Consensualism (Lat. Consensus ad idem – agreement to the same thing, common opinion) means that the will of contracting parties is regarded to be the most important in a contract in contract law. Due to this reason mutual rights and duties can be set only by the actions of capable contracting parties. The principle of consensualism is at the core of Contract law. It claims to regard the intentions and the will of the parties rather than certain parts of a contract, while interpreting the contract. In cases where during the interpretation of contracts differences between the real intentions of the parties and the meaning of linguistic text of the contracts occur, priority should be given to the general and genuine intentions of the contracting parties. In this case formalism is negated, while formalism, being contrary to consensualism, instead of giving the priority to the will of parties, gives it to the outward form of that will’s expression. Despite formalism in contract law occurs more seldom nowadays, in some cases it is not enough for contracting parties just to come to an agreement in order to have a valid contract. Sometimes the certain form of its expression is needed too. This diploma work deals with peculiarities of the principle of consensualism in contract law. The main aspects discussed in the paper are: the importance of the principle of consensualism interpreting the contracts within the Continental and Common law systems, relation between consensualism and... [to full text]

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o conjunto de consideraÃÃo dos supermercados sobralenses, a partir do modelo proposto por Vieira e Mello (2004), bem como verificar os atributos responsÃveis pela consideraÃÃo e escolha dos referidos supermercados. Caracteriza-se, portanto, como um estudo do tipo exploratÃrio â descritivo, apoiado em pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e de campo. A pesquisa bibliogrÃfica abordou temas relativos ao comportamento do consumidor como seus processos de decisÃo, conjunto de consideraÃÃo e o comportamento do consumidor no setor supermercadista brasileiro. A pesquisa documental serviu de base para a identificaÃÃo e escolha do universo da pesquisa, que compreendeu os moradores dos bairros mais populosos de Sobral - CE, que realizavam suas compras principais nos supermercados da cidade. A pesquisa de campo aconteceu em duas etapas: a primeira para identificar os atributos mais importantes à consideraÃÃo dos supermercados segundo o critÃrio dos consumidores sobralenses; a segunda, com 200 decisores das compras, para conhecer seus comportamentos de escolha dos supermercados. A tÃcnica de coleta de dados, em ambos os casos, foi a entrevista estruturada. Como instrumento de anÃlise dos dados coletados utilizou-se o programa SPSS versÃo 10.0. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a formaÃÃo do conjunto de consideraÃÃo dos consumidores sobralenses nÃo à um processo complexo, jà que na maioria das vezes hà apenas uma repetiÃÃo da experiÃncia de compra anterior. TambÃm foi possÃvel perceber que os consumidores sobralenses tendem a ser fiÃis, considerando poucos supermercados. As marcas mais aceitas por tais consumidores foram os supermercados vindos de Fortaleza, e os atributos mais valorizados, tanto na etapa de consideraÃÃo como de escolha, foram funcionais, caracterizando decisÃes racionais. / This work has as objective to identify the set of consideration of Sobralâs supermarkets, from the model considered for Vieira and Mello (2004), as well as verifying the responsible attributes for the consideration and choice of the related supermarkets, characterizing itself, therefore, as a study of the explorer â escriptive type. Aiming at to the reach of the considered objectives, research had been carried through bibliographical, documentary and field research. The bibliographical research approached subjects related to the behavior of the consumer as its processes of decision, set of consideration and the behavior of the consumer in the Brazilian supermarket sector. The documentary research served as the base for the identification and choice of the universe of the research, that understood the inhabitants of the quarters most populous of Sobral, that carried through their main purchases in the supermarkets of the city. The field research happened in two stages: the first one; according to identify the attributes most important for the consideration of the supermarkets by the criterion of Sobralâs consumers, and second with 200 determiners of the purchases, to know its behaviors of choice of the supermarkets. The technique of collection of data, in both cases, was the structuralized interview. As instrument of analysis of the collected data, was used the program SPSS version 10.0. The gotten results had allowed to conclude that the formation of the set of consideration of the Sobralâs consumers is not a complex process, since most of the time it has only a repetition of the previous purchase experience. Also it was possible to perceive that the Sobralâs consumers tend to be faithful, considering few supermarkets. The brands most accepted for such consumers had been the supermarkets that came from Fortaleza, and the most valued attributes in such the stage of consideration as the stage of choice had been functional, characterizing rational decisions.

