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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

INDICAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS NO BRASIL: POSSIBILIDADES PARA OS PRODUTORES INSERIDOS NA ÁREA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL DO IBIRAPUITÃ RS / GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS IN BRAZIL: POSSIBILITIES FOR FARMERS IN THE APA OF IBIRAPUITÃ RS

Vargas, Ivens Cristian Silva 15 April 2008 (has links)
Agribusiness is an important sector to contribute the Brazilian trade surplus. The European Union and the United States are among the main destinations of agrofood products, taking part in 31.4% and 14.2% out of the exportations, respectively. The consumers, especially the Europeans, have presented themselves more demanding in what concerns farming products for human consumption, due to the nature of these products and the frequent food crisis. Thus, market segmentation based on information about the origin of the product and production process for differentiation and price attribution has become important, due to the fact that farming systems which are scale-based and linked to the production of commodities have become weakened beyond such markets. In this context, an alternative for development for certain regions is to consider regional/local specificities as factors that determine their identity, based on the concept of geographical indications. This scenario presents an opportunity for the farmers located in the APA of Ibirapuitã. Historically, the region is linked to animal production, due to the fact that the natural pastures there found provide a good support for this type of activity, which has marked the tradition, history and culture of the Gaúcho. The natural environment, therefore, characterises certain intrinsically specific attributes for the products that are originated from it, being that an important aspect in Geographical Indications. Thus, the geographical origin system, used in a Protected Designations of Origin or Protected Geographical Indications approach, is an alternative of development through the territorial perspective. This region is inserted in a conservation area legally known for its peculiar characteristics linked to the Pampa Bioma, which legitimizes extensive animal production. The development of a prototype of a system with a geo-referenced database occurred due to the need of obtaining the position of farmers in relation to the borders of the APA of Ibirapuitã. Finally the geographical indications can be used not only as tools to access other markets, but also for agricultural development, in the sense of valuing territories, mainly for small farmers that are strongly linked to their place of origin, history and culture. This space-time relation values the richness of natural, historical and cultural characteristics, i.e., the features which are fundamental for the differentiation of its production. This approach allows the origin of a product and/or its production processes to be valued, and to convert them into a differentiation and value aggregation factor, besides assuring the products identified according to pre-established parameters in what refers mainly to environmental, social and sanitary issues, as an alternative to the new barriers present in today s economical negotiations. / O agronegócio tem importante contribuição no superávit da balança comercial brasileira. A União Européia e os Estados Unidos estão entre os principais destinos dos produtos agrícolas, com uma participação de 31,4% e 14,2%, respectivamente. Os consumidores, principalmente europeus, têm se mostrado motivados em exigir maior transparência em relação aos produtos agroalimentares, devido à própria natureza destes produtos e às freqüentes crises alimentares. Assim, torna-se importante a segmentação de mercado baseado em informações sobre origem do produto e/ou processo de produção para diferenciação e agregação de valor, pois sistemas agropastoris baseados em escala e vinculados à produção de commodities se enfraqueceram frente a estes mercados. Dentro deste contexto, uma alternativa de desenvolvimento para certas regiões é considerar especificidades regionais/locais do território como determinantes de sua identidade, base do conceito de indicações geográficas. Este cenário possibilita uma oportunidade para os produtores localizados na APA do Ibirapuitã, historicamente a região está vinculada à pecuária, decorrente do suporte dos campos naturais ao desenvolvimento desta atividade, que marcou a tradição, história e cultura do gaúcho. O meio natural, portanto, caracteriza atributos intrínsecos específicos para produtos provenientes deste, sendo um aspecto importante nas Indicações Geográficas. Deste modo, o sistema de indicações geográficas, seja utilizando uma abordagem de Indicação de Procedência ou Denominação de Origem, é uma alternativa de desenvolvimento pela perspectiva territorial da região. A mesma está inserida numa unidade de conservação reconhecida legalmente por suas características pecualiares vinculadas à localização no Bioma Pampa, o que legitima a atividade de produção animal extensiva. O desenvolvimento do protótipo de um sistema com uma base de dados georreferenciada ocorreu pela necessidade de obtenção, neste primeiro momento, da localização dos produtores em relação aos limites APA do Ibirapuitã e de dados sobre recursos sócio-econômicos, objetivando obter um conhecimento prévio da área em estudo. A extensão geográfica - característica da área - associada à complexidade e diversidade de características dos sistemas agrários requer, sempre que possível, o uso de instrumentos e tecnologias disponíveis ao levantamento e análise de informações, processo que pode ser facilitado com a utilização de imagens de satélites, aplicação de fichas de levantamento adequadas à região e pelo uso de técnicas estatísticas para o tratamento dos dados. Analisando sobre estes aspectos, os resultados preliminares do protótipo desenvolvido foram adequados aos objetivos propostos, pois possibilitou a facilidade de armazenamento e obtenção de resultados baseados na análise dos dados, além da facilidade de localização destes produtores em relação aos limites desta unidade de conservação. Finalmente, as indicações geográficas podem ser utilizadas, não apenas como instrumentos para acesso a mercados, mas também como uma ferramenta de desenvolvimento rural, no sentido da valorização dos territórios, principalmente para os pequenos produtores que possuem forte vinculação com o local de origem, história e cultura. Esta relação espaço-tempo oferece a riqueza de seu patrimônio natural e histórico-cultural, ou seja, sua tipicidade fundamental à diferenciação de sua produção. Esta abordagem permite proteger e valorizar a origem de um produto e/ou processos de produção, e convertê-las em fator de diferenciação e agregação de valor, além de garantir produtos identificados de acordo com parâmetros pré-estabelecidos no que se refere principalmente a questões ambientais, sociais e sanitárias, alternativa às novas barreiras presentes nas atuais negociações econômicas.
102

