Global sea levels are expected to rise as a result of climate change, which will lead to the inundation and erosion of low lying coastal areas and accelerate the intrusion of seawater into sub-surface sediments. Many of the UK’s legacy nuclear facilities are located in close proximity to the shore, raising questions regarding the potential mobilisation of radionuclides during sea level rise. Here batch and column experiments were used to simulate and investigate the effect of these processes on the mobilisation of key radionuclides Tc, 90Sr and U from oxic and reduced sediments under sea level rise scenarios. Strontium-90 was rapidly mobilised from exchangeable surface sites from oxic sediments during inundation and erosion scenarios with seawater (≈ 60%). Strontium release was driven by ion exchange between Sr90 and Mg2+ cations present in high concentrations in seawater. Uranium release from oxic and reduced sediments was kinetically controlled, characterised by slow release from a range of binding sites, promoted by the formation of U-carbonate complexes. Uranium mobilisation was slower from reduced sediments compared with oxic sediments under seawater flow conditions; therefore reduced sediments would act as a longer term source of U to marine environments. Release was more extensive from initially nitrate reducing sediments (53%) compared with extensively iron reducing sediments (38%), with the difference in release explained by the longer contact period of U(VI) with the iron reducing sediment relative to the nitrate reducing sediment which would lead to slower desorption. Additionally, U(IV) species would be released more slowly than U(VI) species sorbed to the sediments. The release of Tc was dependent on sediment re-oxidation coupled with the oxidation of Tc(IV) to Tc(VII). Batch experiments showed that only a small proportion of Tc was rapidly (within 5 days) released from the sediments into seawater and groundwater which suggests that the majority of any Tc(IV) contamination will be released slowly as the seawater plume migrates through the sediments. Technetium release was slowest, and ultimately limited to the greatest extent (17%), in initially Fe-reducing sediments, when they were re-oxidised in seawater. Thus the cycling of iron and the impact of the water chemistry on iron mineralogy were important for hindering Tc release. Column experiments showed that iron minerals were less effective at retarding Tc release under flow-through conditions. Kinetically controlled and solubility limited Fe dissolution led to on-going Tc release from the sediments, i.e. the retarding effect of iron phases was temporary and significantly more Tc was mobilised (79-93%) compared with the batch experiments (17-45%). This study has shown for the first time that radionuclides will be released from reduced and oxic sediments as a result of future sea level rise. Contaminated sediments have the potential to act as a secondary source of radionuclide contamination entering the marine environment from coastal nuclear sites. This information is essential when siting new nuclear facilities and when developing effective remediation, decommissioning and management strategies for legacy coastal sites.

Land is a finite natural resource that is increasingly getting exhausted as a result of land contamination. Land is made up of soil and groundwater, both of which have many functions for which we depend on, including provision of food and water, supporting shelter, natural flood defence, carbon sequestration, etc. Contaminants in land also pose a number of threats to public health and the environment; other natural resources; and have detrimental effects on property such as buildings, crops and livestock. The most effective method of dealing with these contaminants is to cleanup and return the sites to beneficial use. The cleanup process involves making a choice from amongst competing remediation technologies, where the wrong choice may have disastrous economic, environmental and/or social impacts. Contaminated land management is therefore much broader than the selection and implementation of remedial solutions, and requires extensive data collection and analysis at huge costs and effort. The need for decision support in contaminated land management decision-making has long been widely recognised, and in recent years a large number of Decision Support Systems (DSS) have been developed. This thesis presents the development of a Web-based knowledge-based DSS as an integrated management framework for the risk assessment of human health from, and sustainable management of, contaminated land. The developed DSS is based on the current UK contaminated land regime, published guidelines and technical reports from the UK Environment Agency (EA) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and other Government agencies and departments. The decision-making process of the developed DSS comprises of key stages in the risk assessment and management of contaminated land: (i) preliminary qualitative risk assessment; (ii) generic quantitative risk assessment; and (iii) options appraisal of remediation technologies and remediation design. The developed DSS requires site specific details and measured contaminant concentrations from site samples as input and produces a site specific report as output. The DSS output is intended to be used as information to support with contaminated land management decision-making.

