Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux propriétés homotopiques des algèbres sur une opérade, desopérades elles-mêmes et des opérades colorées, dans le monde des complexes de chaînes. Nousintroduisons une nouvelle adjonction bar-cobar entre les opérades unitaires et les coopéradesconilpotentes courbées. Ceci nous permet de munir ces dernières d'une structure de modèles induite parla structure projective des opérades le long de cette adjonction, qui devient alors une équivalence deQuillen. Ce résultat permet de passer, sans perte d'information homotopique, dans le monde descoopérades qui est plus puissant : on peut y décrire, par exemple, les objets fibrants-cofibrants en termesd'opérades à homotopie près. Nous appliquons ensuite la même stratégie aux algèbres sur une opérade.Pour cela, on munit la catégorie des cogèbres sur la coopérade duale de Koszul d'une structure demodèles induite par celle de la catégorie des algèbres d'origine le long de leur adjonction bar-cobar, quidevient une équivalence de Quillen. Cela nous permet de décrire explicitement pour la première fois despropriétés homotopique des algèbres sur une opérade non nécessairement augmentée. Dans unedernière partie, nous introduisons la notion d'opérade colorée à homotopie près que nous arrivons àcomparer aux infinies-opérades de Moerdijk--Weiss au moyen d'un foncteur : le nerf dendroidal. Nousmontrons qu'il étend des constructions dues à Lurie et à Faonte et nous étudions ses propriétéshomotopiques. En particulier, sa restriction aux opérades colorées est un foncteur de Quillen à droite.Tout ceci permet de relier explicitement deux mondes des opérades supérieures / This thesis deals with the homotopical properties of algebras over an operad, of operads themselves andof colored operads, in the framework of chain complexes. We introduce a new bar-cobar adjunctionbetween unital operads and curved conilpotent cooperads. This allows us to endow the latter with aDépôt de thèseDonnées complémentairesmodel structure induced by the projective model structure on operads along this adjunction, which thenbecomes a Quillen-equivalence. This result allows us to study the homotopy theory of operads in theworld of cooperads which is more powerful: for instance, fibrant-cofibrant objects can be described interms of operads up to homotopy. We then apply the same strategy to algebras over an operad. Morespecifically, we endow the category of coalgebras over the Koszul dual cooperad with a model structureinduced by that of the category of algebras along their bar-cobar adjunction, which becomes a Quillenequivalence.This allows us to describe explicitly for the first time some homotopy properties of algebrasover a not necessarily augmented operad. In the last part, we introduce the notion of homotopy coloredoperad that we compare to Moerdijk--Weiss' infinity-operads by means of a functor: the dendroidalnerve. We show that it extends existing constructions due to Lurie and Faonte and we study itshomotopical properties. In particular, we show that its restriction to colored operads is a right Quillenfunctor. All this allows us to connect explicitly two different worlds of higher operads

Detta examensarbete har utförts vid högskoleingenjörsprogrammet Byggteknik och design vid Kungliga Tekniska högskolan och i samarbete med Ramböll Sverige. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och analysera dagens ytterväggskonstruktioner för framtidens energieffektiva flerbostadshus.  Ytterväggskonstruktionen som är en del i byggnadens klimatskal, har en viktig och betydelsefull funktion för att kunna klara av framtida byggnaders energikrav. För att en väggkonstruktion ska fungera finns det en rad andra påverkande faktorer som måste tas hänsyn till. Därför kommer examensarbetet att fokusera på ytterväggskonstruktioners byggfysikaliska egenskaper såsom lufttäthet, fukt, uppbyggnad och beständighet. För att kunna lösa uppgiften har vi varit i kontakt med åtta olika byggnadsentreprenörer i Stockholmsområdet och utfört studiebesök ute i produktionen. Det finns flera faktorer som styr valet av ytterväggskonstruktion för projektet och på grund av detta finns det en rad olika typer av ytterväggskonstruktioner som används i dagens byggande av flerbostadshus. I vår jämförelse mellan sex olika ytterväggskonstruktioner har vi analyserat byggfysikaliska egenskaper och produktionsmetoder utifrån samma grundparametrar. Eftersom ytterväggarna skiljer sig mellan lätt respektive tung stomme har vi valt att presentera en från varje kategori. Enligt vår bedömning i vår analys har vi kommit fram till att en lätt utfackningsvägg med stålregelstomme och en tung väggkonstruktion med platsgjuten skalväggsstomme har de bästa förutsättningarna för att i framtiden utgöra de främsta alternativen inom ytterväggskonstruktioner för flerbostadshus.Rapporten är skriven för läsare som antas ha viss kunskap inom området byggteknik, dvs. den riktar sig främst till intressenter till byggbranschen och studenter inom området. / This thesis has been carried out at the Bachelor's