Soil conservation and the white agrarian environment in Colonial Zimbabwe, c. 1908-1980

Maravanyika, Simeon January 2013 (has links)
This thesis utilizes three theoretical approaches; political ecology, settler culture and community conservation to examine soil conservation and the white agrarian environment in colonial Zimbabwe to evaluate to what extent players in government and the agricultural sector were conscious or concerned about preservation and conservation of the soil. The thesis also examines the role of local and international ideas in the colony’s conservationist tradition, and whether the soil conservation movement was identity-forming among the colony’s settler farmers. The history of conservation on settler farms in colonial Zimbabwe can be periodized into three broad timeframes - from the 1890s to around the mid-1930s, between 1934 and 1965 and the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) period. In the first three and half decades of the 20th century the history of conservation can best be described as being characterized by a series of “dilemmas.” The British South Africa Company (BSA Co.) administration did not pursue soil conservation in any significant, synchronized or sustained manner. In the second period, from 1934 to 1965, there was considerable progress in the construction of conservation works on settler farms. This process was the result of recommendations made by Natural Resources Commission, a body that was appointed in 1938 to investigate the status of the colony’s natural resources. The mid-1940s were characterized by the formation of Intensive Conservation Areas (ICAs) in settler farming districts whose mandate was to oversee the construction of conservation works to rehabilitate settler farms. With the support of the Natural Resources Board (NRB), and the Department of Conservation and Extension (CONEX), formed in 1948 to provide expertise on conservation-related matters and extension support, all settler farming areas were covered by trained CONEX staff, though in most instances very thinly distributed due to high demand for their service and manpower constraints in the department. The third period, the UDI era, was characterized by attempts by the minority settler government to forestall majority rule in the colony. Malawi and Zambia (formerly Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, respectively) had been granted their independence by Britain in 1964. As decolonization was taking place in other parts of Africa, black majority rule in colonial Zimbabwe also seemed imminent. To the alarm of the white minority government, Britain had set out to grant majority rule to its African colonies, including Southern Rhodesia (renamed Rhodesia after Zambia’s independence). The Ian Smith-led government of Rhodesia, feeling betrayed, declared UDI on 11 November 1965, delaying Zimbabwean independence by another 15 years. With the end of the Federation in 1963, the colony could no longer rely on federal resources as it had done between 1953 and 1963. Sanctions, imposed in reaction to UDI, further put the regime in a tight corner. Their impact was quite significant. Fuel had to be rationed, and general belt-tightening across the board inevitably followed as major Rhodesian exports such as tobacco and minerals were embargoed on international markets. The start of the liberation war at the end of the 1960s further complicated matters. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Historical and Heritage Studies / Unrestricted
103

Transboundary conservation - towards an institutional framework for integrated management : a case study of the Ndumo-Tembe-Futi transfrontier conservation area.

