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Waarde-aktiverende grondwetuitleg : vergestalting van die materiele regstaatBotha, C. J. (Christo J.) 11 1900 (has links)
af / Suid-Afrika is sedert 27 April 1994 'n materiele regstaat, wat deur beide uitdruklike en
'ongeskrewe' fundamentele waardes onderskraag word. Dit is juis hierdie fundamentele
waardes wat 'n blote formele konstitusie (as grondslag van 'n relative democracy) van 'n
oppermagtige grondwet (as basis van 'n materiele standard-setting democracy) onderskei.
Alhoewel daar 'n lewendige debat oor die toepaslikheid van die talle tradisionele grondwetuitlegmetodes
gevoer word, is daar nietemin tans geen oorhoofse waardebaseerde
paradigma vir grondwetuitleg nie. Soms wil dit voorkom asof fundamentele grondwetlike
waardes net as normatiewe retoriek, in stede van materiele riglyn, by grondwetuitleg gebruik
word.
Die owerheidsgesag is aan hoer normatiewe regsbeginsels gebonde wat grotendeels in die
fundamentele regte-akte (as deel van 'n oppermagtige grondwet) vervat is. Die gewaarborgde
fundamentele regte dien derhalwe as konkretisering van beide die regstaat en die demokrasie:
die materiele regstaatbegrip is die basis van _die grondwetlike staat. Die materiele regstaat, as
geregtigheidstaat, kan dus gesien word as die eindbestemming van die grondwet as lex
fundamentalis in die regsorde. 'n Oppermagtige grondwet is egter onlosmaaklik verbind aan die
materiele regstaat. Daarom behels grondwetuitleg noodwendig die aktivering van die
grondwetlik-gepositiveerde waardes. Hierdie normatiewe regsbeginsels en fundamentele
waardes wat in die grondwet as grundnorm van die geregtigheidstaat beliggaam is, moet dan
deur 'n onafhanklike regbank gehandhaaf en afgedwing word. In beginsel is grondwetuitleg
gemoeid met die identifisering, handhawing en aktivering van die fundamentele waardes wat
'n oppermagtige grondwet onderskraag.
Waarde-aktiverende grondwetuitleg is nietemin nie 'n bloudruk waarmee aile praktiese
uitlegprobleme opgelos kan word nie, maar 'n oorhoofse waardebaseerde paradigma: 'n
dwingende, normatiewe verwysingsraamwerk waarvandaan, waarbinne en waarheen
grondwetuitleg op pad is. Die tradisionele grondwetuitlegmetodiek is bloat aanvullende tegnieke
wat 'n waarde-aktiverende paradigma van grondwetuitleg ondersteun. Aangesien fundamentele
waardes onlosmaaklik deel van die materiele regstaat is, moet grondwetuitleg nie net
waardebaseer nie, maar ook waardegerig wees; nie net waardes handhaaf nie, maar ook
bevorder en aktiveer; nie net waardes weerspieel nie, maar ook aktief vestig. 86 'n raamwerk
vir grondwetuitleg behels die 'animering' en konkretisering van fundamentele waardes, ideale
en standaarde wat die materiele regstaat onderle, kortom, waarde-aktiverende grondwetuitleg
as vergestalting van die materiele regstaat. / On 27 April1994 South Africa became a constitutional state (Rechtsstaat), underpinned by both
express, and 'unwritten' fundamental constitutional values. These values represent the
distinction between a formal constitution (ie the basis of a relative democracy), and a supreme
constitution (the foundation of a material standard-setting democracy). Although the merits of
various methods of constitutional interpretation are hotly debated, no general value-based
paradigm for constitutional interpretation has yet been established. At times it seems as if
fundamental constitutional values are merely invoked as normative rhetoric during constitutional
interpretation, rather than as substantive guidelines.
Government institutions are bound by these higher normative legal principles, which in a
supreme constitution are articulated primarily in the bill of fundamental rights. The guaranteed
fundamental rights are a concretisation of both the constitutional state and democracy: the
material law state principle (Rechtsstaatprinzip) as the foundation of the constitutional state.
The Rechtsstaat as 'just state' is the ultimate goal of a supreme constitution as lex
fundamentalis in the legal order. A supreme constitution is inextricably linked to the
Rechtsstaat. As a result, constitutional interpretation inevitably involves animating and activating
values positivised within the constitution.These normative legal principles and fundamental
values must be maintained and enforced by an independent judiciary. In principle, constitutional
interpretation deals with the identification, maintenance and animation of the fundamental
values underlying a supreme constitution.
Value-activating constitutional interpretation is not a blueprint for resolving all practical
interpretive problems, but it is a general value-based paradigm: a peremptory, normative frame
of reference from which, within which and towards which all constitutional interpretation should
be directed. The traditional methodologies of constitutional interpretation are merely ancillary
techniques supporting a value-activating paradigm of constitutional interpretation. Since
fundamental values undeniably form part of the Rechtsstaat, constitutional interpretation should
not only be value-based, but also values-directed; should not merely uphold the values, but also
promote and activate them; should not only reflect the values, but also actively establish them.
