When compared to traditional concrete, steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) shows several enhancements in performance, including improved tensile resistance, toughness and ductility. One potential application for SFRC is in columns where the provision of steel fibres can improve performance under axial and lateral loads. The use of SFRC can also allow for partial replacement of transverse reinforcement required by modern seismic codes. To improve workability, self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can be combined with steel fibres, leading to highly workable SFRC suitable for structural applications. Recent advances in material science have also led to the development of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concretes (UHPFRC), a material which exhibits very high compressive strength, enhanced post-cracking resistance and high damage tolerance. In heavily loaded ground-story columns, the use of UHPFRC can allow for reduced column sections. This thesis presents the results from a comprehensive research program conducted to study the axial behaviour of columns constructed with highly workable SFRC and UHPFRC. As part of the experimental program, twenty-three full-scale columns were tested under pure axial compressive loading. In the case of the SFRC columns, columns having rectangular section and constructed with SCC and steel fibres were tested, with variables including fibre content and spacing of transverse reinforcement. The results confirm that use of fibres results in improved column behaviour due to enhancements in core confinement and cover behaviour. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the provision of steel fibres in columns can allow for partial replacement of transverse reinforcement required by modern codes. The analytical investigation indicates that confinement models proposed by other researchers for traditional RC and SFRC can predict the response of columns constructed with SCC and highly workable SFRC. In the case of the UHPFRC columns, variables included configuration and spacing of transverse reinforcement. The results demonstrate that the use of appropriate detailing in UHPFRC columns can result in suitable ductility. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the improved damage tolerance of UHPFRC when compared to traditional high-strength concrete. The analytical investigation demonstrates the need for development of confinement models specific for UHPFRC.

The main area of inquiry for this thesis is super-maximum security prisons or as commonly referred to “supermax prisons”. First, the thesis traces the shift from the use of physical punishment to the use of disciplinary measures in punitive institutions and the development of the modern prison until it reaches its latest form as embodied in the supermax model. Secondly, the design, characteristics, and conditions of these prisons are also explored to demonstrate how they systematically contribute to the dehumanization and depersonalization of prisoners. These institutions are subsequently found to represent physical spaces of the lawless “state of exception” that reduces inmates to a “bare” animal-like form of living through depriving them of all the rights and prerogatives granted to them by law. Third, the thesis analyzes the penological rationale commonly invoked to justify supermax prisons and concludes that it suffers from a clear deficiency in demonstrating any evidence-based credibility. Finally, the thesis sheds light on the devastating and long-lasting impacts of supermax confinement on mental health and argues that it may be in violation of fundamental human rights such as the right against torture and other cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment or punishment as provided by international law.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’étude de nanotubes géo-inspirés des nanotubes d’imogolite naturels présents dans certains sols et à celle des propriétés dynamiques de l’eau dans ces objets. Les objets étudiés, de stoechiométrie Ge(Si)Al₂O₇H₄ et Ge(Si)Al₂O₆CH₆, sont des nanotubes d’aluminosilicate et d’aluminogermanate dont la paroi interne est tapissée soit de groupements hydroxyles, hydrophiles, soit de groupements méthyles, hydrophobes. Dans le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit, nous présentons un état des connaissances sur ces nanotubes et nous introduisons la thématique de l’eau confinée. Le second chapitre est consacré à l’analyse de la structure des nanotubes sur la base d’expériences de diffusion des rayons X sur poudre. Nous y introduisons une nouvelle méthodologie, fondée sur l’utilisation des symétries hélicoïdales et la minimisation d’une énergie semi-empirique, permettant de réduire la détermination d’une structure tubulaire complexe à l’évaluation de quelques paramètres géométriques. Grâce à cette procédure, nous déterminons la structure des nanotubes d’aluminosilicate et d’aluminogermanate méthylés et hydroxylés. En particulier, un mode d’enroulement différent pour les nanotubes méthylés et hydroxylés est mis en évidence. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous présentons l’étude expérimentale des transformations en température des nanotubes d’aluminogermanate hydroxylés, jusqu’à 1000°C, grâce à une approche multitechnique associant la spectroscopie d’absorption X in situ aux seuils K de l’aluminium et du germanium, la spectroscopie RMN, la spectroscopie infrarouge et la diffusion des rayons X. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à l’étude de la dynamique de l’eau dans les nanotubes d’aluminogermanate hydroxylés et méthylés, par diffusion inélastique des neutrons. Dans le cas des nanotubes hydroxylés, les expériences sont analysées à la lumière de simulations de dynamique moléculaire. Nous montrons que l’eau liée à la paroi interne des nanotubes présente une structuration originale et que les dynamiques de l’eau et du nanotube sont fortement corrélées. / This thesis focuses on the investigation of nanotubes geo-inspired from natural imogolite nanotubes present in some soils and on the dynamical properties of water confined in these objects. These objects with nominal stoichiometry Ge(Si)Al₂O₇H₄ and Ge(Si)Al₂O₆CH₆, are aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes whose inner wall is covered with either hydrophilic hydroxyl groups or hydrophobic methyl groups. In the first chapter of this manuscript, we present a state of knowledge on these nanotubes and introduce the topic of confined water. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the structure of nanotubes thanks to X-ray powder scattering experiments. We introduce a new methodology, based on the use of helical symmetries and on the minimization of semi-empirical energy, which reduces the determination of a complex tubular structure to the evaluation of some geometric parameters. With this procedure, we solve the structure of both methylated and hydroxylated aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes. In particular, a different rolling mode is highlighted for methylated and hydroxylated nanotubes. In the third chapter, we present the experimental study of the thermal transformations of hydroxylated aluminogermanate nanotubes, up to 1000°C. This work is the result of a multi-technical approach combining in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the K thresholds of aluminium and germanium, NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray scattering. The fourth chapter focuses on the study of water dynamics in hydroxylated and methylated aluminogermanate nanotubes by inelastic neutron scattering. For hydroxylated nanotubes, experiments are analyzed in the light of molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the water layer bound to the inner wall of the nanotubes presents an original structure and that the dynamics of water molecules and of the nanotube are strongly correlated.