Blok, Robert Edmund. January 2005 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
104

Parks that cross the borderline : transnational co-operation in Southern Africa

Morton, Nicola 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this era of globalisation, the world is becoming more economically, politically and ecologically interdependent, that is, there is a growing mutual vulnerability between actors. The conditions of growing interdependence produce specific challenging circumstances for the achievement of particular goals, -includinq that of sustainable development. The Southern African context holds further obstacles to such development, which include poverty, inequality, a history of racial conflict and colonialism, and a regional economy on the semi-periphery of the global economy. It is my assertion that it is in the mutual self-interest of states and other stakeholders (e.g. communities) to approach this dilemma through transnational co-operation under the ethical umbrella of sustainable development. Thus this thesis seeks to discover to what extent the construction of Transborder Conservation Areas (TBCAs), relatively large areas which straddle the borders between two or more countries and cover natural systems incorporating one or more protected areas, can meet the criteria of sustainable development, given these conditions. The three primary criteria used for measuring sustainable development are community-based development; close linkages between the environment and development; and co-operation on all levels. The Kgalagadi TBCA, formally recognised on the 7th of April 1999 between South Africa and Botswana, serves as the case study. The conceptual framework used for the analysis is a theory of cooperation, as it applies to the field of International Relations. The key concepts employed here are those of interdependence, co-operation, sustainable development and institutionalisation. The research centers around three key issues: If sustainable development is the way forward for Southern Africa, do TBCAs reflect and fulfill the criteria as set forth by sustainable development? What does the experience of TBCAs in Southern Africa tell us about co-operation, recognising that TBCAs can only succeed if it has a sound base in the awareness and engagement of people? And, how best can decision-makers go about establishing TBCAs? Ultimately the thesis is a call to Southern African countries to embrace this new form of utilising the environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie era van globalisering is die wêreld besig om ekonomies, polities en ekologies meer interafhanklik te word, met ander woorde, daar is 'n toenemende wedersydse kwesbaarheid tussen akteurs. Toenemende interafhanklikheid produseer spesifieke uitdagings ten opsigte van die bereiking van sekere doelwitte, insluitend volgehoue ontwikkeling. Daar is besondere hindernisse op die weg na volgehoue ontwikkeling in Suidelike Afrika, is byvoorbeeld armoede, ongelykheid, en verlede gekenmerk deur rassekonflik en kolonialisme, asook en regionale ekonomie op die semi-periferie van die globale ekonomie. Dit is in die wedersydse belang van state en ander betrokke partye (bv. gemeenskappe) om hierdie dilemma te benader deur middel van transnasionale samewerking onder die etiese sambreel van volgehoue ontwikkeling. Hierdie tesis probeer vasstel tot watter mate die skep van Transnasionale Bewaringsgbiede, of sogenaamde "Vredesparke" (Transborder Conservation Areas = TBCAs), d.w.s. relatiewe groot areas aan weerskante van die grens(-e) tussen twee of meer lance en wat natuurlike stelsels dek wat ten minste een beskermde gebied inkorporeer, kan voldoen aan die kriteria vir volgehoue ontwikkeling, gegewe die bogenoemde konteks. Die drie primêre kriteria wat gebruik word om volgehoue ontwikkeling te meet is gemeenskapsgebaseerde ontwikkeling; die hegtheid van die verhouding tussen die omgewing en ontwikkeling; en samewerking op alle vlakke. Die Kgalagadi TBCA, amptelik op 7 April 1999 tussen Suid-Afrika en Botswana erken, dien as die gevallestudie. Die konseptueie raamwerk wat gebruik word in die analise is 'n teorie van samewerking, soos dit van toepassing is op die veld van Internasionale Betrekkinge. Die sleutelkonsepte wat gebruik word is interafhanklikheid, samewerking, volgehoue ontwikkeling en institusionalisering. Die navorsing sentreer rondom drie sleutelkwessies: lndien volgehoue ontwikkeling die weg vorentoe vir Suidelike Afrika is, weerspiëel en voldoen TBCAs aan die vereistes van volgehoue ontwikkeling? Wat kan ons wys raak oor samewerking na aanleiding van ons ervaring van TBCAs in Suidelike Afrika, gegewe dat TBCAs slegs kan slaag indien dit gefundeer is op gemeenskapsbewustheid- en deelname? Laastens, wat is die beste manier waarvolgens besluitnemers TBCAs kan vestig? Ten slotte is hierdie studie 'n beroep op die besluitnemers In Suidelike Afrika om hierdie nuwe wyse waarop die omgewing benut kan word, te ondersteun.
105

Community participation and sustainable development in the establishment of the |Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Park