Such a framework for constitutional interpretation involves the animation and concretisation of
the fundamental values, standards and ideals underlying the constitutional state: valueactivating
constitutional interpretation as embodiment of the Rechtsstaat. / Law / LL.D. (Law)
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The constitution, hermeneutics and adjudication : point of departure for substantive legal argumentRoss, Derrick Bernard 06 1900 (has links)
The Constitution stipulates that its value-commitments are to inform the
interpretation of statutes and the development of the common law and customary
law. Legislative construction and law-application generally are therefore to be
perceived as involving an axiological dimension.
Three hermeneutical traditions are dealt with to the end of clarifying the approaches
to be adopted in everyday legal• argumentation. The study culminates in the
adduction of leads for substantive !juridical argument in the process of statutory
interpretation and in handling common-law and customary-law sources. These
leads are shown to be functional byi way of a critical discussion of recent case law
and a conspectus of contemporary t~ought bearing on the nature of customary law.
The social dimension of the legal process is throughout underscored as a factor of
significance. Concomitantly, it is rcigistered that the jurisprudence of formalism, so
marked an attitude of a previous time, should be abjured to the extent that it is
disdainful of value-commitment. Conformably, literalist and literalist-cumintentionalist
perceptions as well as kindred stances are berated.
The penultimate chapter of this thesis suggests an encompassing approach to the
interpretation of statutes, comprised of a systematic tabulation of insights
previously garnered. The fmal chapter postulates that common law and customary
law are not to be dealt with upon an interchangeable basis, inasmuch as the sources go out from radically divergent premises. It then proceeds to elaborate a
conceptual framework for dealing respectively with each of these sources. / Law / LL.D.
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Vermoedens, die bewyslas en die effek van die grondwetRossouw, Tersia 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Die sogenaamde vermoede van onskuld is via die Engelse Reg in ons reg
oorgeneem en tot konstitusionele status verhoog met die daarstelling van artikel
25(3)(c) van die Grondwet, No. 200 van 1993. Hierdie reg om onskuldig geag
te word en die gepaardgaande swygreg, wat hier kortliks aangeraak word, kan
egter aan beperking onderhewig wees soos bepaal deur artikel 33 van die
Grondwet. Die beginsels soos ontwikkel in Kanada en Amerika word ondersoek.
Die slotsom waartoe geraak word is dat, alhoewel historiese en ander verskille
deurgaans voor oe gehou sal moet word, die regspraak in genoemde jurisdiksies,
en meer spesifiek Kanada, 'n groat rol sal speel by die inhoud wat die SuidA:
frik:aanse howe, in die konteks van statutere vermoedens, aan die konstitusionele
reg om onskuldig geag te word, sal gee. / The so-called presumption of innocence has been inherited from the English
common law and awarded constitutional status by the introduction of section
25(3)(c) ofthe Constitution, Act 200 ofl993. This right to be presumed innocent
and the accompanying right to remain silent, which is briefly touched upon, are
however not absolute and can be subject to limitation as provided for by section
33 ofthe Constitution. The principles, as they have been developed in Canada and
America, are investigated. The conclusion which is drawn is that, despite
historical and other differences, it can be expected that foreign jurisprudence,
particularly that of Canada, will play a major role in the content that will be given
by the South African courts to the right to be presumed innocent in the context of
statutory presumptions. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.
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An analysis of De Klerk v Du Plessis 1994 6 BCLR 124 (T) in the light of section 35(3) of the constitution of South Africa Act 200 of 1993Selokela, Kwena Alfred 11 1900 (has links)
The issue of the vertical /or horizontal operation of the Bill of Rights (chapter 3) is a controversial one. The interim constitution deals with this controversy in a subtle way by avoiding direct horizontal operation of Chapter 3. Instead, it provides for the so-called 'seepage to horizontal relationships' in terms of section35{3). This apparently was a political compromise between the pro-vertical only and the pro-horizontal groups. The human rights history of this country justifies a Bill of Rights that would have both vertical and horizontal operation. However, in section
35 (3) there is potential for the values enshrined in the constitution and Chapter 3, and the spirit hereof, to permeate and filter through the entire legal system in all it's applications. It would seem, however, as demonstrated by the decision in De Klerk v Du Plessis, that the extent to which this filtering process will benefit individuals in their private relations, will depend on the interpretation given to section 35 (3) by the
courts. If courts, as it happend in De Klerk's case fail to realise the full import of section 35 ( 3) aspects of the existing law which are unjust could remain and the process of creating a just, open and democratic society will be
hampered. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.M.
