Digitaliseringen har gjort det möjligt för en integrerad multikanalslösning där fenomenet Omnichannel har fått stort genomslag. Omnichannel tillåter konsumenten att distribuera mellan olika kanaler under en och samma köpupplevelse och den sömlösa shoppingupplevelsen öppnar upp för ett inkongruent köpbeteende. Till skillnad från tidigare forskning som hävdar att konsumenter föredrar att handla kongruent, går Omnichannel i en annan riktning. Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka vilken påverkan kongruens och inkongruens har gällande attityder efter ett köp av kläder. Attityder efter ett köp utgår från tre nyckelvariabler: kundnöjdhet, bekräftelse av helhetsupplevelsen och benägenhet att sprida positiv Word of Mouth. Studien har en kvantitativ ansats där webbenkäter har använts och besvarats av 407 personer som har fått utvärdera sitt senaste köp av kläder. Studiens slutsats resulterar i att varken kongruens eller inkongruens inom köpbeteendet har en effekt på konsumentens attityder, medan kongruens inom kanaldistribution ledde till bättre attityder än för de konsumenter med ett inkongruent val av kanaler. Något som kan sägas gå emot Omnichannels grundstruktur. Sammanfattningsvis är det möjligt att säga att konsumenter som handlar utifrån ett hedoniskt köpbeteende både upplever en bättre helhetsupplevelse och är mer benägna att sprida positiv Word of Mouth. Konsumentens upplevelse av huruvida helhetsupplevelsen bekräftas, har en påverkan på deras vilja att prata positivt om sitt köp. / The digitalization has made it possible for an integrated multichannel solution where the phenomenon of Omnichannel has a big impact. It allows the consumer to move between different channels during the same shopping experience. The seamless shopping experience opens up for an incongruent shopping behavior. Previous research shows that consumers prefer to shop congruently where Omnichannel seems to go in a different direction. The report's purpose is to investigate how the consumer's behavior is affecting their attitudes. It has its foundation to find how congruent and incongruent is affecting the consumers' attitudes. The attitude is evaluated based on three key variables: customer satisfaction, confirmation of the overall experience and propensity to spread positive Word of Mouth. The study has a quantitative approach where web surveys have been used by 407 people who have evaluated their most recent purchase of clothes. The study concludes that neither congruence nor incongruence consumer behavior has an effect on the post-purchase behavior, while congruence in channel distribution led to better post-purchase behavior than for those consumers with an incongruent choice of channels. The importance is the consumer behavior that is shown at the buying decision. To conclude it is possible to say that consumers who shop based on hedonic consumer behavior both experienced a better overall experience and were more likely to spread positive Word of Mouth. The consumer's perception of how well their overall experience is confirmed has an impact on their willingness to talk positively about their purchase.

Studien undersökte sponsring, som har kommit att bli ett uppmärksammat marknadsföringsverktyg och forskningsfält. Specifikt har studien fokuserat på motorsport och ligan Formel 1, som är den snabbast växande sporten sett till antal följare. Mer specifikt undersökte studien kongruens mellan sponsorer och Formel 1 utifrån fem varumärkespersonligheter. Ett företagsperspektiv antogs och studien utgick ifrån företagens marknadskommunikation för att analysera deras varumärkespersonligheter. Varumärkespersonligheter definieras som en uppsättning mänskliga egenskaper som går att relatera till ett varumärke, och studerades utifrån Aakers (1997) ramverk för varumärkespersonligheter. Studien syftar till att undersöka kongruens utifrån en sponsrad organisation och dess sponsorer, genom deras respektive varumärkespersonligheter för att förstå om kongruens har den praktiska betydelse som teorin betonar. Då vikten av kongruens ofta lyfts fram teoretiskt ämnar studien att empiriskt undersöka förekomsten av kongruens i ett sammanhang där ekonomisk tyngd i sponsorskapet kan antas innebära särskilt stora förväntningar på utfallet, och således teoretiskt borde innebära kongruens mellan sponsorer och sponsrad organisation. Studien utgick från en kvantitativ metod där data samlades in via Formel 1 och officiella sponsorers hemsidor. Data som samlades in bestod uteslutande av engelska ord som analyserades genom en innehållsanalys, där totalt 16 sponsorer undersöktes. Slutligen genomfördes en statistisk analys för att undersöka samband mellan sponsorernas- och Formel 1s varumärkespersonligheter. Studien kunde inte redovisa ett komplett resultat där alla fem varumärkespersonligheterna studerades samtidigt på grund av variansskillnader i datamaterialet. Två resultat med olika justeringar i datamaterialet presenterades och därmed skiljde sig resultatet åt från tidigare forskning då studien enbart kunde undersöka två av fem möjliga personligheter