Myburgh, Kozette 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is titled "Community participation and sustainable development in the establishment of the IAi-IAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Park". lt encompasses the area and stakeholders on the South African side of the Transfrontier Conservation Park (TFCP), which falls within the Richtersveld municipal area. lt covers the whole process of the development of the IAi-IAis/Richtersveld TFCP, from its Conceptual Phase to the signing of the International Treaty to formally establish the IAi-IAis/Richtersveld TFCP1 . This development is expected to hold numerous benefits for the stakeholders that are involved in its process, especially job creation through increased tourism. lt is an exceptional project, as the main stakeholders are the communities who are the legal landowners of the Richtersveld National Park. The management structure of the IAi-IAis/Richtersveld TFCP allows full participation by the local communities through elected members from the four towns in the surrounding area (Khuboes, Eksteenfontein, Lekkersing and Sanddrift) as well as local pastoralists. The theoretical approach that will be used in this study is that of sustainable development. The key components required for sustainable social, economic, and environmental development will be discussed, and are used as yardsticks against which the actual process of establishment of the TFCP will be 'measured'. Participation is regarded as a main aspect of sustainable development and is highlighted in this study. The methodology that was employed included interviewing and participant observation as well as an in-depth documentary analysis of aspects of the TFCP. The benefits and value of the methods used is discussed, as well as the limitations of the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die titel van die studie is "Community participation and sustainable development in the establishment of the IAi-IAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Park". Dit omvat die area en rolspelers aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kant van die oorgrenspark, wat binne die Richtersveld Munisipale area val. Dit dek die volledige proses van die ontwikkeling van die oorgrenspark, vanaf die Konsepsuele Fase tot en met die ondertekening van die lnternasionale Verdrag om die IAi-IAis/Richtersveld Oorgrenspark formeel tot stand te bring2 . Die verwagting is dat hierdie ontwikkeling veelvoudige voordele sal inhou vir diegene wat in die proses betrokke is, veral deur middel van werkskepping as gevolg van toenemende toerisme. Dit is 'n besondere projek aangesien die hoofrolspelers, die gemeenskappe, die wettige grondeienaars van die Richtersveld Nasionale Park is. Die bestuurstruktuur van die oorgrenspark laat volle deelname deur die gemeenskappe toe deur verkose lede van die vier dorpies in die area (Kuboes, Eksteenfontein, Lekkersing en Sanddrift) asook plaaslike veeboere. Die teoretiese benadering wat in hierdie studie gevolg word is 'volhoubare ontwikkeling'. Die hoofkomponente wat vereis word vir volhoubare sosiale, ekonomiese, en omgewingsontwikkeling word bespreek en word as maatstawwe gebruik waarteen die werklike proses van die totstandkoming van die IAi-IAis/Richtersveld oorgrenspark 'gemeet' word. Deelname word beskou as die hoofkomponent van volhoubare ontwikkeling en word uitgelig in hierdie studie. Die metodologie wat toegepas is, sluit onderhoudvoering, deelnemende waarneming en indiepte dokumentere analise van aspekte van die oorgrenspark in. Die voordele en waarde van hierdie metodes word bespreek, asook die beperkinge van die studie.
106

Complexidade da acumulação de elementos químicos por árvores nativas da Mata Atlântica / Complexity of the accumulation of chemical elements by native trees of the Atlantic Forest