我國自2000年土污法公布施行以來，至今(2012年)已逾12年，但綜觀環保署之國內場址列管情形統計資料可知，目前我國正面臨污染土地整治推動遲緩的問題。整理國內外相關文獻可知污染土地整治有其必要性，其原因在於如果污染土地持續閒置且不整治重新利用，不僅導致污染土地所造成的問題無法解決，另一方面也會使污染土地因整治而帶來的效益無從實現。而污染土地整治遲緩可能來自污染土地市場存在外部性難以內部化的情形，因此如何解決市場失靈之現象為其關鍵所在。 國外解決污染土地市場失靈的作法，主要分為「誘因給予」與「處罰」二大方式。本研究進一步將其概念透過問卷調查與實際訪談之方式，探討我國污染土地地主及承租人於整治污染土地實務上所面臨的困難，及對促進污染土地再利用相關作法之看法。 實證結果顯示，整治污染土地所面臨的最主要困難為整治經費過高、環境顧問公司市場混亂。於促進污染土地整治再利用的作法上，絕大多數地主及承租人偏好誘因給予方式，例如補助整治經費與減免相關稅負；相對地，較不贊成處罰方式，其原因在於增加財務負擔可能提高污染行為人放棄整治的風險，進而阻礙污染土地的整治再利用。此外，公開污染土地相關資訊供污染行為人參考、引進環境保險相關制度等作法，對未來污染土地整治之推行亦有極大助益。 從實證結果進一步歸納可知影響污染土地整治的因素包含「個別因素」與「總體因素」，並將其發展出一套污染土地分類模式。實際應用我國污染土地統計資料於該模式可知，放棄整治此類型的土地占我國污染土地總面積相當低之比例。因此，政府如能有效推動全面性基礎制度的建置，並搭配相關作法，我國在污染土地的整治推行上應能達到不錯之成效。 / It has been over 12 years since the announcement of Soil and Groundwater Act in year 2000 in Taiwan. However, statistics revealed by the Environmental Protection Administration suggests that the progress of remediation of contaminated land is far from satisfactory. A number of studies have pointed out that if contaminated land continues to be idle, not only can contamination not be solved, but also benefits resulting from remediation are lost. The market for contaminated land suffers from the external effects that in turn lead to a slow pace of remediation. Therefore, how to solve the problem of market failure is the key to promotion of reusing contaminated land. There are two major approaches to alleviating the problems of market failure for contaminated land; they are incentives and liabilities, respectively. In this study, we investigate into landowners and tenants of contaminated land through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. We intend to discover the difficulties they have encountered in practice and also their views in respect of the approaches that might stimulate the reuse of contaminated land. Empirical results show that the primary difficulties on remediation are the excessive costs and dissatisfactory service of environmental consulting firms. Besides, among the alternative approaches that are expected to accelerate remediation, interviewees tend to prefer incentives over liabilities. They argue that if the government imposes liabilities upon landowners and tenants, their possibility of giving up remediation will be raised. Furthermore, supply of more complete information and introduction of environmental insurance are thought to be able to facilitate remediation in the future. Overall, the empirical evidence highlights a number of contributing factors to an effective remediation. To take a step further, we develop a model to classify the contaminated land in terms of their characteristics such as location, land values…etc. Application of this classification model to two cities suggests that contaminated land that needs direct governmental subsidy only accounts for a small proportion of the total contaminated areas. As a result, we urge the government to establish a platform to provide comprehensive and transparent information. This information platform shall be able to significantly improve the progress of remediation of contaminated land largely through the reinstatement of market mechanism.

The purpose of this report is to increase the awareness about the problem that occur when the waste hierarchy is applied to management of contaminated land. The work with remediation of contaminated land in Sweden is part of the efforts towards reaching the national environmental objectives. Therefore a subsidiary aim is to analyze how this influences the prospects of reaching the objectives. The work consists of two parts; a case study and a comparative literature study that focus on England, the Netherlands and Sweden. The case study is intended to provide a practical perspective through a comparison of the climate impact from two methods. One of the methods does not take into account the waste hierarchy and the other is considered, by the principal, to do so. The calculation has been translated to carbon dioxide equivalents through the tool Carbon footprint from the Swedish Geotechnical Society. The literature study has focused on the national legislation connected to contaminated land within the respective countries with the purpose to see how they work with this and identify potential lessons that can be drawn from this comparison. A problem that is made visible through this study is that the waste hierarchy is not sufficiently implemented in the instruments used in Sweden. Landfill tax contribution to the compliance of the waste hierarchy is in the current situation, regarding contaminated soil, nonexistent. But the results of the literature study shows that there is potential for using landfill tax to implement the waste hierarchy in an efficient way. Lessons can be drawn from England, which has increased the accuracy of their landfill tax with two rates, depending on the waste type, and the fact that they have reversed their earlier exemption for contaminated soil. An experience from the case study is that there is a problem within the terminology connected to remediation and waste management in Sweden. The companies and the authorities do not agree about significant terms, for example the reuse and recycling of contaminated soil. This causes problems because the dissidence concerns the options under the hierarchy that should be prioritized.The case study shows that the climate impact from a remediation project can vary substantially between different methods. It would be more efficient if other environmental objectives such as reduced climate impact could be given more weigh in the method selection process than it does in the present situation. This would minimize the risks that a project has a negative impact on the work towards other environmental targets.

