Assessment of a significant number of water samples across South Africa by Casey and Meyer over a number of years, revealed that high concentrations (30- 32 mg/L) of bromine (Br) occur naturally within groundwater in South Africa, hence a potentially hazardous chemical constituent (PHCC). Br, the only liquid non-metallic element, is ubiquitous and an abundant trace element, but it has not been conclusively shown to perform essential functions in plants, micro organisms or animals (NRC, 2005). The recommended limit (maximum limit for no risk) for Br in drinking water was set at 1 mg/L by Kempster et al. (1980); Casey and Meyer (2001) recommend the relevant safety guideline for Br to be 0.01 mg/L. The aim of this project was to establish the effect of Br and iodine (I) in drinking water on the physiological parameters of broilers. This will contribute to verifying and refining water quality guidelines. The effect of six treatments administered as sodium bromide (NaBr) and potassium iodide (KI): 0 mg Br/L and 0 mg I/L; 1 mg Br/L; 1mg Br/L and 0.7 mg I/L; 0.7 mg I/L; 3 mg Br/L; 3 mg Br/L and 0.7 mg I/L, in the drinking water of 540 mixed Ross broiler chickens was investigated. The trial ran over a 42-day growth period from Day 1 post-hatching where mortalities, water and feed intakes were recorded daily. Chickens were weighed weekly and slaughtered at 4 and 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were taken before slaughter and free T3 and T4 hormone levels were quantified. Thyroid gland, liver and kidney samples were analysed for Br and I quantity. The different treatments of Br, irrespective of I, significantly decreased water intake (P=0.0232) and feed intake (P=0.0035) over the 42 days. The overall interaction of Br and I had no significant effect on water (P=0.0928) and feed (P=0.9593) intakes thus I did have an effective ameliorating effect on Br. FCR, weight gain and mortalities were not significantly affected by Br intake. This was also found for free T3 and T4 hormone levels. Br had an overall effect on the thyroid gland (P=0.0457), liver (P=0.0025) and kidney (P=0.0032) with accumulation of the PHCC within these three organs. It was apparent that 1 and 3 mg Br/L water administered to broilers or ingestion rates of 1.59 and 4.44 mg Br/L per bird per day, over a production period of 42 days did affect the production parameters of the birds sub-clinically. Another derivation to refine the water quality guidelines was that the administration of 0.7 mg I/L water or ingestion rates of 1.1 mg I/L per bird per day did alleviate the severe detrimental effect of the high PHCC. The 3 mg Br/L guideline is thus not too restrictive. Further research exposing the animals for a longer time period (exceeding 42 days) and exposing mature animals (producing nutritional products for human consumption) to these treatments would assist in quantifying these results. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

This thesis deals with the issue of positioning of cataphoric words in a Latin sentence. The theoretical part presents selected studies of Dirk Panhuis and Olga Spevak, two researchers examining the Latin word order from a communicative perspective. This is followed by a general definition of cataphora and its placement within the Latin syntactic context. Chapter 4 presents a statistical analysis of the position of cataphors in a Latin sentence based on excerpts from selected letters of Seneca the Younger and two of Cicero's philosophical works (Laelius de amicitia and the 2nd book of De officiis). The analysis confirms the assumption that Latin cataphors quite often occur in the initial sentence position, which contradicts the conclusions of the aforementioned Panhuis study. Individual analyses show how the tendency to occur in the initial or other position changes depending on the specific cataphor and the type of postcedent to which a cataphor refers.