Cizojazyčné resumé My diploma thesis deals with the issue of the administrative consideration and indeterminate legal terms. In first chapter are mentioned theoretical fundamentals of administrative consideration and analysis of application principles. There are also described main conceptual features - provision of law as a legal basis, freedom in decision making proces and possibility to choose an optimal solution of the issue, conclusion, that discreation is not an inherent attribute of decission making proces within public administration, limits of dicretion, which can be deduced from provision of law (concretised limits) and basic principles of public law (general limits) and finally legal requirements for reasoning for the decision, based on administrative consideration. Second chapter describes indeterminate legal terms. At first text clarifies process of interpretation and subsumption facts under such terms, explains reasons and consequences of using this terms in law regulations. Chapter three deals with very common phenomenon - coexistention of administrative consideration and indefinite legal terms in one legal provision. Author analyses relations between them and then reccomend, with respect to judicial conclusions, how to carry out the process of aplication properly. In chapter four author...

Cette thèse, écrite par un enseignant de judo, s’intéresse aux Professeures de judo en France. Elle relève d’abord les difficultés d’émancipation rencontrées par les femmes dans la société en général et dans le monde du sport en particulier, pour en arriver à la place des femmes dans le monde du judo, qui est un sport avant tout masculin. Les étapes de l’émancipation, du désassujétissement et de la féminisation des compétences sont ainsi abordées. On découvre la prise de conscience des enseignantes de judo de leurs qualités et la considération qu’elles ont de leur profession. Les enquêtes montrent la valeur judoïstique de ces enseignantes comme leur bon niveau d’études. La thèse démontre que les enseignantes interrogées, se répartissant entre niveau local et national, ont des conceptions, des analyses, des problématiques souvent discordantes. On remarque le fort degré d’implication de ces sportives qui ont décidé de transmettre leur passion en enseignant un sport où les résultats féminins sont probants, mais encore trop souvent masqués dans les médias par ceux des hommes. L’ensemble de la thèse s’articule donc autour de la considération apportée aux enseignantes de judo, de la considération propre que se portent ces enseignantes et du profond désir de lutter contre toute forme d’assujettissement, en démontrant qu’elles prennent progressivement conscience de leurs compétences, qui supportent aisément la comparaison avec celles de leurs homologues masculins, encore trop souvent détenteurs de tous les pouvoirs. / This thesis, written by a male judo master/coach, is about French female judo instructors. First, it deals with the difficulties facing women regarding their emancipation in society in general but also more particularly in sports, and especially their roles in the world of judo, which is predominantly male. Thus the different stages of their emancipation, their fight against submissiveness and the way in which the judo skills are becoming more and more female-oriented are discussed. The growing awareness by female judo instructors of their own skills and the regard they have for their profession are analysed. Studies have shown the quality of these female judo instructors as well as their good educational level. The thesis shows that the female instructors, ranging from local to national levels, who were questioned often have conflicting conceptions and analyses of the problems and of the ways to solve them. The high degree of involvement of these sportswomen, who have decided to share their passion through teaching a sport where the results obtained by women are convincing, but too often still concealed in the média by those of men, is noted. Central to the whole thesis is the recognition gained by female judo instructors as well as the awareness they have of their own skills and their deep desire to fight against any kind of disenfranchisement. It shows that they are progressively becoming aware of their own skills, which are easily on par with men’s, who are nevertheless still in a position of authority in the world of judo.

Consideration set formation has been suggested as an important decision-making stage prior to choice. The current research focuses on consideration sets in the memory-based choice context and addresses the gaps in the existing literature by investigating the effects of mindset abstraction on memory retrieval and the number of considered choice alternatives retrieved from memory. I propose that individuals in a concrete (vs. abstract) mindset think more contextual and specific details (vs. fewer essences) about a certain decision situation; therefore concrete and fine-grained mental representations, compared to abstract and rough representations, will activate more associated cues in memory and lead to larger memory-based consideration sets. Through a word association task, studies 1a and 1b show that concrete mindsets leads to more proliferative associations and a greater number of conceptual cues than abstract mindsets. In the domain of product consideration (i.e., snack and dinner), studies 2a and 2b directly demonstrate that individuals in concrete mindsets form a larger memory-based consideration set than ones in abstract mindsets. I further propose the Hypothesis of Top-down versus Bottom-up Approach of Memory Retrieval to explain the mechanism that underlies the mindset abstraction effect on size of memory-based consideration sets. Studies 3 and 4, using an episodic memory paradigm, support this hypothesis and reveal that the type of retrieval cues (superordinate vs. subordinate cues) used by individuals in an abstract versus a concrete mindset determines the likelihood that a brand is considered, and that the richer associations located at the subordinate level contribute to a greater number of choice alternatives that people consider in a concrete mindset. The theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research directions of this research are finally discussed.