program of construction engineering and design at the Royal Institute of Technology and in collaboration with Ramböll Sweden. The purpose of this report is to examine and analyze today's outer wall structures for the future of energy efficient buildings. The outer wall construction that is part of the building envelope has an important and significant flaw to meet future energy requirements of buildings. For a long time different wall construction projects have been designed to create wall panels with low U-values. For a wall structure to function, there are a number of confounding factors to be taken into account. Therefore, the thesis will focus on outer wall structure building physical properties such as air density, moisture, structure and stability.  In order to solve the task we have been in contact with eight different contractors in the Stockholm area and conducted field trips out in production. There are several factors that determine the choice of exterior wall construction for the project and because of this there are a number of different types of exterior wall structures used in today's construction of apartment buildings. In our comparison of six different wall constructions, we have analyzed the construction of physical characteristics and production methods on the same basic parameters. Since the outer walls differ between light and heavy body, we have chosen to present one from each class. Our conclusion is that a light stud walls with steel stud frame and a heavy wall construction with in-situ shell wall structure is best equipped to continue being the main option in exterior wall construction for apartment buildings. The report is written for readers who knowledgeable in the field of building technology, i.e. it is mainly addressed to interested parties in the construction industry and students in the field.

Ce mémoire s'inscrit dans le cadre du mandat confié par le ministère de l'Éducation du Québec (MEQ) au consortium de recherche Schola en 2017. Ce groupe, composé de chercheurs en architecture, design et éducation de l'Université Laval, sous la direction de Carole Després, professeure d'architecture, a pour mission de développer des outils visant à éclairer les décisions en matière de rénovation des écoles primaires et secondaires publiques. Ce « coffre à outils », élaboré dans l'optique de soutenir la mise en œuvre de la Politique de la réussite éducative mise en place cette même année par ce Ministère vise à guider la modernisation du parc immobilier des écoles publiques de niveau primaire et secondaire, construit pour la très grande majorité il y a plus de 50 ans considérés comme un premier cycle de vie en architecture. Bien que le projet Schola englobe divers aspects de la rénovation des bâtiments scolaires, le sujet du présent mémoire porte sur l'influence du cadre matériel des salles de classe des écoles secondaires sur la réussite éducative. Ce travail de recherche vise à évaluer si et comment l'architecture, l'aménagement et l'équipement des salles de classe dans les écoles secondaires contribuent à l'amélioration de l'expérience d'apprentissage et au bien-être des élèves. À travers trois chapitres destinés à des publications scientifiques, ce mémoire examine les dimensions du cadre matériel des salles de classe susceptibles de contribuer à soutenir la réussite éducative. Le premier article consiste en une revue de littérature portant sur l'influence du cadre matériel des salles sur la réussite scolaire des élèves du secondaire. Le deuxième article rapporte l'évaluation in situ de classes d'enseignement régulier d'écoles secondaires du Québec à partir de l'analyse morphologique de ces locaux, d'un inventaire du mobilier et de l'équipement qu'on y retrouve, ainsi que d'une enquête auprès d'enseignants. Enfin, le troisième article discute l'analyse de l'utilisation effective des salles de classe, sur la base de données colligées pendant plusieurs périodes d'observation in situ. La conclusion discute les résultats en croisant ces trois angles d'analyse, mettant en lumière les enjeux et les défis de l'adaptation et de la modernisation des salles de classe pour mieux soutenir la réussite éducative. La synthèse des résultats met en évidence l'importance cruciale de prendre en considération les dimensions et la configuration des salles de classe, de gérer efficacement la densité d'occupation, d'adapter le niveau et le type de fenestration pour optimiser l'éclairage naturel, de choisir le type et la quantité de mobilier, ainsi que les nouvelles approches pédagogiques avec le numérique pour créer des environnements d'apprentissage plus adaptés et propices à la réussite éducative. / $8 401122\u $a This brief is part of the mandate given by the *Ministère de l'Éducation du Québec* (MEQ) to the Schola research consortium in 2017. This group, made up of researchers in architecture, design and education at Université Laval, under the direction of Carole Després, professor of architecture, is tasked with developing tools to inform decisions on the renovation of public primary