This thesis compares different methods for risk assessment of a creosote contaminated site in Vansbro, Dalarna. In a complementary study the importance of using representative data for calibration and validation of stationary groundwater models is discussed. The time dependency between surface water levels and groundwater levels on the site in Vansbro is evaluated by step response analysis. The results show that the groundwater levels reflect only long-term variation in the surface water levels. Hence the use of such long-term means for calibration and validation of the stationary groundwater models is the only theoretically defendable alternative. As a first step in the comparison of risk assessment methods the degree of contamination is evaluated on the basis of generic guideline values for contaminated soils, developed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The guidelines specifically developed for contaminated petrol stations are also taken into consideration. Secondly, a site-specific evaluation is carried out. The transport of contaminants from the soil to the on-site groundwater and nearby surface water is calculated using the mathematical models behind the aforementioned guideline values. The calculated groundwater concentrations show a poor agreement with observed data and the thesis points out several possible explanations of this deviation. A sensitivity analysis is carried out and the influence of biodegradation during the transport in the aquifer is evaluated. The results indicate that the deviation between observed and calculated groundwater concentrations cannot be explained by the absence of biodegradation in the mathematical models, but rather by other simplifications and uncertainties in estimated model parameters. Finally, a risk assessment is made on the basis of observed groundwater concentrations instead of observed soil concentrations as in the assessments above. Observed groundwater concentrations are compared with guideline values for groundwater on contaminated sites. The risk of negative environmental effects in the surface water is evaluated based on the estimated inflow of contaminated groundwater and its concentration of contaminants. The inflow is estimated from the interpolation of observed groundwater levels as well as with two numerical groundwater models of varying hydrogeological complexity: a three-dimensional flow model developed in Visual MODFLOW and a two-dimensional flow model developed in TWODAN. The models are compared with respect to the calculated inflows of contaminated groundwater into the surface water body as well as their ability to reproduce observed groundwater levels. The results indicate that the differences between the models, with respect to the calculated inflows, are of lesser importance to the risk assessment in comparison with the uncertainties associated with other parameters. The choice to base the assessment on observed contaminant concentrations in either the soil or the groundwater is shown to be of crucial importance. / I detta examensarbete jämförs olika metoder att bedöma de hälsomässiga och miljömässiga risker som föreligger med ett kreosotförorenat markområde i Vansbro, Dalarna. I en kompletterande undersökning belyses vikten av att stationära grundvattenmodeller kalibreras och valideras mot tidskompatibla indata. Tidsberoendet mellan yt- och grundvattennivåer på området i Vansbro studeras genom stegsvarsanalys. Resultaten visar att grundvattennivåerna på området anpassar sig mycket långsamt efter rådande ytvattennivåer. Grundvattennivåerna återspeglar således medelvärden av ytvattennivåerna över en mycket lång tidsperiod. Därför är användandet av sådana medelvärden för kalibrering och validering av modellerna det enda teoretiskt försvarbara alternativet. Som ett första steg i jämförelsen mellan olika riskbedömningsmetoder utvärderas föroreningssituationen baserat på uppmätta föroreningskoncentrationer i jorden och med hjälp av Naturvårdsverkets generella samt branschspecifika riktvärden för förorenad mark. Därefter genomförs en platsspecifik riskbedömning. Föroreningstransporten från markområdet till grundvattnet samt till ett närbeläget ytvatten beräknas med de matematiska modeller som användes av Naturvårdsverket vid framtagandet av ovannämnda riktvärden. Beräknade grundvattenkoncentrationer jämförs med uppmätta koncentrationer och resultaten visar på stora avvikelser. En känslighetsanalys utförs och inverkan av biologisk nedbrytning i akviferen utvärderas. Resultaten tyder på att avvikelsen mellan uppmätta och beräknade grundvattenkoncentrationer