Araújo, André Luis Lima de 08 June 2009 (has links)
Plantas acumulam elementos químicos devido aos mais variados fatores como atendimento às necessidades estruturais e fisiológicas e características ambientais. Em estudos de biomonitoração, é comum a seleção de uma espécie para a avaliação da qualidade ambiental. A bioacumulação de vários elementos químicos já foi demonstrada para as espécies arbóreas mais abundantes da Mata Atlântica na parcela permanente do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), uma das áreas mais preservadas da Mata Atlântica. Contudo, dado o elevado nível de alteração ambiental e a alta biodiversidade do bioma, torna-se necessário avaliar os padrões de bioacumulação em outras regiões da Mata Atlântica. Uma das areas mais significativas da Mata Atlântica para o Estado de São Paulo é o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), com exemplos de áreas bem preservadas e outras sob grande pressão antrópica. O núcleo Picinguaba é um dos núcleos mais conservados do parque que alcança a zona costeira. Por outro lado, o núcleo Itutinga-Pilões tem sido constantemente impactado por atividades humanas. Por exemplo, há muitos relatos sobre os efeitos da poluição na vegetação próxima aos centros urbanos e complexos industriais de São Paulo e Cubatão. Assumindo-se a hipótese de que a proximidade das unidades de conservação com o oceano e grandes centros urbanos pode influenciar a absorção de elementos químicos por plantas, este trabalho objetivou estudar a complexidade da acumulação de elementos químicos por espécies arbóreas dos núcleos Picinguaba e Itutinga-Pilões do PESM. Folhas de sete espécies arbóreas Alsophila sternbergii, Bathysa australis, Garcinia gardneriana, Guapira opposita, Euterpe edulis, Hyeronima alchorneoides e Virola bicuhyba - foram coletadas em diferentes épocas, assim como o solo sob a projeção das copas das árvores para estimar o índice de bioacumulação solo-folha (IBASF). A quantificação dos elementos químicos foi realizada por meio da análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA). A bioacumulação foi avaliada pela composição química elementar de solos, folhas e IBASF para todas as espécies. Os solos do núcleo Itutinga-Pilões apresentaram pontos críticos de As nas proximidades das rodovias, os quais podem ser importantes para a sustentabilidade a longo-prazo do ecossistema. As árvores do núcleo Itutinga-Pilões apresentaram um aporte maior de Fe, Th, Zn, Ce, La, Sm e Sc quando comparadas ao núcleo Picinguaba, que apresentou valores mais elevados de Na devido à influência do oceano. Um forte efeito de sazonalidade foi observado para a composição química elementar de folhas, associado à deposição de particulado atmosférico. Este estudo demonstrou a potencialidade do emprego da composição química elementar de árvores nativas e do solo para a avaliação da qualidade ambiental da Mata Atlântica. / Plants accumulate chemical elements due to several factors such as structural and physiological requirements and environmental characteristics. For biomonitoring studies, it is usual to select one species for monitoring the availability of chemical elements. The bioaccumulation of chemical elements has been demonstrated for the most abundant tree species in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), one of the most preserved areas of the Atlantic Forest. However, due to the high level of environmental alterations and the high biodiversity of this biome, it becomes necessary to assess the bioaccumulation patterns in other regions of the Atlantic forest. A significant area of the Atlantic Forest for the São Paulo State is the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM) with well preserved areas as well as regions under heavy anthropogenic pressure. Picinguaba is one of the most conserved PESM bases, reaching the costal zone. On the other hand, the Itutinga-Pilões base has been constantly impacted by human activities. For instance, there are many reports about the pollution effects on vegetation near urban centers and industrial complexes of São Paulo and Cubatão. Assuming the hypothesis that the proximity of the conservation units to the ocean and huge urban and industrial areas can influence the uptake of chemical elements by plants, this study investigated the complexity of the accumulation of chemical elements in tree species of the Picinguaba and Itutinga-Pilões bases of PESM. Leaves of seven tree species Alsophila sternbergii, Bathysa australis, Garcinia gardneriana, Guapira opposita, Euterpe edulis, Hyeronima alchorneoides and Virola bicuhyba - were collected in different periods. Soil under the tree crown projection at the 0-10 cm depth was sampled for estimating the soil-leaf bioaccumulation index (SLBAI). Chemical elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). By comparing the soil and leaf mass fractions of chemical elements and SLBAI values, bioaccumulation was assessed for all species from the studied areas. Itutinga-Pilões soil presented As hotspots near roads, which might be important for long-term ecosystem sustainability. Trees from the Itutinga-Pilões base also showed higher uptake of Ce, Fe, La, Sc, Sm and Th compared to the Picinguaba base, which showed high Na values because of the sea influence. A strong effect of seasonality on the leaf chemical element composition was observed, related to the deposition of atmospheric particulate. This study has demonstrated the potentiality of using the chemical composition of native tree and soil for the assessment of environmental quality in the Atlantic Forest.
107

Diversidade de rizóbios em Florestas de Araucária no Estado de São Paulo / Rhizobia diversity in Araucaria Forests in São Paulo State, Brazil