and secondary schools. This "toolbox", developed with a view to supporting the implementation of the *Politique de la réussite éducative* (Educational Success Policy) put in place that same year by this Ministry, is intended to guide the modernization of public elementary and secondary school buildings, the vast majority of which were built over 50 years ago and are considered a first life cycle in architecture. While the Schola project encompasses various aspects of school building renovation, the subject of the present dissertation is the influence of the physical setting of secondary school classrooms on educational success. This research work aims to assess whether and how the architecture, layout and equipment of high school classrooms contribute to improving the learning experience and well-being of students. Through three chapters intended for scientific publications, this dissertation examines the dimensions of the material environment of classrooms likely to contribute to supporting educational success. The first article consists of a literature review on the influence of the physical environment of classrooms on the academic success of secondary school students. The second article reports on the in-situ evaluation of regular education classrooms in Quebec high schools, based on a morphological analysis of the premises, an inventory of the furniture and equipment found there, and a survey of teachers. Finally, the third article discusses the analysis of actual classroom use, based on data collected during several periods of in situ observation. The conclusion discusses the results by cross-referencing these three angles of analysis, highlighting the issues and challenges involved in adapting and modernizing classrooms to better support educational success. The synthesis of the results highlights the crucial importance of taking into consideration classroom dimensions and configuration, effectively managing occupancy density, adapting the level and type of fenestration to optimize natural lighting, choosing the type and quantity of furniture, as well as new pedagogical approaches with digital technology to create more adapted learning environments conducive to educational success.

This dissertation is concerned with the relationship between morphological tense forms of Japanese, such as (r)u ("non-past") and ta ("past"), and their temporal interpretation. The goal of the research reported here is to establish a simple overall theory. The analysis focuses on the following sentence types: simple sentences, complex sentences (without conditional sentences), conditional complex sentences and sentences with an embedded clause. We will show here a few examples of problems as to temporal interpretations. In simple sentences, there are cases such as (1), which deviate from the norm of "normal" interpretation. Sentence (1) (with the “past” form of ta) can be uttered felicitously even in a situation where the bus in question has not yet arrived. (1)Busu ga ki-ta! Bus nom come-ta ‘The bus is coming.’ Or ‘The bus has come.’ In complex sentences, the antecedent clause in sentences with toki 'when', can take either (r)u or ta forms in sentence (2), while it cannot take the ta form in sentence 93), although the antecedent clauses in both sentences are interpreted as non-past. (2) Kondo a-u/at-ta toki, hanashi-ma-su. Next-time see-(r)u/see-ta toki talk-polite-(r)u ‘Next time when (I) see (you), (I) will tell (it to you).’ (3)Yuushoku o su-ru/*shi-ta toki, biiru o nom-u. supper acc do-(r)u/do-ta toki beer acc drink-(r)u ‘When (I) take supper, (I) will drink beer.’ In regard to conditional complex sentences, there can be a problem interpreting ta, as in hypothetical sentence (4) below. The ta of the consequent clause in example (4) cannot be evaluated (interpreted) as being the same as the ta in example (5) where we have an indicative sentence. (4) Taroo wa benkyoo shi-ta ra, shaken ni pasu shi-ta (no ni). Taro top study do-ta ra exam in pass do-ta (SFP-‘wishing’) ‘Had Taro studied, he should/would have passed the exam.’ (5) Taroo wa shiken ni pasu shi-ta. ‘Taro passed the exam.’ In this account the morphemes (r)u and ta will be associated with a single interpretation. Therefore, the difference between (2) and (3) will be attributed to two distinct modes of composition. In order to solve the problem of simple sentences wuch as (1) (which deviate from the norm of "normal interpretations"), a pragmatic (contextual) approach will be introduced. In regard to conditional sentences, interpretations will be classified on the basis of truth relations and temporal interpretations of antecedent and consequent. In order to treat the range of observed truth relations, a model of time and worlds will be introduced. In summary, in order to solve the problematic phenomena of relationships between the tense forms and their interpretations, the following approaches will be taken: (i) Use of a time model; (ii) Analysis of lexical properties; (iii) Sentence composition; (iv) Contextual analysis for pragmatic aspects.