i taget. En av varumärkespersonligheterna gick inte att statistiskt undersöka och uteslöts därför ur det statistiska resultatet helt. Däremot visade resultatet på att 12 sponsorer var inkongruenta med Formel 1 i en eller fler varumärkespersonligheter i test två. Två sponsorer var inkongruenta med Formel 1 i en eller fler varumärkespersonligheter i test ett, och övriga sponsorer antogs vara kongruenta med Formel 1 i var och ett av testen. / The study examined sponsorship, which has become a popular marketing tool and research field. Specifically, the study has focused on motorsport and Formula 1, which is the fastest growing sports league in terms of follower numbers. More specifically, the study examined congruence between sponsors and Formula 1 based on five brand personalities. A company perspective was adopted and the study used the companies' marketing communication to analyze their brand personalities. Brand personalities are defined as a set of human characteristics that can be related to a brand, and were examined based on Aaker's (1997) brand personality framework. The study aims to examine congruence based on a sponsored organization and its sponsors, through their respective brand personalities to understand whether congruence has the practical significance that the theory emphasizes. As the importance of congruence is often highlighted theoretically, the study intends to empirically examine congruence in a context where large financial costs can be assumed to imply high expectations of the outcome, and thus theoretically should imply congruence between sponsors and a sponsored organization. The study was based on a quantitative method where data was collected via Formula 1 and their official sponsors' websites. The data collected consisted exclusively of English words and were analyzed in a content analysis. A total of 16 sponsors were examined. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the sponsors and the Formula 1 brand personalities, and thus whether they were congruent. The study could not present a complete result where all five brand personalities were studied simultaneously because of differences in variance. Two results with different adjustments in data material were presented, and thus the results differed from previous research as the study could only examine two of five possible personalities at one time. One brand personality could not be statistically examined and was therefore completely excluded from the statistical result. However, 12 sponsors showed incongruence with Formula 1 in one or more brand personalities in test two. Two sponsors showed incongruence with Formula 1 in one or more brand personalities in test one, and the remaining sponsors were assumed to be congruent with Formula 1 in each test. The study is written in Swedish.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Objective: Patient-specific musculoskeletal models have emerged as a reliable method to study how tibiofemoral joint (TFJ) morphology influences anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, there are no such models for adolescent populations that can be scaled to accommodate growth. To serve as the foundation for such models, the objective of this thesis was therefore to i) build a patient-specific model of natural knee motion in an ACL-injured (ACLi) adolescent sample using joint congruency and ii) to attempt to reconstruct patient-specific simplified articular contacts using principal component analysis (PCA). Design: Twelve magnetic resonance images (MRI) of ACi adolescents were segmented and used to generate spheres of simplified TFJ articulations. A congruence-based optimization algorithm was used to determine the envelope of tibiofemoral configurations that optimize joint congruency. Descriptive statistics were used to compare model outputs to existing literature. Combinations of marker trajectories and anthropometrics were used to determine the feasibility of reconstructing articular sphere simplifications using PCA. Root-mean squared error (RMSE) was used to compare predicted sphere contacts to MRI-extracted contacts. Results: Average knee joint anglesof the femur with respect to the tibia was slightly abducted and externally rotated, with a range of motion (ROM) of 1.60º ± 0.66 and 7.64 º ± 2.34 across 102° of flexion respectively. The percent elongation of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) varied the most across participants (8.65 ± 6.2%) compared to the ACL (2.34 ± 2.1%), MCL (1.41 ± 0.5%) and LCL (1.75 ± 1.6%) respectively. The combination of femur markers and anthropometrics was able to reconstruct simplified tibiofemoral articulations the best, but not within 5 mm of RMSE. Conclusion: Inter-subject variability in passive kinematic motion derived from patient-specific morphology highlights the need for personalized and accessible musculoskeletal models in growing populations. Furthermore, simplified distal femur morphology can be reconstructed from anthropometrics and marker positions, but proximal tibia morphology requires more information.