Lammel, Daniel Renato 19 June 2007 (has links)
Araucaria angustifolia (B.) Ktz é de grande importância sócio-ambiental e econômica, sendo que ecossistemas que abrigam esta espécie foram muito degradados pela atividade antrópica, colocando-a em risco de extinção. O ciclo do nitrogênio é de vital importância para a vida, tendo especial importância no desenvolvimento e manutenção de florestas. A entrada de nitrogênio nestes sistemas é dependente de organismos diazotróficos, em especial dos rizóbios, bactérias do solo que podem formar simbiose com leguminosas e fixar nitrogênio atmosférico. O estudo da diversidade de rizóbios pode favorecer o manejo mais adequado de florestas e muitas técnicas são usadas com este fim, nas quais se destacam o uso de plantas iscas, coleta de nódulos de leguminosas a campo, isolamento das bactérias em meios de cultivo, avaliação fenotípica dos isolados e o seqüenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, todas utilizadas neste trabalho. A partir do levantamento de leguminosas no Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão foram coletadas onze espécies de leguminosas, nove apresentaram nódulos, sendo cinco espécies descritas como nodulantes pela primeira vez. Foram isoladas 212 estirpes de bactérias, havendo variação no formato de nódulos e alta riqueza fenotípica das cepas. Houve variabilidade na diversidade fenotípica de bactérias para cada planta, Galactia crassifolia apresentou o maior valor, enquanto que Mimosa dolens apresentou o menor. Dos 212 isolados, 55 cepas foram capazes de nodular o feijoeiro e 56 de nodular a bracatinga. Foi seqüenciado parcialmente o gene 16S rRNA de 196 estirpes que foram classificadas em oito grupos genotípicos, Pantoea sp. (2%), Pseudomonas sp. (2%), Bradyrhizobium sp1 (10%), Bradyrhizobium sp2 (7%), Rhizobium sp. (1%), Burkholderia sp1 (14%), Burkholderia sp2 (26%) e Burkholderia sp3 (38%). A análise filogenética mostrou que a maioria dos grupos pertence a gêneros taxonomicamente relacionados a rizóbios. Houve variação na diversidade genotípica das bactérias em relação às plantas das quais foram isoladas, G. crassifolia apresentou o maior valor, sendo considerada a mais promíscua, enquanto que Acacia dealbata e M. dolens apresentaram os menores valores, sendo consideradas as mais especificas. Mostrou-se que o uso de avaliação fenotípica de rizóbios pode ser inadequado, já que os resultados fenotípicos foram muitas vezes divergentes dos genotípicos. Foram comparadas Florestas de Araucária com diferentes níveis de interferência antrópica (Floresta Preservada, Floresta Plantada e Floresta em Regeneração), usando as plantas-iscas caupi, amendoim, soja, bracatinga, maricá e angico. Maricá foi o mais eficiente na captura de rizóbios, enquanto que bracatinga e caupi apresentaram menor eficiência e as demais plantas falharam. Foram isoladas 78 cepas, sendo classificados como pertencentes a seis grupos genotípicos, Pseudomonas sp. (3%), Xanthomonas sp. (1%), Ralstonia sp. (6%), Herbaspirillum sp. (4%), Burkholderia sp1 (29%) e Burkholderia sp3 (57%), sendo três grupos iguais aos caracterizados anteriormente. A maioria destes grupos está relacionada a rizóbios ou bactérias endofíticas conhecidas. A Floresta em Regeneração apresentou maior diversidade de bactérias isoladas, enquanto que as Florestas Plantada e Preservada apresentaram índices semelhantes. β-rizóbios foram predominantes nas Florestas de Araucária estudadas. / Araucaria angustifolia (B.) Ktz has a great social, environmental and economic importance to south and southeastern Brazil, although ecosystems supporting this species have been degraded by human activity, making it an endangered species. The nitrogen cycle has vital importance for life and has a special role in the development and upkeep of forests. The nitrogen input in these systems is dependent on diazotrophic organisms, especially rhizobia, soil bacteria that may nodulate legumes and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with them. The study of rhizobia diversity may support better forest management practices and many techniques are used in these studies, especially the use of trap-plants, field legume nodule collection, bacteria isolation in culture media, phenotypic analysis of the strains and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, all of which were used in this work. From a survey in Campos do Jordão State Park, nine of eleven legume species collected presented nodules, of which five were reported as nodulating for the first time. A total of 212 bacterial strains were isolated from the nodules. There was great variation of nodule shape and great phenotypic richness among isolates. There was variability in the phenotypical diversity of bacteria in each plant, where Galactia crassifolia showed the highest value, while Mimosa dolens showed the lowest one. Of the 212 strains, 55 were able to nodulate common bean and 56 nodulated bracatinga (M. scabrella). The 16S rRNA gene of 196 strains were partially sequenced and classified into eight genotypic groups: Pantoea sp. (2%), Pseudomonas sp. (2%), Bradyrhizobium sp1 (10%), Bradyrhizobium sp2 (7%), Rhizobium sp. (1%), Burkholderia sp1 (14%), Burkholderia sp2 (26%) and Burkholderia sp3 (38%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the groups belong to bacteria genera related to rhizobia. There was variability in the bacterial diversity related to the isolated plants, where G. crassifolia showed the highest value, being considered the most promiscuous, while Acacia dealbata and M. dolens presented the lowest values, and were considered the most specific ones. The phenotypic analysis of rhizobia was shown to be inappropriate for taxonomy, since the phenotypic results were different from the genotypic ones. Araucaria Forests with different levels of human interference (Preserved Forest, Planted Forest and Recovering Forest) were compared using cowpea, peanut, soybean, bracatinga, maricá (M. bimucronata) and angico (Parapiptadenia rigida) as trap-plants. Maricá was the most efficient in rhizobia capture, while bracatinga and cowpea showed less efficiency and the others failed. A total of 78 strains were isolated and classified into six genotypic groups: Pseudomonas sp. (3%), Xanthomonas sp. (1%), Ralstonia sp. (6%), Herbaspirillum sp. (4%), Burkholderia sp1 (29%) and Burkholderia sp3 (57%), of which three are the same as previously classified. Most of these groups are related to known rhizobia or other endophytic bacteria. The Recovering Forest showed the highest diversity of isolated bacteria, while Planted Forests and Preserved Forest showed similar indeces. β-rhizobia were predominant in the studied areas.
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Instituições acadêmicas no Conselho Gestor da Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Centro do Estado de São Paulo / Academic institutions in the management council of the marine environmental protection area in the central coast of the state of São Paulo