Στην παρούσα διατριβή, η οποία πραγματεύεται τις θεμελιώσεις κατασκευών, πρωτίστως αναφέρονται οι προδιαγραφές που οφείλονται να τηρούνται ως προς την ασφάλεια και τη λειτουργικότητα της ανωδομής. Γίνεται αναφορά στη σπουδαιότητα της γεωτεχνικής έρευνας και στους τρόπους και τις μεθόδους με τις οποίες αυτή διεξάγεται. Στη συνέχεια ορίζονται τα κριτήρια σχεδιασμού μιας θεμελίωσης, δηλαδή το πρόβλημα αστοχίας και το πρόβλημα λειτουργικότητας. Παρατίθενται τρόποι υπολογισμού της φέρουσας ικανότητας για διάφορες εδαφικές συνθήκες για αβαθείς θεμελιώσεις, καθώς και ο υπολογισμός συντελεστών ασφαλείας με κλασικές μεθόδους καθώς και κατά τον Ευροκώδικα EC-7. Σχετικά με τις καθιζήσεις, αναφέρονται οι κατηγορίες τους και γίνεται υπολογισμός ανά περίπτωση και τύπο εδάφους, ενώ σημειώνονται και τα αποτελέσματα τους στις κατασκευές. Επίσης, συνοψίζονται τα επιτρεπόμενα όρια των καθιζήσεων. Ακολουθούν μεθοδολογίες για το σχεδιασμό των τριών τύπων αβαθών θεμελιώσεων, δηλαδή για μεμονωμένα θεμέλια, πεδιλοδοκούς και γενική κοιτόστρωση με γνώμονα να πληρούνται τα κριτήρια σχεδιασμού. Έπειτα περιγράφονται οι βαθιές θεμελιώσεις, καθώς και οι τρόποι υπολογισμού της φέρουσας ικανότητας τους και των καθιζήσεων που προκαλούν. Γίνονται εφαρμογές διάφορων μορφών θεμελιώσεων, για μια διώροφη οικοδομή, σε δύο διαφορετικές και χαρακτηριστικές περιοχές της πόλης των Πατρών με δεδομένα από δειγματοληπτικές γεωτρήσεις. Η πρώτη περιοχή αφορά το ανατολικό τμήμα της πόλης (περιοχή στρατοπέδου ΚΕΤΧ) όπου επιφανειακά συναντάται στρώμα σκληρής πολύ αμμώδους αργίλου και σχεδιάζεται επιφανειακή θεμελίωση με εναλλακτικούς τρόπους. Η δεύτερη περιοχή αφορά την παράκτια ζώνη της πόλης, όπου συναντάται επιφανειακό στρώμα μαλακών εδαφών σημαντικού πάχους και γίνεται διαστασιολόγηση για βαθειά θεμελίωση έγχυτων πασάλων τριβής. / At first, in this thesis, which deals with foundations in constructions, there is a mention for specifications required to ensure both safety and functionality of the structure. Also, there is a reference in geotechnical investigation and methods importance. Additionally, designing criteria for foundations are defined as both “failure matter” and “ functionality (settlements) matter”. Formulas and methods of calculating bearing capacity of shallow foundations for different territory types are listed. There are also methods for calculating factors of safety (classical methods, Eurocode EC-7). There is a reference in settlement categories and the way of calculating settlement value regarding their type and the soil environment. Allowable limits of settlements are summarized, as well. Thereafter, there are analyzed the ways of designing all shallow foundation types, which are individual footings, spread footings and raft foundation, so as designing criteria are met. Deep foundations are described, as well as methods of calculating their bearing capacity and settlement value. Finally, different foundation applications are presented as possible solutions, for a two storey building structure, in two different and characteristic areas in Patras. Data have been exported from sample drillings. The first area, is located in Eastern Patras, (camp of KETEX), where there is a surface soil layer of hard, very sandy clay. There, it is designed shallow foundation in variable and alternative ways. The second area, is located in the coastal zone of Patras, where there is a surface quit thick layer of soft deposits. There, the building construction is being based by designing concrete injector piles.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study deals with three interrelated types of information about sentences in Zulu, i.e. situation aspect or events, viewpoint aspect which includes i.a. the perfective and imperfective aspect and the contribution of the temporal location of a sentence focusing on the basic tenses. The semantic feature of temporal location has been integrated with the view of the two components in sentences i.e. aspectual situation type and viewpoint. Vendier's classification of aspectual classes formed a base from which the Zulu event structure has been discussed. The contribution of the two theories, i.e. the Two