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been widely used in gas turbine engines to protect the underlying metal from high operating temperature so as to improve the durability of the components and enhance the engine efficiency. However, since the TBCs always operate in a demanding high-temperature environment of aircraft and industrial gas-turbine engines, a better understanding of this complex system is required to improve the durability and reliability. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of surface modification for the NiCoCrAlY bond coats on the thermal cycling lifetime and failure characteristics of TBCs. Parameters of modification for the bond coats included as-sprayed, barrel-finished, hand-polished and pre-oxidation heat treatment at 1100[degrees]C in P=10O2-8 atm up to 4 hours, carried out prior to the electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) of ZrO2-7wt% Y2O3 (7YSZ) ceramic topcoat. The resulting characteristics of the bond coat and the thermally grown oxide (TGO) scale were initially documented by surface roughness, phase constituents of the TGO scale, and residual stress of the TGO scale. The thermal cycling test consisted of 10-minute heat-up to 1121°C, 40-minute hold at 1121°C, and 10-minute forced air-quench. As-coated and thermally-cycled TBCs were characterized by optical profilometry (OPM), photo-stimulated luminescence spectroscopy (PSLS), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning/transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) equipped with high angle annular dark field (HAADF) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS). TBC specimens for TEM/STEM analysis were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) in-situ lift-out (INLO) technique. Superior thermal cycling lifetime was observed for TBCs with as-sprayed bond coats regardless of pre-oxidation heat treatment, and TBCs with hand-polished bond coats only after pre-oxidation heat treatment. With pre-oxidation heat treatment, relative photostimulated luminescence intensity of the equilibrium α-Al2O3 increased. Thus, the improvement in TBC lifetime can be correlated with an increase in the amount of α-Al2O3 in the TGO scale, given a specific surface modification/roughness. The lifetime improvement due to pre-oxidation was particularly significant to TBCs with smooth hand-polished bond coats and negligible for TBCs with rough as-sprayed bond coats. Spallation-fracture paths depended on the lifetime of TBCs. Premature spallation of TBCs occurred at the interface between the YSZ and TGO. Longer durability can be achieved by restricting the fracture paths to the TGO/bond coat interface. Small particulate phase observed through the TGO scale was identified as Y2O3 (cubic) by diffraction analysis on TEM. While small addition of Y in the NiCoCrAlY bond coat helps the adhesion of the TGO scale, excessive alloying can lead to deleterious effects.

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) technique that has demonstrated the capability to produce sophisticated engineering components. This work reports the crack-free fabrication of an SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structure via LPBF, along with compositional redistribution, phase transformations and microstructural development, and nanohardness variations. Constituent intermixing after LPBF was quantitatively estimated using thermo-kinetic coefficients of mass transport and compared with the diffusivity of Ni in the austenitic Fe-Ni system. The intermixing of primary solvents (Ni and Fe) in SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures was observed for an intermixing zone of approximately 800 µm, and their intermixing coefficient was estimated to be in the order of 10−5 m2/s based on time of 10 ms. In addition, to understand the high temperature behavior, SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures were annealed at 850, 950, and 1050 °C, for 120, 48, and 24h respectively, followed by water quenching (WQ). Furthermore, to better understand the intermixing of individual components (Ni and Fe) and to predict the varying (maximum) temperatures in LPBF of SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures, solid-to-solid SS316L vs IN718 diffusion couples were examined at 850, 950, and 1050 °C, for 120, 48, and 24h respectively, followed by WQ. The investigation of SS316L vs IN718 diffusion couples yielded a maximum temperature of approximately 3400 K in the LPBF of SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures. Finally, compositional redistribution, phase transformations and microstructural development, and nanohardness variations after LPBF of SS316L/IN625 bimetallic structure were also investigated to provide a better understanding of the LPBF process via bimetallic fabrication.

No description available.

No description available.