ej förklaras av att biologisk nedbrytning inte beaktas i modellerna utan att avvikelsen härrör från andra förenklingar och från osäkerheter i indata. Slutligen genomförs en platsspecifik riskbedömning, motsvarande den ovan, men denna gång utifrån uppmätta föroreningskoncentrationer i grundvattnet. De uppmätta grundvattenkoncentrationerna jämförs direkt mot Naturvårdsverkets riktvärden för grundvatten på förorenade områden. Risken för negativa ekologiska effekter i ytvattnet utvärderas utifrån det beräknade inflödet av förorenat grundvatten samt dess koncentration. Inflödet beräknas överslagsmässigt utifrån interpolerade grundvattennivåer samt med två numeriska grundvattenmodeller av olika hydrogeologisk komplexitet: en tredimensionell flödesmodell uppbyggd i Visual MODFLOW och en tvådimensionell modell uppbyggd i TWODAN. Grundvattenmodellerna jämförs med avseende på det beräknade inflödet och med avseende på deras förmåga att beskriva observerade grundvattenförhållanden.Resultaten tyder på att skillnaden i det, med de olika metoderna, beräknade inflödet är av liten betydelse för riskbedömningen i förhållande till osäkerheter förknippade med övriga parametrar. Störst betydelse för riskbedömningen får valet att utgå från uppmätta föroreningskoncentrationer i antingen jorden eller grundvattnet.

Contaminated land is a widespread, global issue affecting millions of people. Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide which often contaminates groundwater and drinking water supplies and is associated with adverse health outcomes. Biochar is the solid product of pyrolysis and is associated with several environmental benefits. It may be an effective remediation tool when used as a soil amendment. This thesis investigates the mechanisms through which biochar can immobilise atrazine, and the implications of the mechanisms for remediating contaminated land. Nine biochar samples were obtained from the United Kingdom Biochar Research Centre , which were produced from softwood pellets (SWP), wheat straw pellets (WSP), miscanthus straw pellets (MSP), rice husk (RH) and oil seed rape (OSR) each at pyrolysis temperatures of 550°C and 700°C (excluding OSR at 700°C). The sorption mechanisms controlling atrazine sorption to these biochars were determined through various characterisation methods and batch sorption experiments. The sorption tests showed that sorption to each of the standard biochars occurs via multiple simultaneously occurring mechanisms, which are each promoted under certain conditions. Studies investigating sorption kinetics, isotherms and interactions with humic acids showed that for all biochars in this study, pore filling was a significant process through which atrazine is transported to adsorption sites, although poor intraparticle diffusion for softwood and oil seed rape biochars can prevent efficient transport. Wheat straw and rice husk biochars showed effective pore diffusion, resulting in high sorption capacities. Partitioning was associated with poor remediation outcomes and was significant to softwood biochars, although adsorption dominated overall sorption for all other biochars. pH was shown to significantly influence the occurrence of various sorption mechanisms. At low pH values, most biochars showed evidence of electrostatic repulsion between positive atrazine species and the positively charged biochar surface. At intermediate pH values, all biochars showed strong hydrogen bonding between H+ groups on the surface of the biochar and atrazine. A meta-analysis of previous relevant studies provided further evidence for hydrogen bonding of atrazine to biochar and showed that hydrophobic effects likely play little role in adsorption after accounting for the effects of surface area. Varying contributions of π-π EDA interactions, hydrogen bonding involving biochar O- groups, and interactions with ash minerals resulted in different sorption profiles for each biochar at high pH values. In order to further determine the mechanisms controlling sorption at high pH, surface compositions of SWP550, RH700 and OSR550 biochars were modified using hydrofluoric acid. Modification with hydrofluoric acid successfully removed the ash contents of rice husk and oil seed rape biochars and reduced atrazine removal at high pH values. This suggested that the ash fraction increases atrazine removal at high pH through complexation or catalytic hydrolysis. The roles of the various mechanisms are related to remediation outcomes in a novel manner allowing for the improved design of biochar for environmental remediation.