Component theory of Smith (1997) and the Event Structure of Pustejovsky (1995) which is situated within the Generative Lexicon theory of lexical semantics featured prominently in the analysis of events and states in Zulu. A conclusion has been reached that there are four situation types relevant to Zulu and distinguished from each other by different temporal features. These situation types feature basic-level and derived-level types (according to Smith (1997)). Three event types have been identified for Zulu, i.e. state, process and transition (according to Pustejovsky (1995)). Events are complex semantic objects resulting in an extended event structure. Event structure classification for Zulu is established with structured sub-event. These event structures are defined with respect to three different types of ordering relation between sub-event, i.e. temporally ordered subevents, simultaneous sub-event and temporal overlap. The event structure has been distinguished through event headedness which give rise to twelve possible constructions. The basic principles and the temporal structures underlying the Zulu tenses are viewed in relation to the moment of speech, time of the situation and the reference time in the structure of tenses as shown in the viewpoint of Reichenbach developed by Hornstein (1990). The role played by adverbs as modifiers of tense is highlighted. The behavior of bounded and unbounded sentences in relation to tense is mentioned. Regarding the expression of aspect in Zulu, a clear distinction has been established between perfective and imperfective in Zulu. The aspect appears as an inflectional category within syntax. These categories may have a maximal projection according to the X-bar theory. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie gee aandag aan drie onderling verbonde tipes inligting oor sinne in. Zulu, d.i. die situasie-aspek of die gebeure, gesigspunt-aspek wat, onder andere, die perfektiewe en imperfektiewe aspek insluit en die bydrae van die temporele lokasie van 'n sin, met die fokus op die basiese tye. Die semantiese verskynsel van temporele lokasie is geintegreer met die aanname van die twee komponente in sinne, d.i. aspektueie situasie tipe, en die gesigspunt. Vendier se klassifikasie van aspektueie klasse het die basis gevorm waarvan daan die Zulu gebeure struktuur bespreek is. Die bydrae van die twee teorië, d.i. die Twee Komponent teorie van Smith (1997) en die gebeurde struktuur van Pustejovsky (1995) wat binne die Generatiewe Leksikon teorie van leksikale semantiek geleis, is in die analise van gebeure en toestand gebruik. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat daar vier situasietipes relevant tot Zulu is, en daar word tussen hulle deur middel van temporele verskynsels onderskei. Hierdie situasietipes beeld die basiese-vlak en die afgeleide-vlak tipes uit (volgens Smith (1997)) Drie tipes gebeure is vir Zulu geidentifiseer, d.i. toestand, proses, en oorgang (volgens Pustejovsky (1995)). Gebeure is kompleks semantiese voorwerpe wat tot uitgebreide gebeurde struktuur lei. Die gebeurde-struktuur se klassifikasie in Zulu is met gestruktureerde sub-gebeure gevestig. Hierdie gebeure-strukture is met betrekking tot drie verskillende tipes van verhouding ordening tusen sub-gebeure omskryf, d.i. temporeel geordende sub-gebeure, gelyktydige sub-gebeure en temporele oorslag. Die gebeure-struktuur is deur kemgebeure onderskei, wat aanleiding tot twaalf moontlike konstruksies gee. Die basiese beginsels en die temporele strukture onderliggend aan die Zulu tye word met betrekking tot die spraakmoment, tyd van die situasie, en die verwysingstyd in die struktuur van tye soos in Reichenbach se gesigspunt wat deur Hornstein (1990) ontwikkel, is, beskou. Die rol wat bywoorde as modifiseerders van tye speel, word na vore gebring. Die gedrag van gebonde en ongebonde sinne in verband met tyd word genoem. Betreffende die uitdrukking van aspek in Zulu is 'n besondere onderskeiding tussen die perfektief en imperfektief in Zulu gevestig. Die aspek kom as 'n infleksionêre kategorie binne sintaksis voor. Hierdie kategorie mag 'n maksimale projeksie volgens die x-bar teorie hê.