Laís Cristina Álvares Rodrigues Assis 12 November 2014 (has links)
Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo da participação dos diversos atores componentes do Conselho Gestor da Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Centro do Estado de São Paulo (APAMLC). Para isso foi caracterizada a participação politica, a atuação das instituições acadêmicas e utilização do conhecimento na gestão da APAMLC. A análise de conteúdo é utilizada como metodologia para levantamento de dados, a partir da análise das atas das reuniões do Conselho Gestor; entrevistas e observação direta das reuniões. A representatividade e a mediação foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para eficiência da atuação do Conselho Gestor na gestão participativa da APAMLC. A atuação das instituições acadêmicas foi maior no sentido de educar e comunicar, havendo demandas da gestão para o compartilhamento de dados, desenvolvimento de pesquisas e parcerias futuras para projetos de educação comunitária. Os conhecimentos tradicional e científico são complementares na gestão da APAMLC e o diálogo é a principal ferramenta para gestão compartilhada dos recursos marinhos. Parcerias de longa duração para elaboração de uma plataforma colaborativa de dados via web é o principal desafio que esta pesquisa identificou, para o aprimoramento da gestão participativa da APAMLC / This case study aims to evaluate the participation content of the various components actors of the Environmental Protection Area of Coastal Marine Center of the State of São Paulo Managing Board (APAMLC). For this, we featured the political participation, the role of academic institutions and use of knowledge in managing APAMLC. Content analysis is used as a methodology for data collection, based on the analysis of the minutes of the Management Board meetings, interviews and direct observation of the meetings. The representation and mediation were the factors that contributed most to the efficiency performance of the Managing Board in participatory management APAMLC. The role of academic institutions was higher towards educating and communicating, with claims management for data sharing, research development and future partnerships for community education projects. Traditional and scientific knowledge are complementary in the management of APAMLC and dialogue is the main tool for management of shared marine resources. A long-term partnership for developing a collaborative data platform via web is the main challenge that this research identified for the enhancement of participatory management APAMLC
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Instituições acadêmicas no Conselho Gestor da Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Centro do Estado de São Paulo / Academic institutions in the management council of the marine environmental protection area in the central coast of the state of São Paulo