The present study looks into examining if an employee’s consideration of future consequences or cultural values better predict their procrastination at work. A total of 253 participants from various parts of the globe were examined via an online survey utilizing the Considerations of Future Consequences Scale (Strathman et al., 2013), Behavior Identification Form (Vallacher & Wegner, 1989), CVScale for cultural values (Yoo et al., 2011), and Irrational Procrastination Scale (Steel, 2010). Work procrastination was found to be negatively correlated to consideration of future consequences, where those with higher levels of consideration of future consequences were found to have lower levels of work procrastination. In addition, more abstract or high-level personal agency was found to be positively correlated to consideration of future consequences and negatively correlated to work procrastination. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between work procrastination and the cultural values of masculinity and power distance, where those with higher levels of these cultural values had higher levels of work procrastination. Lastly, consideration of future consequences was found to be a better predictor for work procrastination than cultural values. Possible explanations of the results are discussed, limitations of the study are mentioned, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.

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All managers are likely to experience situations where their employees encounter setbacks and challenges. How individuals respond to workplace setbacks or challenges is going to be determined by their level of resilience. Resilient employees are likely to take charge and bring about change, making them highly desirable in a business environment characterized by digital transformation and continuous change. Despite this, there is scarce research on how employee resilience could be promoted by managers. Therefore, this study targets that gap by exploring how the leadership dimensions individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation could promote employee resilience. Utilizing a sample of 10 employees who were currently undergoing a digital transformation, an exploratory interview study was conducted to capture the experience of employees. An abductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the findings, meaning that our theoretical framework played a guiding role in coding and thematic development. The findings showed that individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation were both important to promote employee resilience. However, the presence of individualized consideration was found to be necessary for intellectual stimulation to promote employee resilience. Thus, it was concluded that managers need to primarily focus on individualized consideration prior to engaging in intellectual stimulation to create a strong foundation for a change process.

Hur det moderna skogsbruket påverkat biologisk mångfald och artbevarande är omdebatterat. Skogsägare vill generellt bruka skogen vinstdrivande samtidigt som det ställts alltmer krav på hur främst föryngringsavverkning ska ske. Dessa krav har ställts främst i syfte av att minska fragmenteringsgraden för att minska risken för sönderdelning av viktiga habitat vilket i sin tur kan påverka artbevarandet negativt. Med spårinventeringar har data samlats in i ett försök att skapa förståelse för om vilts vandringsmönster påverkats av avverkningsytors storlek, vilka arter vars rörelse hämmats av den förändrade landskapsbilden samt vilken inverkan hänsynsytor har haft på viltets vistelse i skogslandskapet. Resultatet visade på att fler viltträffar hittades utanför föryngringsytan i jämförelse med innanför föryngringsytan, dock utan samband i förhållande till föryngringsytestorlek. Resultatet visade även på att hänsynsytor är viktigt för viltets närvaro. I övrigt kunde ses att arterna ekorre, orre, älg och hare var de som påverkades mest av föryngringsavverkning i denna studie.

The aim of the study is to explore the consideration of the child’s perspective in investigations and family intervention within the context of two professional roles: social workers and family therapists. Both professions operate with the aim of promoting the best interests of the child after methods such as BBIC.  We chose a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews with four social workers from units related to children, young people and families, as well as four family therapists from family therapy organizations around Sweden. Our theories have been the experiences of action, empowerment and child's perspective. Beyond these theories we have been looking at the Children’s Convention to see which difference the implementation in Swedish law has made.  The results show that the child's perspective, according to the social workers and family therapists, has grown stronger in the last few years but that there is still a big need for development in both works. Notably, the implementation of the Children's Convention has augmented documentation and journaling practices. However, challenges persist in staying updated of new legal frameworks. Other than that the economic constraints influence the decision-making process, leading to a preference for shorter and less expensive interventions over longer ones. Effective collaboration between family therapists and social workers is essential for a unified approach to the child's perspective, striking a balance to integrate both parental and child perspectives meaningfully.