The negative effects of hazardous substances and possible measures that can be taken are evaluated in the environmental risk analysis process, consisting of risk assessment, risk communication and risk management. Uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and natural variability are always present in this process. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate some tools as well as discuss the management of uncertainty and variability, as it is necessary to treat them both in a reliable and transparent way to gain regulatory acceptance in decision making. The catalytic effects of various metals on the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds during the heating of fly ash were investigated (paper I). Copper showed a positive catalytic effect, while cobalt, chromium and vanadium showed a catalytic effect for degradation. Knowledge of the catalytic effects may facilitate the choice and design of combustion processes to decrease emissions, but it also provides valuable information to identify and characterize the hazard. Exposure factors of importance in risk assessment (physiological parameters, time use factors and food consumption) were collected and evaluated (paper II). Interindividual variability was characterized by mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis and multiple percentiles, while uncertainty in these parameters was estimated with confidence intervals. How these statistical parameters can be applied was shown in two exposure assessments (papers III and IV). Probability bounds analysis was used as a probabilistic approach, which enables separate propagation of uncertainty and variability even in cases where the availability of data is limited. In paper III it was determined that the exposure cannot be expected to cause any negative health effects for recreational users of a public bathing place. Paper IV concluded that the uncertainty interval in the estimated exposure increased when accounting for possible changes in climate-sensitive model variables. Risk managers often need to rely on precaution and an increased uncertainty may therefore have implications for risk management decisions. Paper V focuses on risk management and a questionnaire was sent to employees at all Swedish County Administrative Boards working with contaminated land. It was concluded that the gender, age and work experience of the employees, as well as the funding source of the risk assessment, all have an impact on the reviewing of risk assessments. Gender was the most significant factor, and it also affected the perception of knowledge. / Negativa effekter orsakade av skadliga ämnen och möjliga åtgärder bedöms och utvärderas i en miljöriskanalys, som kan delas i riskbedömning, riskkommunikation och riskhantering. Osäkerhet som beror på kunskapsbrist samt naturlig variabilitet finns alltid närvarande i denna process. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utvärdera några tillvägagångssätt samt diskutera hur osäkerhet och variabilitet hanteras då det är nödvändigt att båda hanteras trovärdigt och transparent för att riskbedömningen ska vara användbar för beslutsfattande. Metallers katalytiska effekt på bildning av klorerade aromatiska ämnen under upphettning av flygaska undersöktes (artikel I). Koppar visade en positiv katalytisk effekt medan kobolt, krom och vanadin istället katalyserade nedbrytningen. Kunskap om katalytisk potential för bildning av skadliga ämnen är viktigt vid val och design av förbränningsprocesser för att minska utsläppen, men det är också ett exempel på hur en fara kan identifieras och karaktäriseras. Information om exponeringsfaktorer som är viktiga i riskbedömning (fysiologiska parametrar, tidsanvändning och livsmedelskonsumtion) samlades in och analyserades (artikel II). Interindividuell variabilitet karaktäriserades av medel, standardavvikelse, skevhet, kurtosis (toppighet) och multipla percentiler medan osäkerhet i dessa parametrar skattades med konfidensintervall. Hur dessa statistiska parametrar kan tillämpas i exponeringsbedömningar visas i artikel III och IV. Probability bounds analysis användes som probabilistisk metod, vilket gör det möjligt att separera osäkerhet och variabilitet i bedömningen även när tillgången på data är begränsad. Exponeringsbedömningen i artikel III visade att vid nu rådande föroreningshalter i sediment i en badsjö så medför inte bad någon hälsofara. I artikel IV visades att osäkerhetsintervallet i den skattade exponeringen ökar när hänsyn tas till förändringar i klimatkänsliga modellvariabler. Riskhanterare måste ta hänsyn till försiktighetsprincipen och en ökad osäkerhet kan därmed få konsekvenser för riskhanteringsbesluten. Artikel V fokuserar på riskhantering och en enkät skickades till alla anställda som arbetar med förorenad mark på länsstyrelserna i Sverige. Det konstaterades att anställdas kön, ålder och erfarenhet har en inverkan på granskningsprocessen av riskbedömningar. Kön var den mest signifikanta variabeln, vilken också påverkade perceptionen av kunskap. Skillnader i de anställdas svar kunde också ses beroende på om riskbedömningen finansierades av statliga bidrag eller av en ansvarig verksamhetsutövare.