This dissertation explores the relationship between gender, war, and media constructions of both. Using the theoretical frameworks of the social constructions of gender and the gendered constructions of the public sphere, I have analyzed how Time magazine portrayed Condoleezza Rice and Hillary Clinton in discussions of war. Time represents mainstream mediated coverage in this case. Rice and Clinton represent women outside the normal boundaries of femininity. First, they were participants in the public sphere, which is largely male-dominated in our society. Second, both women were involved in discussions of war and foreign policy. Their participation in this area of the public sphere is a contradiction to how society expects women to act during war time. The most interesting conclusion is the way the women are linked back to the private sphere through their relationships with men. These representations align with historical theoretical definitions of the public sphere, which favor male participation and often disregard female participation. / text

DANS CETTE THESE, NOUS EXAMINONS LES PROPRIETES SYNTAXIQUES ET INTERPRETATIVES DES COORDINATIONS SIMPLES (PAUL IRA À LONDRES ET À VENISE) ET DES COORDINATIONS À REDOUBLEMENT (PAUL IRA ET À LONDRES ET À VENISE) EN FRANÇAIS ET LEUR INCIDENCE SUR UNE THÉORIE GÉNÉRALE DE LA COORDINATION. LA PROPOSITION CENTRALE QUI EST DÉVELOPPÉE, SUR LA BASE DE LA COMPARAISON SYSTÉMATIQUE DES DEUX TOURS, EST QUE LA COORDINATION DOIT ÊTRE ANALYSÉE COMME UNE HIÉRARCHIE DE CONSTRUCTIONS DISTINCTE DE CELLE QUI CARACTÉRISE LES STRUCTURES DE DÉPENDANCE ORGANISÉES AUTOUR D'UNE TÊTE. CETTE HIÉRARCHIE PERMET DE DÉCRIRE SIMULTANÉMENT LES PROPRIÉTÉS GÉNÉRALES DES CONSTRUCTIONS COORDONNÉES, QUI JUSTIFIENT QU'ON DISTINGUE CELLES-CI DES STRUCTURES ENDOCENTRIQUES, ET LES PROPRIÉTÉS FINES DE NATURE SYNTAXIQUE, SÉMANTIQUE, DISCURSIVE ET CONTEXTUELLE QUI SÉPARENT LES COORDINATIONS SIMPLES DES COORDINATIONS À REDOUBLEMENT DANS LA GRAMMAIRE DU FRANÇAIS. L'ÉTUDE COMPARÉE DES DEUX TYPES DE COORDINATIONS FOURNIT PAR AILLEURS UN SUPPORT EMPIRIQUE EN FAVEUR D'UNE ANALYSE SANS ELLIPSE DES COORDINATIONS DE SÉQUENCES DE CONSTITUANTS (PAUL OFFRIRA (ET) UN DISQUE À MARIE ET UN LIVRE À JEAN) ET PLUS GÉNÉRALEMENT EN FAVEUR D'UNE ANALYSE SANS ELLIPSE DES DIVERSES COORDINATIONS DE CATÉGORIES DISSEMBLABLES (MARIE ADORE (ET) LE CINEMA ET FAIRE LES BOUTIQUES). NOS RÉSULTATS SONT EN PRINCIPE COMPATIBLES AVEC TOUS LES CADRES THÉORIQUES QUI PLACENT AU COEUR DU DISPOSITIF GRAMMATICAL LA NOTION DE CONSTRUCTION. NOUS PRÉSENTONS UNE MODÉLISATION DANS LE CADRE HPSG, QUI PERMET D'EXPLICITER LES ANALYSES SYNTAXIQUES DÉVELOPPÉES ET D'EN ASSURER LA COHÉRENCE D'ENSEMBLE.

This paper presents a critical analysis of the cultural and social constructions of aging and the aged which pervade public discourse around the growing population of elders in the U.S. Elders are socially 'othered' through processes of medicalization and categorization as an "at risk" group. Furthermore, elders are culturally constructed as unproductive and overconsumptive collective resources. As elders become increasingly central in social and political discourse surrounding health care and the division of resources, these culturally and socially constructed stereotypes have a real impact on social identity and policy decisions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of anthropology in contributing a critical perspective to the study of elders.

We consider random fractals generated by random recursive constructions, prove zero-one laws concerning their dimensions and find their packing and Minkowski dimensions. Also we investigate the packing measure in corresponding dimension. For a class of random distribution functions we prove that their packing and Hausdorff dimensions coincide.