No description available.

No description available.

For $n\geq2$, a variety $\mathcal{V}$ is said to be congruence $n$-permutable if every algebra $\mathbf{A}\in\mathcal{V}$ satisfies $\alpha\circ^n\beta=\beta\circ^n\alpha$, for all $\alpha,\beta\in \Con(\mathbf{A})$. Furthermore, given any algebra $\mathbf{A}$ and $k\geq1$, a $k$-dimensional Hagemann relation on $\mathbf{A}$ is a reflexive compatible relation $R\subseteq A\times A$ such that $R^{-1}\not\subseteq R\circ^k R$. A famous result of J. Hagemann and A. Mitschke shows that a variety $\mathcal{V}$ is congruence $n$-permutable if and only if $\mathcal{V}$ has no member carrying an $(n-1)$-dimensional Hagemann relation: by using this criterion, we provide another Maltsev characterization of congruence $n$-permutability, equivalent to the well-known Schmidt's and Hagemann-Mitschke's (\cite{HagMit}) term-based descriptions. We further establish that the omission by varieties of certain special configurations of Hagemann relations induces the satisfaction of suitable Maltsev conditions. These omission properties may be used to characterize congruence $n$-permutable idempotent varieties for some $n\geq2$, congruence 2-permutable idempotent varieties and congruence 3-permutable locally finite idempotent varieties, yielding that the following are prime Maltsev conditions: \begin{enumerate} \item congruence $n$-permutability for some $n\geq2$ with respect to idempotent varieties; \item congruence 2-permutability with respect to idempotent varieties; \item congruence 3-permutability with respect to locally finite idempotent varieties. \end{enumerate} Finally, we focus on the analysis of a family of strong Maltsev conditions, which we denote by $\{\mathcal{D}_n:2\leq n<\omega\}$, such that any variety $\mathcal{V}$ is congruence $n$-permutable whenever $\mathcal{D}_n$ is interpretable in $\mathcal{V}$. Among various other properties, we also show that the $\mathcal{D}_n$'s with odd $n\geq3$ generate decomposable strong Maltsev filters in the lattice of interpretability types. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Abstract Background: The packaging design of a product, primarily the design element colour, affects purchase intention extensively. This has been stated in prior studies. However, whether colour has the same effect in the Swedish market has not been researched. Furthermore, there has been limited research on the difference between the genders' perception of gendered colours on product packaging and colours' effect on purchase intention in the Cosmetics and Personal care industry. Therefore, these elements are the focus of this research.   Purpose: This research aims to evaluate the effect of product packaging colour on Swedish residents' purchase intention in the Cosmetics and Personal Care industry. Furthermore, the relationship between gendered colours on product packaging and purchase intention will be analysed, comparing females and males.   Method: This study is deductive research, and it is based on a positivism paradigm. It uses a quantitative approach of gathering data through an online questionnaire. The sample consisted of 194 Swedish residents gathered through convenience sampling. Moreover, the data was analysed using Cronbach alpha coefficient, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Ordered logistic regression to test the hypotheses.    Findings: The theoretical framework identified a research gap concerning the impact of product packaging colours on purchase intention and how gender-specific packaging colours affect males and females differently. Based on the existing literature, five hypotheses were formulated. The findings confirmed that product packaging colours for all Swedish residents, had a significant positive influence on purchase intention, leading to the acceptance of H1. Moreover, both males and females demonstrated a significant positive effect on purchase intention when exposed to packaging colours associated with their respective genders, resulting in the acceptance of H2 and H4. However, both genders demonstrated a non-significant effect on purchase intention when exposed to packaging colours associated with the opposite gender, leading to the rejection of H3 and H5.   Conclusion: The results show that product packaging colour has a positive effect on purchase intention among Swedish residents. Moreover, it shows that the Gender Schema theory is still relevant in today's society, which shows contribution to theory. Further, marketers should continue to use gendered colours in their product packaging.

