連鎖便利商店由於其據點多、分佈廣、全天候營業的特質，使得便利商店在網路購物的物流末端得以扮演最後一哩（the last mile）的通路角色。這種高附加價值的取貨服務，突破了傳統店面僅限於店內商品銷售的經營模式，創造出門市額外的人潮流量，亦影響到未來便利商店整體店面需求。本研究探討幾個重要議題，包括網路購物取貨服務對便利商店經營的重要程度為何？在未來網購取貨服務環境下，便利商店是否有持續展店的需要？門市選址因素較過去文獻有否改變？對內部空間規模有何影響？位於不同市郊區位影響有何差異？以期瞭解網路購物對實體零售店面需求之影響。 本研究以臺北市325家7-Eleven門市為研究對象，實證結果發現網路購物取貨服務數量對營業額有顯著正向影響，且對市區門市營業額的影響較郊區明顯，長期將提升整體門市競租能力，隱含更有能力進駐條件更佳之區位與擴張佔有率。實證亦顯示位於市區商圈愈小的門市，其網購取貨數量愈多，意味網購取貨消費者對於門市區位可及性便利的要求較高，而未來新增門市的商圈範圍劃設，亦須一併考量當地一般便利品與網購商品的需求總量，以訂定需求門檻，為因應網購取貨龐大市場，7-Eleven應持續擴張門市。在選址因素方面，目前僅發現位於非三角窗門市較有網購取貨潛力，隱含未來網路購物對零售店面區位選擇之潛在影響，而位於郊區或商圈範圍較大的門市，則蘊含潛在的網購取貨需求。門市面積方面，短期可透過選址彈性範圍或內部倉儲與展示空間相互調整予以解決，長期而言，預期門市倉儲空間的需求將會有所增加。 國內外探討網路購物對於實體零售業經營與店面需求影響的相關文獻尚未成熟之際，本研究的貢獻在於從網路零售商與便利商店實體通路結合的面向切入，首度印證網路購物、來店取貨服務對於實體便利商店經營的重要性，並進一步探討其對門市商圈範圍、選址區位與面積的潛在影響，裨以提供未來便利商店業者在網購取貨服務環境下的展店策略建議。

Universiẗat, Diss.--Regensburg, 2006.

Cette thèse porte sur les espaces d'urbanisation dispersée de la métropole parisienne, c'est-à-dire des espaces bâtis discontinus, de taille petite et moyenne, insérés dans un tissu urbain lâche. Partant de l'offre commerciale, des pratiques associées et d'un ensemble de mobilités, cette thèse analyse ces espaces dans une approche relationnelle pour saisir les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les dynamiques des espaces d'urbanisation dispersée. L'approche s'inscrit dans le sillage des travaux récents qui opèrent un changement de focale en considérant ces espaces pour leurs caractéristiques propres et non par rapport aux espaces dominants des métropoles. L'enjeu est de proposer une vision critique sur la manière dont ils s'organisent au-delà des considérations et des représentations portées par les politiques et les aménageurs sur la dépendance et le déclin de ces espaces. La thèse développe une méthodologie mixte qui combine des approches quantitatives et la réalisation d'entretiens et de cartes mentales permettant de saisir les représentations des habitants dans quatre terrains. Le croisement des structures de peuplement et de la morphologie des espaces bâtis ont permis de mettre en évidence quatre formes contrastées de dispersion allant de la petite ville à l'habitat diffus. Le choix des terrains d'étude situés à moins de deux heures de Paris reflète cette diversité. Les espaces d'urbanisation dispersée ont été étudiés finement tout d'abord à partir de la structure commerciale et a montré une évolution contrastée du nombre de points de vente au regard de leurs fonctions au cours des quinze dernières années et une concentration des commerces dans les bourgs et les petites villes. Dans un deuxième temps, l'approche relationnelle a interpellé les liens qu'entretiennent ces espace: avec leur environnement et notamment avec Paris. Par cette analyse, elle met en avant la capacité de ces espaces à se structurer, à participer à des systèmes urbains et à s'inscrire dans des échanges réciproques et non univoques avec de grands pôles urbains. / This thesis deals with the scattered urbanization areas of the Paris metropolis. Combining the commercial offer, diversity of practice and mobilities, this thesis analyzes these areas in a relational approach to understand the mechanisms underlying their dynamics. We will approach the subject through the prism of recent works, using a new method that considers these areas for their own characteristics and not in relation to the dominant metropolis areas. The issue is to suggest a critical vision on the way they organize, beyond the traditional considerations and representations carried by politics and planners on the dependency and decline of these areas. Using a mixed methodology (quantitative approach, interview, and "mental maps"), we will try to understand the inhabitants' representations in 4 research areas. Four different types of dispersion from the small town to the scattered housing are highlighted, by crossing population patterns and built area morphology. The research fields are located within a two-hour drive from Paris and reflect this diversity. The scattered urbanization areas were finely studied starting with their commercial structure. We thus noticed a contrasted evolution in the number of stores and a concentration of shops in towns over the last 15 years. ln a second stage, the interpersonal approach focused on the links between these areas and their environment, particularly with Paris. Through this analysis, it highlights the capacity of these areas to be structured, to participate in urban systems and to be part of mutual exchanges with large regional hubs.