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Begrip Regte in Eiendom in Artikel 28(1) van die grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika 200 van 1993 / The concept "rights of property" in Section 28(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993Engelbrecht, Henriétte 11 1900 (has links)
Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die eiendomsklousule soos vervat in Artikel 28(1) van die Grondwet waarborg regte
in eiendom. Daar word na die tradisionele eiendomsparadigma verwys, asook die
leemtes in die konsep. Die "new property"-konsep word vervolgens in oenskou
geneem. Sowel die gemenereg as die inheemse reg word, met verwysing na die
begrippe "regte" en "eiendom", behandel. Daarna volg 'n bespreking van die konsep
"regte in eiendom", wat die inhoud en omvang van die konsep aandui.
In 'n afsonderlike hoofstuk word regte in grand bespreek. Die vraag of 'n
konstitusionele reg ten aansien van huisvesting bestaan, geniet oak aandag. Ten slotte
word regsvergelykend te werk gegaan en na buitelandse regsbronne verwys wat
moontlik in die toekoms 'n rol by die uitleg van die Grondwet kan speel. Daar word
gepoog om aan te dui dat die Grondwet as geheel ge"interpreteer en toegepas behoort
te word. Die korrekte interpretasie en toepassing van die Grondwet word van uiterste
belang beskou ten einde aan die doel van die Grondwet te voldoen. / The property clause is contained in Section 28(1) of the Constitution, which guarantees
rights in property. The tradisional property paradigm is referred to, as well as its
deficiencies. Thereupon the "new property" concept is taken account of. The common
law and the customary law are dealt with, with reference to the concepts "rights" and
"property". Subsequently a discussion of the concept "rights in property" follows,
denoting this concept's contents and extent. Thereupon rights in land is dealt with. A
constitutional right to housing is also attended to. Finally a comparative overview is
given with reference to foreign case law, which may in future play a role in the
interpretation of the Constitution. Attempts are made to indicate that the Constitution
should be interpreted and enforced as a whole. In its correct interpretation and
enforcement it is of utmost importance to have due regard to the objects of the
Constitution. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.M.
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Beheer van die diskresionêre bevoegdhede van staatsamptenare : rol van die grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1993 (Wet 200 van 1993)De Giorgi, Benita Valera 11 1900 (has links)
Ten einde arbitrere uitoefening van die diskresionere bevoegdhede waarmee staatsarnptenare
beklee word, te voorkom en te beperk, is beheer van sodanige bevoegdhede noodsaaklik.
In die verhandeling word die rol wat die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1993
(Wet 200 van 1993) kan vervul in die uitoefening van beheer oor die diskresionere
bevoegdhede van staatsarnptenare ontleed. Sodanige ontleding geskied met verwysing na die
Handves van Menseregte en instellings en ampte wat hulle gesag en bevoegdhede aan die
1993-Grondwet ontleen. Bykomend hiertoe, word ondersoek ook ingestel na die belang en
relevansie van konstitusionalisme binne die konteks van publieke administrasie. / In order to prevent and to limit the arbitrary exercise of discretionary powers with which
public officials are endowed, it is necessary to control such powers. This dissertation
explores the role which the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 (Act 200 of
1993) can fulfil in the exercise of control over the discretionary powers of public officials.
Analysis of the role of the 1993-Constitution in this regard, is done with reference to the Bill
of Rights and institutions and offices which derive their authority and powers from the
Constitution. In addition hereto, the importance and relevance of constitutionalism within the
context of public administration is also explored. / Public Administration and Management / M.A.
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A gender equality perspective on the non-recognition of Muslim marriagesJivan, Usha Ashwin 11 1900 (has links)
Generally, traditional "marriages" according to Islamic custom are void in
South African law because they are potentially polygynous and do not
comply with the formalities prescribed by the Marriage Act 25 of 1961 . A
valid concern for those who oppose polygyny is that it may enforce and
promote gender inequality in that it is practised in patriarchal Muslim
societies. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996
contains numerous provisions aimed at combating gender inequalities, and
these could be used to justify the policy of non-recognition. On the other
hand, the Constitution has ushered in an era of tolerance and empathy; and
the equality and religion clauses could be used to ensure that polygynous
marriages are no longer ignored.
This study will examine the tensions between Muslim personal law and
clauses in the Constitution which have led to calls for the reformation and
codification of Muslim personal law. / Private Law / LL. M.
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Reg op regsverteenwoordiging met spesifieke verwysing na 'n handves van menseregteBarwise, Maria Elizabeth Danetta 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 that took effect
from 27 April 1994, gave an accused a constitutional right to legal
representation.
Although the right of an accused to be legally represented formed an integral part
of the South African Law, the Constitution gave him the further right ofbeing
provided with legal representation at the cost of the State .
For the practical implementation ofthe Constitution extensive changes to the
current Legal Aid Scheme are essential .