Environmental gamma-ray spectroscopy provides a powerful tool that can be used in environmental monitoring given that it offers a compromise between measurement time and accuracy allowing for large areas to be surveyed quickly and relatively inexpensively. Depending on monitoring objectives, spectral information can then be analysed in real-time or post survey to characterise contamination and identify potential anomalies. Smaller volume detectors are of particular worth to environmental surveys as they can be operated in the most demanding environments. However, difficulties are encountered in the selection of an appropriate detector that is robust enough for environmental surveying yet still provides a high quality signal. Furthermore, shortcomings remain with methods employed for robust spectral processing since a number of complexities need to be overcome including: the non-linearity in detector response with source burial depth, large counting uncertainties, accounting for the heterogeneity in the natural background and unreliable methods for detector calibration. This thesis aimed to investigate the application of machine learning algorithms to environmental gamma-ray spectroscopy data to identify changes in spectral shape within large Monte Carlo calibration libraries to estimate source characteristics for unseen field results. Additionally, a 71 × 71 mm lanthanum bromide detector was tested alongside a conventional 71 × 71 mm sodium iodide to assess whether its higher energy efficiency and resolution could make it more reliable in handheld surveys. The research presented in this thesis demonstrates that machine learning algorithms could be successfully applied to noisy spectra to produce valuable source estimates. Of note, were the novel characterisation estimates made on borehole and handheld detector measurements taken from land historically contaminated with 226Ra. Through a novel combination of noise suppression and neural networks the burial depth, activity and source extent of contamination was estimated and mapped. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Machine Learning techniques could be operated in real-time to identify hazardous 226Ra containing hot particles with much greater confidence than current deterministic approaches such as the gross counting algorithm. It was concluded that remediation of 226Ra contaminated legacy sites could be greatly improved using the methods described in this thesis. Finally, Neural Networks were also applied to estimate the activity distribution of 137Cs, derived from the nuclear industry, in an estuarine environment. Findings demonstrated the method to be theoretically sound, but practically inconclusive, given that much of the contamination at the site was buried beyond the detection limits of the method. It was generally concluded that the noise posed by intrinsic counts in the 71 × 71 mm lanthanum bromide was too substantial to make any significant improvements over a comparable sodium iodide in contamination characterisation using 1 second counts.

Purpose: In Sweden, there are area that are polluted and in need of remediation. However, soil remediation processes have a negative secondary impact on the climate. There are various soil remediation methods to apply, of which dig and dump are the most frequently used. The method involves although high emissions of carbon dioxide. By increased use of alternative soil remediation methods, such as biological soil remediation methods, can lead to reduced impact on the climate. When choosing a remediation method, sustainability is increasingly integrated, but most decisions are still based on other factors. Psychological, social and institutional barriers are considered to have counteracted the assumption of a sustainable behaviour. Therefore, further research on stakeholder attitudes may promote the implementation of such behaviour. The aim of the work is to present suggestions for improvement on how the climate impact can be reduced in soil remediation projects. Method: The study was performed as a qualitative survey. Empirical data was obtained in verbal form through the methods literature review, document analysis and interview. From an available group, six respondents were selected who represent significant stakeholders in soil remediation projects. Stakeholders were private and public clients, contractors, consultants and regulators. Analysed documents were reports from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency that is about the post-treatment of contaminated areas in Sweden. Findings: The study indicates that biological soil remediation methods have a lower impact on the climate than dig and dump. Furthermore, it appeared that the main factors in choosing a soil remediation method was type of contamination, time for remediation and when contamination is detected in projects. According to this background, biological methods are less applied than dig and dump. However, the study presents suggestions for improvements