本論文探討台北市連鎖式便利商店的市場進入決策。研究發現在便利商店的產業裡，相較於多重市場接觸(亦即是否已同時出現在其他市場)的考量，與競爭對手門市的距離對廠商的進入決策有較大的影響。此外，上期競爭對手存在與否，也是廠商是否進入該市場的重要衡量依據。大型連鎖店會進入前一期競爭較激烈的市場，這些市場競爭對手的門市已有一家以上；而小型連鎖店通常不會依據對手的門市數目來決定其進入的決策。最後，利用不同的落後期變數設定，本文發現廠商的進入決策具有一致性。這表示在台北市，便利商店已經是相當成熟的產業了。 / In this paper we study entry decisions of the convenience store chains in Taipei. We find that the distance between store pairs is more relevant to firms' entry decisions than the multimarket contact (i.e., firms encounter each other in multiple markets) in this industry. In addition, the presence of a firm's rivals in the previous period plays an important role in the entry decision. The large convenience store chains are more likely to enter more competitive markets, such as markets consisting of more than one rivals' store. On the other hand, the small chains are indifferent to their rivals' presence when making their entry decisions. Lastly, firms' entry decisions are consistent when different measurements of lagged variables are used. We interpret that the convenience store industry may have reached a stable state in Taipei.

近年來由於網際網路的發達，帶動電子商務的興起、活絡，消費者消費型態的改變直接的衝擊到各個零售通路的經營，台灣地區便利商店的發展更是快速，密集度位居全球之冠。 未來，如何在有限的實體空間下，充分發揮連鎖型便利商店據點多、分佈廣、以及全天候營業的特性，運用虛擬化的模式擴大經營服務的範圍。 本研究是以便利商店業就其在代收服務、電子商務服務、預購服務、以及物流服務導入虛擬化經營模式的作業架構及作業流程一一探討，在其演進的過程中都是以如何提供消費者更便利的服務為前提。 / In recent years, eBusiness has grown enormously due to the popularity of the Internet. This change in consumers' buying habits has a direct impact on the management of retail businesses, including convenience stores. The density of these stores in Taiwan ranks among the highest in the world, and their numbers are rapidly increasing. In the future, with limited available space, how shall we use the virtual business operation model to expand the scope of the management and service using benefits of convenience stores, such as multiple locations, wide distribution and 24/7 availability? In this research, we discuss methods to provide better service to consumers, by using the virtual business operation flowchart along with services provided by convenience stores, such as bill payment, eBusiness, pre-sale and logistics services.