This work is an investigation of the justification of an accused's right to legal
representation and the right to be provided with legal representation at the
expense of the State . The practical implementation of the Constitution is
discussed and suggestions are made that might be a solution to the current
problem of the provision of legal aid at the State's expense. / Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika 200 van 1993 wat op 27 April
1994 in werking getree het, het konstitusionele erkenning verleen aan 'n
beskuldigde se reg op regsverteenwoordiging .
Alhoewel die reg van 'n beskuldigde tot regsverteenwoordiging inherent deel van
die Suid-Afrikaanse reg was het die Grondwet verder gegaan en 'n beskuldigde
die reg gegee om op staatskoste van regsverteenwoordiging voorsien te word .
Om die Grondwet prakties uitvoerbaar te maak sal ingrypende veranderings aan
die huidige Regshulpskema noodsaaklik wees .
Hierdie werk behels 'n regshistoriese - en regsvergelykende studie van die reg van
'n beskuldigde tot regsverteenwoordiging en die reg om op staatskoste van
regshulp voorsien te word . Die praktiese uitvoerbaarheid van die Grondwet word
bespreek en voorstelle word aan die hand gedoen om die huidige situasie, wat
betref die verskaffing van regshulp op staatskoste, te verbeter . / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.
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A further look at S v Zuma (1995(4) BCLR 401 SA (CC))Lombard, Sulette 01 1900 (has links)
The Zuma case - important as the first decision of the Constitutional Court - is primarily
concerned with the constitutionality of section 217(l)(b)(ii) of the Criminal Procedure Act.
In trying to fmd an answer to this question, the Constitutional Court also addressed other
important issues.
In this dissertation the Constitutional Court's decision on the constitutionality of section
217(1)(b)(ii) is examined, as well as important general principles laid down by the Court
regarding incompetent referrals by the Supreme Court; constitutional interpretation; reverse
onus provisions and the right to a fair trial; as well as the application of the general limitation
clause.
A closer look is taken at adherence to these principles in subsequent Constitutional Court
decisions, and finally a conclusion is reached on the value of the Zuma case. / Law / LL.M. (Law)
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Die konstitusionele invloed op borgstelling / The constitutional influence on bailLoots, Maria Magdalena 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Wanneer die konstitusionele invloed op borgstelling in die bree bespreek word, moet die
bepalings van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 met inbegrip van die Handves van Menseregte en die
onderliggende waardes, beginsels en doelstellings daartoe binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks
inaggeneem word. Die algemene transformasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap in 'n
verteenwoordigende demokrasie, veelvolkigheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap,
eskalerende misdaadsyfer, wantroue van die gemeenskap in die regstelsel en die beklemtoning van
fundamentele regte is aspekte wat figureer binne die Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg. Die
tradisionele benadering dat die bewyslas op die beskuldigde rus tydens borgtogverrigtinge is
binne die moderne borgtogreg en in die lig van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 asook die Tweede
Strafproseswysigingswet 75 van 1995 onvanpas. As algemene reel behoort die bewyslas by 'n
borgaansoek op die staat te rus op oorwig van waarskynlikhede. In sekere spesifiek omskrewe
gevalle soos vervat inartikel60(11) van die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet rus die bewyslas op die
beskuldigde. Hierdie beperking is regverdigbaar in tenne van artike133 van die Grondwet
200 van 1993. Daar bestaan verder nie voldoende rede om nie gebruik te maak van die
bewyslasbegrip as gevestigde prosessuele maatreel tydens borgverrigtinge nie. In die moderne
Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg moet 'n balans gehandhaaf word tussen die belange van die gemeenskap en
die fundamentele regte van die individu. Die howe moet in elke spesifieke geval· inhoud aan hierdie
beginsel verleen. / When the effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 on bail is
considered, the transformation of the South African community, multi-racial society, high
crimerate, disillusionment of the community with regard to the courtsystem and importance of
fundamental rights must be regarded. The traditional approach that the onus is upon the accused
(in his capacity as applicant) to prove on a balance of probability that the court should exercise
its discretion in favour of granting bail and, in discharging this burden, he must show that the
interests of justice will not be prejudiced, is in terms ofthe Constitution 200 of 1993 and the
Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act 75 of 1995 unacceptable. It is submitted that the onus
should be on the State to place grounds before the Court why there should be an exercise of
discretion in favour of the State for further detention of the individual. In terms of certain
spesific crimes as described in article 60(11) of the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act theis
placed on the accused. This exception is acceptable as it prescribes to
the requirements in article 33 of the Constitution 200 of 1993. It is submitted that there is no
reason why onus as excepted evidentiary rule should not be used in bail applications. A
balance between the interest of the community and fundamental rights of the individual must be kept
in modern law regarding bail. It is in the hands of the courts to substantiate this balance. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)
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