resistance training on body composition and running performance in female recreational runners Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyse the extent to which minimal dose resistance training would elicit improvements in running performance and body composition for female recreational runners. Methods: Forty-one female recreational runners were randomly assigned to one of three groups (endurance running [V] n=14; combined endurance running and resistance training program once [VR30] n=14 and twice a week [VR60] n=13, respectively). During the 10-week training program, the V group completed 3 hours of continuous endurance running per week; VR30 completed 2 ½ hours of continuous endurance running and 1 x 30 min of resistance training per week, while VR60 group completed 2 hours of continuous endurance running and 2x30 min of resistance training per week. Body composition (FM, FFM, ECM/BCM), standing long jump, running economy, ventilatory anaerobic threshold and maximal endurance performance characteristics were assessed using ANOVA with repeated measures. Body composition was assessed via whole-body bio impedance. Performance parameters were determined during running on a treadmill. Results: Thirty-one female recreational runners completed 10-week...

Diversas causas são apresentadas como possíveis responsáveis pela interferência nas adaptações neuromusculares quando realizamos simultaneamente o treinamento aeróbio e o de força, chamado treinamento concorrente. Tanto a intensidade quanto a modalidade do exercício aeróbio podem ser possíveis causas dessa interferência. Contudo, não foram encontrados estudos avaliando longitudinalmente a influência de diferentes intensidades e modalidades de exercício aeróbio no treinamento concorrente. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os efeitos de três treinamentos concorrentes, diferentes na intensidade e no exercício aeróbio utilizado, e de um treinamento de força nas adaptações neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias de mulheres jovens. Quarenta e quatro mulheres fisicamente ativas (22,3 ± 2,5 anos) foram divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo força (GF, n=12), que realizou apenas o treinamento de força; Grupo concorrente 1 (GCC, n=10), que realizou o TA em esteira, a partir da corrida contínua, além do TF; Grupo concorrente 2 (GCI, n=11), que realizou o TA em esteira, a partir da corrida intervalada, além do TF; e Grupo concorrente 3 (GCB, n=11), que realizou o TA contínuo em cicloergômetro, além do TF. Cada grupo treinou 2 vezes por semana durante 11 semanas o treinamento de força, aeróbio ou ambos tipos de treinamento na mesma sessão. Antes e após o período de treino, os indivíduos foram avaliados nos seguintes parâmetros neuromusculares: Força máxima (1 RM) nos exercícios de supino, extensão de joelhos e leg press (1 RM), resistência muscular (nº de rep. a 70% de 1 RM) nos exercícios extensão de joelhos e supino, torque máximo dos extensores do joelho (isométrico e isocinético nas velocidades de 60º/s e 180º/s). Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), tanto em teste de esteira (todos os grupos) como em cicloergômetro (apenas GCB). Foram observadas diferenças entre os momentos pré e pós treinamento em todos os grupos (p<0,05) nos valores de 1 RM, na resistência muscular e no torque isocinético nas velocidades de 60º/s e 180º/s, sendo essas diferenças semelhantes entre os grupos. Já no VO2max avaliado em esteira, foram observadas diferenças entre os momentos pré e pós treinamento para os grupos GCC (p=0,032) e GCI (p=0,001). Ao contrário das variáveis neuromusculares, os valores de VO2max ao final do treinamento apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos (p=0,004), em que se observou que os valores de VO2max no pós treinamento foram significativamente maiores para o GCI em comparação a GF e GCB, que não apresentaram diferenças entre si. No entanto, quando o VO2max foi avaliado em cicloergômetro, foram observadas diferenças entre os momentos pré e pós treinamento no GCB (p=0,025). Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que, em mulheres jovens, o treinamento concorrente parece não comprometer as adaptações na função neuromuscular ocorridas em resposta a 11 semanas de treinamento, independente da intensidade ou da modalidade do exercício aeróbio realizado. / Several causes are presented as potentially responsible for interference in the neuromuscular adaptations when performed simultaneously aerobic training and strength, called concurrent training. Both the intensity and type of aerobic exercise may be possible causes of interference. However, there are no longitudinal studies evaluating the influence of different intensities and modalities of aerobic exercise in concurrent training. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of three concurrent training, different in intensity and aerobic exercise used, and strength training on neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory adaptations in women. Forty-four physically active women (22.3 ± 2.5 years) were divided into four groups: Strength (GF, n = 12), which held only the strength training; Concurrent training 1 (GCC, n = 10) , who held the aerobic training on a treadmill, running from the continuous addition of strength training; Concurrent training 2 (GCI, n = 11), who carried out the aerobic training on a treadmill, running from the intervals, in addition to strength training and concurrent training 3 (GCB, n = 11), who carried out the aerobic training continuous cycle ergometer, and strength training. Each group trained two times a week for 11 weeks, strength training, aerobic or both types of training in the same session. Before and after the training period, subjects were evaluated in the following neuromuscular parameters: Maximum strength (1 RM) in exercises supine, knee extension and leg press, muscle endurance (number of rep. 70% of 1 RM) in exercises knee extension and bench press, peak torque of knee extensors (isometric and isokinetic at speeds 60°/s and 180°/s). In addition, assessments were made of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) both in treadmill test (all groups) and cycle ergometer (only GCB). Differences were observed between pre and post training in all groups (p <0.05) in 1 RM, muscular endurance and isokinetic torque at speeds of 60 ° / s and 180 ° / s, and these differences were similar among groups. In VO2max, differences were observed between pre and post training in groups GCC (p = 0.032) and GCI (p = 0.001). Unlike the neuromuscular variables, the values of VO2max at the end of training showed significant differences between groups (p = 0.004), where it was observed that the values of VO2max at post training were significantly higher in GCI when compared to the values of GF e GCB, that showed no differences between them. However, where the VO2max was evaluated on a cycle ergometer, differences were observed between pre and post training in the GCB (p = 0.025). The results of this study suggest that in women, concurrent training appears not to compromise the adaptations in the neuromuscular function occurred in response to 11 weeks of training, regardless of the intensity or type of aerobic exercise performed.

The research presented in this thesis examined the issue of the compatibility of strength and endurance training within one training regime, termed concurrent training, in recreational cyclists. Various research designs used in the previous literature resulted in inconclusive findings. The overall aim of this thesis was therefore to examine, in three systematically designed studies, the effects of various components of concurrent training regimes on cycling efficiency and recovery, and to identify some of the mechanisms that may be responsible for the interference or impedance of strength and/or endurance adaptations.

The research presented in this thesis examined the issue of the compatibility of strength and endurance training within one training regime, termed concurrent training, in recreational cyclists. Various research designs used in the previous literature resulted in inconclusive findings. The overall aim of this thesis was therefore to examine, in three systematically designed studies, the effects of various components of concurrent training regimes on cycling efficiency and recovery, and to identify some of the mechanisms that may be responsible for the interference or impedance of strength and/or endurance adaptations.