Assis, Laís Cristina Álvares Rodrigues 12 November 2014 (has links)
Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo da participação dos diversos atores componentes do Conselho Gestor da Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha do Litoral Centro do Estado de São Paulo (APAMLC). Para isso foi caracterizada a participação politica, a atuação das instituições acadêmicas e utilização do conhecimento na gestão da APAMLC. A análise de conteúdo é utilizada como metodologia para levantamento de dados, a partir da análise das atas das reuniões do Conselho Gestor; entrevistas e observação direta das reuniões. A representatividade e a mediação foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para eficiência da atuação do Conselho Gestor na gestão participativa da APAMLC. A atuação das instituições acadêmicas foi maior no sentido de educar e comunicar, havendo demandas da gestão para o compartilhamento de dados, desenvolvimento de pesquisas e parcerias futuras para projetos de educação comunitária. Os conhecimentos tradicional e científico são complementares na gestão da APAMLC e o diálogo é a principal ferramenta para gestão compartilhada dos recursos marinhos. Parcerias de longa duração para elaboração de uma plataforma colaborativa de dados via web é o principal desafio que esta pesquisa identificou, para o aprimoramento da gestão participativa da APAMLC / This case study aims to evaluate the participation content of the various components actors of the Environmental Protection Area of Coastal Marine Center of the State of São Paulo Managing Board (APAMLC). For this, we featured the political participation, the role of academic institutions and use of knowledge in managing APAMLC. Content analysis is used as a methodology for data collection, based on the analysis of the minutes of the Management Board meetings, interviews and direct observation of the meetings. The representation and mediation were the factors that contributed most to the efficiency performance of the Managing Board in participatory management APAMLC. The role of academic institutions was higher towards educating and communicating, with claims management for data sharing, research development and future partnerships for community education projects. Traditional and scientific knowledge are complementary in the management of APAMLC and dialogue is the main tool for management of shared marine resources. A long-term partnership for developing a collaborative data platform via web is the main challenge that this research identified for the enhancement of participatory management APAMLC
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Padrões espaço-temporais da captura acidental das tartarugas marinhas Dermochelys coriacea e Caretta caretta pela pesca com espinhel pelágico na região Sudeste/Sul do Brasil / Patterns spatiotemporal of bycatch of sea turtles Caretta caretta and Dermochelys coriacea by pelagic longline fisheries in southeastern/southern Brazil

Marcon, Melissa Cunha Cajueiro 12 November 2013 (has links)
A interação das tartarugas marinhas da espécie Caretta caretta e Dermochelys coriacea com o espinhel pelágico é um dos fatores que mais causa a mortalidade destes animais no oceano. Estudos com o intuito de quantificar essa interação, bem como os fatores que influenciam a mesma, são crescentes, para os quais é necessário conhecer a distribuição dos animais, e correlacioná-la com variáveis ambientais e operacionais da pesca. O presente estudo visa avaliar e quantificar os padrões espaço-temporais das capturas acidentais das tartarugas marinhas C. caretta e D. coriacea na região Sudeste/Sul do Brasil, com base em dados coletados pelo Projeto TAMAR ICMBio, entre 2003 e 2010, a partir de um programa de observadores à bordo da frota comercial com espinhel pelágico, assim como correlacioná-los com variáveis ambientais, biológicas e operacionais. Para tal, foram utilizados métodos estatísticos, como os Modelos Aditivos Generalizados para Posição, Escala e Forma (GAMLSS). Foram verificadas variações interanuais e sazonais, com destaque para maiores capturas por unidade de esforço (CPUE) no outono. A temperatura superficial do mar foi a variável abiótica de maior correlação com a CPUE de C. caretta, sendo tipo de isca, a variável operacional mais significativa. Para D. coriacea, profundidade e longitude foram os fatores que melhor explicam a CPUE. Padrões de distribuição ontogenética e áreas prioritárias de conservação para essas populações são discutidas, assim como os efeitos potenciais do aquecimento do oceano. O presente estudo deve contribuir para a definição de políticas de conservação marinha e no contexto da abordagem ecossistêmica para a pesca / The interaction between the sea turtles Caretta caretta and Dermochelys coriacea with pelagic longline is one of the factors that cause mortality of these animals in the ocean. Studies in order to quantify this interaction, as well as the factors that influence it, are increasing, focusing mostly on the turtles distribution, and how it correlates with environmental and fishing operational variables. Present study aims to evaluate and quantify the spatio-temporal patterns of the sea turtles C. caretta and D. coriacea bycatch off Southeast/South Brazil, based on data collected by Project TAMAR - ICMBio between 2003 and 2010, from an observer program on-board the commercial pelagic longline fleet, as well as to correlate them with environmental, biological and operational variables,. Statistical methods such as Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) were applied. Interannual and seasonal variations were observed, with a higher catch per unit effort (CPUE) during fall. The sea surface temperature was the abiotic variable that most correlated with CPUE of C. caretta, being the type of bait the most significant operational variable. For D. coriacea, depth and longitude were the factors that better explained the CPUE. Ontogenetic distribution patterns and priority areas for the species conservation are discussed, as well as the potential effects of ocean warming. This study should contribute to the definition of conservation policies as well as to the ecosystem approach to fisheries context

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