La sociedad ha cambiado, es así como también el retail ha tenido que evolucionar para adaptarse a las necesidades y nuevos requerimientos de los consumidores. Las tiendas de conveniencia, formato dentro del sector retail, han tenido gran aceptación en el mercado peruano, ya que durante los últimos años hemos visto cómo locales de este tipo han incrementado en la ciudad formando parte casi de nuestro día a día. Sin embargo, en la actualidad no solo basta estar cerca del consumidor, sino entender qué necesita. La presente investigación dentro de la limitación de su población de estudio tiene como objetivo comprobar la influencia de la exposición y variedad de productos en el grado de preferencia de los consumidores en las tiendas de conveniencia. La metodología empleada en esta investigación fue cuantitativa no probabilística con un instrumento aplicado a 400 personas en un muestreo por cuotas para analizar variables como los atributos de tienda, motivos de selección y el comportamiento del consumidor. / Society has changed, this is how retail has also had to evolve to adapt to the needs and new requirements of consumers. Convenience stores, a format within the retail sector, have had great acceptance in the Peruvian market, since in recent years we have seen how stores of this type have increased in the city, almost forming part of our daily routine. However, nowadays it is not only enough to be close to the consumer, but to understand what their needs are. The present investigation within the limitation of its study population aims to verify the influence of exposure and product mix on the consumer’s choice preference in convenience stores. The methodology used in this research was quantitative non-probabilistic with an instrument applied to 400 people in a quota sampling to analyze variables such as store attributes, selection reasons and consumer behavior. / Tesis

The Diploma thesis ,Selected aspects of the retail supplier-purchaser relations' defines British grocery retailing. It presents government bodies which regulate retail industry and important independent not-for-profit organizations which have a strong influence on the market situation. It introduces the reader into legislation which regulates supplier-purchaser relations, particularly the Supermarket Code of Practice and its revised version the Groceries Supply Code of Practice. The analytical part examines the British market at the macroeconomical level, outlines the grocery retailing structure, describes the supply chain, customer behaviour, points out certain pricing and product policy trends and presents subjects which are bonded by the provisions set out in the Groceries Supply Code of Practice. The findings on local market competition and barriers which prevent the entry by a competitor are of a high significance as well. Despite the introduction of legal regulation the supplier-purchaser relations remain unequal and unfair. The thesis proposes a forecast of possible future grocery market development in the United Kingdom.

臺灣的連鎖式便利商店密度居世界之冠，為數眾多的門市使得便利商店與臺灣人 民的生活息息相關，就直覺來說，便利商店門市的數量也影響了廠商設立新門市 的決策。本研究建構了一離散選擇的動態賽局，分析臺北市各個行政區便利商店 門市數量對不同廠商設立新門市的影響。實證結果顯示當競爭對手門市數量剛開 始增加時，門市數量對便利商店的利潤有正向的影響，但是當對手門市數量太多 時，此數量的增加對便利商店的利潤產生負向影響。這結果表示一開始門市之間 的互補效果大於替代效果，但是門市數量太多造成過度競爭，此時門市之間的替 代效果大於互補效果。而同品牌的門市數量對於廠商的總利潤也有類似的影響。 另外，本研究也估計便利商店歷年來在臺北市各行政區展店的機率，其中大安區 和中山區是便利商店廠商最想展店的行政區，相對而言，南港區、大同區和萬華 區則是展店機率較低的行政區。 / The density of convenience stores (CVS) in Taiwan is ranked as number one in the world. The highly concentrated market of convenience stores has dramatically changed the lifestyle of Taiwanese people. The number of existing outlets in a region is also an important factor in regard to the entry decisions of new outlets. In this study, we construct a model of the dynamic discrete game, and examine the influence of the rival outlet number on CVS entry decisions in Taipei, Taiwan. The empirical evidence we find is that the CVS profits first rise and then decline as the own or rival outlet number increases. This result implies that the complement and substitution effects vary with the number of the CVS outlets in a specific region. Furthermore, we estimate the probabilities that the CVS companies will set up additional outlets in any district of Taipei during the data period. The results show that it is most likely for the companies to enter the Da’an and Zhongshan districts, while Nangang, Datong and Wanhua are districts with low entry probabilities.