Dans un système constitutionnel fondé sur la souveraineté de la nation, le pouvoir constituant fait figure de phénomène ambivalent, difficilement analysable en termes juridiques. Par définition réfractaire à tout encadrement impératif, le pouvoir suprême au sein de l’Etat n’en doit pas moins revêtir une forme organisée pour exprimer une volonté normative. Les acteurs de la Révolution française agissent aux confins du droit, tirant profit des ressources de la philosophie politique et de l’histoire pour établir une constitution, principe fondamental du système juridique qu’ils cherchent à établir. Ils se dotent d’outils pour parvenir à leurs fins : le concept de « convention nationale » en est un, auréolé du succès des réalisations américaines. Plutôt qu’à une transposition institutionnelle, les révolutionnaires français procèdent à une adaptation. En devenant « extraordinaire », la représentation constituante qu’ils conceptualisent perd son caractère révolutionnaire pour devenir pleinement juridique. Elle offre une alternative à l’insurrection. Un tel processus présente cependant un revers. Ce pouvoir, en accédant à l’existence investi de l’exercice de la souveraineté, est dégagé de toutes contraintes juridiques autres que celles qui découlent de son organisation. Ces contraintes pèsent sur ses membres, exacerbant les tensions qui déchirent un corps collectif doté des pouvoirs les plus étendus. Les dérives sanglantes qui frappent la Convention nationale ne sont pas inéluctables ; elles découlent de l’exploitation politique des failles inhérentes au fonctionnement d’une représentation souveraine dont les membres ne doivent jouir d’aucun privilège. / In a constitutional system founded on the sovereignty of the nation, constituent power is an ambivalent phenomenon, difficult to analyse in juridical terms. By definition resistant to mandatory regulation, the supreme power in the state must necessarily take a form which enables it to express a normative will. The actors of the French Revolution push the confines of the law, taking advantage of the resources of political philosophy and history to establish a constitution, fundamental principle of the juridical system they seek to institute. They create tools to achieve their ends: the concept of “national convention” being one, taking inspiration from the success of American achievements. Rather than an institutionnal transposition, the French revolutionaries proceed with an adaptation. By becoming “extraordinary”, the constituent representation which they conceptualize losses its revolutionary character to become fully juridical. It offers an alternative to the insurrection. By coming into existence invested with the capacity to exercise sovereignty, this power is released from all legal constraints other than those arising as a result of its organization. The process, however, is two-sided, and internally produced constraints weigh on its members, exacerbating tensions thar tear a collective body endowed with the broadest powers. The bloody excesses that strike the National Convention are not inevitable. They arise from political exploitation of flaws inherent to the organization of a sovereign representation whose members must not have any privilege.

[pt] O presente trabalho dissertativo tem como objetivo traçar um panorama, sob o ponto de vista histórico e jurídico, do processo de elaboração dos direitos culturais na Constituição de 1988. Para tanto, o momento da transição política brasileira e o correspondente processo constituinte de um ordenamento constitucional cultural são considerados para além de seu marco institucional oficial, ou seja, por ocasião da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987/1988. O referencial metodológico de poder constituinte é empregado em sentido mais amplo, de sorte a orientar a investigação em direção aos principais elementos que a nível social, político e cultural contribuíram e participaram efetivamente para a construção dos artigos 215 e 216 da nova Constituição. Deste modo, e considerando a relevante participação popular na ANC, as discussões que tomaram lugar em suas Subcomissões e Comissões temáticas também são analisadas em relação às principais questões e problemáticas inseridas no contexto político e cultural daquele período. A finalidade de tal proposta investigativa é a produção de um significado próprio e particular ao conjunto normativo sobre cultura brasileira presente na Constituição de 1988 a partir da materialidade inscrita em sua gênese. / [en] This work aims to give an overview, from the point of legal and historical view of cultural rights in the process of writing the Constitution of 1988. Thus, the moment of Brazilian political transition and the corresponding constituent process of a constitutional order cultural are considered beyond its official institutional framework, in other words, on the occasion of the National Constituent Assembly of 1987/1988. The methodological framework of constituent power is used in the broadest sense, in order to develop research towards the main elements that social, political and cultural contributed and participated effectively for the construction of articles 215 and 216 of the new Constitution. Thereby, and considering the relevant public participation in the ANC, the discussions that took place in its subcommittees and thematic committees are also analyzed in relation to the main issues and problems embedded in the political and cultural context of that period. The intent of such investigative proposal is the production of a specific and particular meaning to the set of rules about Brazilian culture present in the Constitution of 1988 from the materiality entered in its genesis.