Syftet var att undersöka elevers fysiska och psykiska våld mot lärare utifrån personliga attribut hos lärarna samt om förekomst av våld kan förknippas med negativa emotionella konsekvenser. En enkät besvarades av 246 lärare (M = 46 år, SD = 10,50) och resultaten visade att lärarna upplevde att psykiskt våld förekom i högre utsträckning än fysiskt våld. Resultaten visade även att ju mer bristande auktoritet och klassrumshantering som lärarna uppvisade, desto mer frekvent upplevde de fysiskt och psykiskt våld. Vidare visade resultaten att ju mindre hjälpsam och uppskattad lärarna var av eleverna desto mer frekvent upplevde de det fysiska våldet. Ju mer lärarna hade hört talas om psykiskt våld visades även påverka lärarnas otrygghet, bristande engagemang och nedstämdhet. Sambandet mellan fysiskt våld och de tre kategorierna av konsekvenserna försvann när det även kontrollerades för kön och psykiskt våld. De olika kategorierna av konsekvenser visades även korrelera med varandra vilket innebar att när den ena kategorin ökade, ökade även de andra två. Sammanfattningsvis är det viktigt att även ta hänsyn till de lärare som enbart hör talas om våldsamma händelser eftersom de också upplever negativa konsekvenser av våldet. / The aim was to examine students´ physical and psychological violence against teachers based on personal attributes of the teacher and whether the occurrence of violence can be associated with negative emotional consequences. A questionnaire was answered by 246 teachers (M = 46years, SD = 10,50) and the results showed that the teachers experienced that the psychological violence was more frequent than the physical violence. The results also showed that the more lacking authority and classroom techniques the teachers inhibited, the more frequent they perceived the physical and psychological violence. Further, the less helpful and appreciated the teachers was perceived by the students, the more frequent they perceived the physical violence. How they perceived the violence was also shown to influence the teacher’s safety, lacking commitment and depression. The correlation between physical violence and the three categories of consequences disappeared when gender and psychological violence was controlled for. The three categories of consequences also correlated with each other which means that if one of the categories increased, so did the other two. In summary, it is important to also consider the teachers who only hear about violent events since they also suffer consequences from it.

Sous l’angle du droit international, la responsabilité de protéger est traditionnellement analysée dans le but de déterminer sa portée normative. L’attrait de la doctrine internationaliste pour la question de la normativité du principe et l’indifférence habituelle du droit international vis-à-vis du système politique des États ont fini par confiner les développements sous les prismes parfois trop réducteurs du droit international et des relations internationales. Cette recherche entend proposer une perspective différente en prenant le contre-pied de cette approche classique. Elle aborde la problématique de la responsabilité de protéger non plus seulement sous l’angle des intervenants tiers à l’État défaillant, mais également, et surtout sous celui de cet État lui-même et de sa population. Il s’agit donc de revisiter la façon d’appréhender la responsabilité de protéger afin de montrer que le droit international n’est plus indifférent face aux systèmes politiques des États — a fortiori en crise. En interrogeant le lien entre la responsabilité de protéger et le système politique de l’État, l’analyse aboutit irrémédiablement à la conclusion selon laquelle la responsabilité de protéger est « enchassée » dans de normes qui ne sont pas exclusivement juridiques et qu’il convient dorénavant d’analyser en réseau. L’étude propose donc désormais de la qualifier de norme de congruence dès lors qu’elle conduit à apprécier la valeur juridique d’une règle de droit en tenant compte des différentes influences contenues dans celle-ci / From the perspective of international law, the responsibility to protect is traditionally analyzed in order to determine its normative scope. The attractiveness of the internationalist doctrine for the question of the normativity of the principle and the habitual indifference of international law to the political system of States ended up confining developments to the sometimes overly simplistic prisms of international law and international relations.This research intends to propose a different perspective by taking a contrary view of this classic approach. It addresses the issue of the responsibility to protect not only the point of view of third parties to the failed state, but also, and above all, the State itself and its population. It is therefore a question of revisiting the approach of apprehending the responsibility to protect in order to show that international law is no longer indifferent to the political systems of the States - let alone in crisis.In questioning the link between the responsibility to protect and the state's political system, the analysis leads irreparably to the conclusion that the responsibility to protect is “enshrined” in norms that are not exclusively legal and that currently analyze in the network. The study therefore proposes to define it as an norme de congruence since it leads to the assessment of the legal value of a rule of law taking into account the different influences contained in it