of how biological alternatives can be encouraged, for instance are more reference objects needed where biological soil remediation methods have been applied. Implications: One conclusion from the study is that existing regulations should be changed to make landfill more difficult and to facilitate re-use of polluted masses, and the fees for landfill should be increased. In addition, more reference objects need to be generated in Sweden that validate that biological soil remediation methods achieve acceptable levels of pollution. Furthermore, stakeholders in soil remediation projects should cooperate more, even across national borders, and together venture to try biological soil remediation methods. Limitations: The result is only valid for biological soil remediation methods and dig and dump for organic pollutants in soil. The study includes few respondents from av geographic limited available group, which means that the result cannot be generalized with certainty. Therefore, the study should be regarded as exploratory and the results thereafter. / Syfte: I Sverige återfinns områden som är förorenade och i behov av efterbehandling, dock har marksaneringsprocesser en negativ sekundär påverkan på klimatet. Det finns olika markasaneringsmetoder att tillämpa varav schakt och deponering är den mest frekvent använda. Emellertid innebär metoden höga utsläpp av koldioxid. Tillämpning av alternativa åtgärder, såsom biologiska marksaneringsmetoder, kan bidra till lägre koldioxidutsläpp. Vid val av saneringsmetod integreras hållbarhet alltmer, men de flesta besluten baseras ändå på andra faktorer. Psykologiska, sociala och institutionella hinder anses ha motverkat antagandet av ett hållbart beteende. Därför kan fortsatt forskning om intressenters inställning främja implementering av ett sådant beteende. Målet med arbetet är att presentera förbättringsförslag på hur klimatpåverkan kan minskas vid marksaneringsprojekt. Metod: Arbetet utfördes i form av en kvalitativ kartläggning. Insamling av empiri skedde i verbal form genom datainsamlingsmetoderna litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys och intervju. Ur en tillgänglig grupp valdes sex stycken respondenter som representerar betydande intressenter vid marksaneringsprojekt. Intressenterna var privat- och offentlig beställare, entreprenör, konsult samt tillsynsmyndigheter. Dokument som analyserades var rapporter från Naturvårdsverket som behandlar efterbehandling av förorenade områden i Sverige.  Resultat: Studien indikerar att biologiska marksaneringsmetoder har lägre klimat-påverkan än schakt och deponering. Vidare framgick att de främsta faktorerna vid val av marksaneringsmetod var typ av förorening, saneringstid och när föroreningen upptäcks i projekt. Med denna bakgrund tillämpas biologiska åtgärder mer sällan än schakt och deponering. Emellertid presenterar studien förbättringsförslag till hur tillämpning av biologiska alternativ kan främjas, bland annat behövs fler referensobjekt där biologiska marksaneringsmetoder tillämpats.  Konsekvenser: En slutsats från studien är att gällande regelverk bör förändras för att försvåra deponering och underlätta återanvändning av förorenade massor samt bör avgifterna för deponering höjas. Dessutom behöver fler referensobjekt genereras i Sverige som påvisar att biologiska marksaneringsmetoder uppnår godkända föroreningshalter. Vidare bör intressenterna vid marksaneringsprojekt samarbeta mer, även över nationella gränser, för att tillsammans våga tillämpa biologiska mark-saneringsmetoder.  Begränsningar: Resultatet är endast giltigt för biologiska marksaneringsmetoder samt schakt och deponering av organiska föroreningar i mark. Studien inkluderar få respondenter ur en geografiskt begränsad tillgänglig grupp, vilket gör att resultatet inte med säkerhet kan generaliseras. Därmed bör studien betraktas som utforskande och resultatet därefter.

Öffentlich Private Partnerschaften (PPP) werden als Mittel zur Mobilisierung brach liegender Grundstücke thematisiert. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt der Begriff der „Initialbrachfläche“. Erfährt die Initialbrache einen öffentlichen Nutzungszweck mit Hilfe einer PPP, hat dies positive Auswirkungen auf benachbarte Brachen in einem definierten Umfeld. Am Beispiel des Chemnitztales mit seinem hohen Brachenbestand wurde ein PPP Projekt konzipiert. Es wird weiterhin eingegangen auf Aspekte privaten und privatwirtschaftlichen Engagements für Altstandorte und Brachen, z.B. unter dem Schlagwort Corporate Social Responsibility. Darüber hinaus wird die naturschutzrechtliche Eingriffsregelung angesprochen: Ausgleich für Flächeninanspruchnahme soll künftig verstärkt zugunsten der Renaturierung von Altstandorten erfolgen. Schließlich wird die technische Neuentwicklung eines Geokunststoff Gabions vorgestellt, bei dem Bauschutt aus Flächenrecyclingprojekten als Füllmaterial eingesetzt wird. Als Einsatzbereich des transportablen Geokunststoff Gabions wird ein mobiles Hochwasserschutzsystem skizziert.