Neste trabalho apresentamos uma faceta da atuação do deputado constituinte Caio Prado Júnior na Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de São Paulo em 1947. Ele foi eleito como deputado pelo Partido Comunista do Brasil e em seu exercício parlamentar participou das principais comissões para a elaboração da Constituição do Estado de São Paulo. Por outro lado, abordaremos sua atuação parlamentar após a promulgação da Constituição Estadual de São Paulo de 1947. Desta destacamos sua defesa em prol da liberdade de expressão, garantida na Carta Magna Federal de 1946, bem como a elaboração de projetos de lei que colaboraram para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em nosso país. / In this work we present a view of Caio Prado Juniors performance as a representative in the constituent assembly of the legislative body of São Paulo State in 1947. He was elected representative for Brazilian Comunist Party. In his parliamentary practice, he was a member of the main commissions that developed the Constitution of São Paulo State. On the other hand, will discuss his parliamentary performance after the promulgation of the Constitution of São Paulo State in 1947. This highlight his defense in favor of freedom of expression guaranteed in the Federal Charter of 1946, as well as the drafting of bills that collaborated to the development of research in our country.

A fundação ou refundação de uma comunidade política nunca significa um começo ou uma transformação absoluta, pois toda mudança, ainda que se possa considerá-la revolucionária, traz consigo uma carga de continuidade. A partir dessa hipótese, o presente trabalho analisará o conceito de poder constituinte originário, procurando demonstrar alguns equívocos e insuficiências da sua teorização clássica. O principal problema a ser apontado é que a teoria do poder constituinte originário, entendida como teoria da ruptura, pode gerar uma indistinção entre poder e autoridade e, em última análise, entre poder e direito, favorecendo assim uma formulação radical da democracia. Apresenta-se, como alternativa, uma visão do poder constituinte que não o coloca como criador absoluto de toda ordem jurídica e política, mas como sendo em parte criatura de uma ordem pré-existente, o que implica a existência de limites à sua atuação. Esses limites derivam, de um lado, do pressuposto de que tratamos do poder constituinte de titularidade popular, o que significa que o próprio procedimento de elaboração constitucional deverá obedecer a alguns princípios democráticos; de outro lado, há uma série de limites decorrentes das instituições que se desenvolveram em determinado local e época, bem como do grau de organização e das concepções prévias do povo que pretende constituir-se em comunidade política. As ideias expostas ao longo do trabalho serão operacionalizadas através do estudo de um exemplo concreto, qual seja, o da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte brasileira de 1987/1988. Serão analisados alguns elementos que demonstram o elevado grau de continuidade institucional entre a ordem constitucional instaurada a partir desse marco e a ordem anterior, dando especial atenção à manutenção da forma de Estado, forma e sistema de governo. No polo oposto, estudar-se-ão os elementos que marcam a ruptura entre essas duas ordens, com destaque para a alteração essencial no regime político. Ao final do trabalho, espera-se apresentar uma concepção alternativa de poder constituinte originário em contraposição àquela de poder constituinte derivado, evitando caracterizá-lo como ilimitado e incondicionado, como pretende a teoria clássica. / The foundation or refoundation of a political community doesnt signify an absolute beginning or transformation, for there is some load of continuity in every change, even when it is considered to be revolutionary. From that hypothesis, this work will analyze the concept of originary constituent power, by trying to show some oversights and insufficiencies of its classical theory. The major problem to be mentioned is that the theory of the constituent power, when understood as a theory of rupture, can lead to confusion between power and authority and between power and law, which favors a radical formulation of democracy. As an alternative, another point of view from the constituent power will be introduced, one that doesnt put it as an absolute creator of the juridical and political order, but as a creature of a pre-existent order, bringing therefore limits to its proceeding. On the one hand, these limits come from the assumption that we are dealing with the constituent power of popular titularity, which means that the making of the constitution itself will have to obey some democratic principles; on the other hand, there is a series of limits that derive from the institutions developed in a determined time and place, as from the organizational level and previous conceptions from the people that want to build a body politics. The ideas exposed in the firsts chapters will be exemplified through the study of a case, that of the Brazilian National Constituent Assembly of 1987/1988. At this point, the work will analyze some elements that demonstrate the great level of institutional continuity between the new and the old constitutional orders, with special attention to the maintenance of the federal form of state and the presidential system. On the other side, it will be studied which elements define de rupture between the two orders, discussing the essential alteration of the political regime. In the end, we expect to present an alternative notion of the originary constituent power in comparison with that of derived constituent power, avoiding its characterization as an unlimited and unconditional body, as the classical theory intends.