La miniaturisation est un paramètre important lors de la fabrication d’un dispositif. Les films minces de polymère, qui sont des composants essentiels de beaucoup d’entre eux, montrent des propriétés anormales quand leur épaisseur est réduite jusqu’à produire un film confiné. Ce travail est dédié à la compréhension des effets de confinements et des propriétés des films ultra-minces de polymère. Dans un premier temps, nous avons observé l’évolution de la densité des films de polymère en fonction de leur épaisseur au moyen de nanoparticules d’oxyde de cérium adsorbées sur les surfaces polymères. La deuxième étude a mis en évidence les domaines de stabilité/instabilité de tels films, ce qui a conduit à une méthode pour fabriquer des films stables de moins de 7 nm d’épaisseur grâce au rinçage avec un solvant adéquat. Dans l’étude suivante, il a été montré qu’il y avait une influence significative du solvant utilisé pour le rinçage sur les caractéristiques de la couche résiduelle de polymère. Pour finir, la température de transition vitreuse de la couche résiduelle de polymère a été étudiée, montrant l’existence de deux températures de transition vitreuse, indiquant deux états physiques de la couche de polymère résiduelle. Au final, ce travail contribue à une meilleure compréhension de la densité, stabilité et des propriétés de transition vitreuse des films minces de polymère confinés par leur épaisseur. / Size reduction is one of the very important factors considered during the device fabrication. Polymer thin films, which is a crucial component of many devices, shows numerous anomalous behaviors when they are confined by their thickness. This work is dedicated to understand the confinement effects and properties of ultrathin polymer films. At the very outset we observed the density evolution of polymer films with the film thickness by means of adsorbing ceria nanoparticles onto the polymer surfaces. The second study threw light on the stability/instability domains of such films, which led to a method for fabricating stable films which are less than 7nm, by means of rinsing with a good solvent. In the following study, it was found that there is a significant influence of solvent used rinsing on the characteristics of the polymer residual layer. Finally the glass transition behavior of the polymer residual layer was analyzed, which showed multiple glass transition temperatures, that points to the existence of two physical states in the polymer residual layer. Altogether, this work contributes towards a better understanding of the density, stability and glass transition properties of polymer films confined by their thickness.

Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Robert Edward Potok. / Sc.D.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18286号 / 工博第3878号 / 新制||工||1595(附属図書館) / 31144 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 木本 恒暢, 教授 白石 誠司, 准教授 浅野 卓 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18789号 / 理博第4047号 / 新制||理||1582(附属図書館) / 31740 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 菅沼 秀夫, 教授 國廣 悌二, 教授 田中 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20174号 / 理博第4259号 / 新制||理||1612(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 菅沼 秀夫, 教授 國廣 悌二, 教授 川合 光 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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