Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

Alternative agriculture and counter-cuisine movements have grown to a strong cultural current in Western European and North American societies. In recent years,these movements have begun to converge and coalesce around the concept of localizing agri-food relations and commodity chains as a way of redressing the deleterious environmental, social, and economic consequences of what are seen as dominant globalized food relations. This dissertation reports on a regional study in Eastern Kansas of the political economy of local food relations that has arisen through this producer and consumer response. It is an effort to recognize the regional interplay of disparate forces in constructing local food systems in the interest of framing more contextualized and nuanced questions about the environmental, social, and economic outcomes of alternative agri-food development. Network, conventions, and spatial analysis theories and methods were customized and put into practice in the service of these aims, using triangulation among them to mitigate each of their individual weaknesses in representing the variable embeddedness, politics, and spaces of local food in Eastern Kansas. It was found that local food generally represents a marketing niche in urban consumerism that is served primarily by regional rural producers. The distances, agricultural and food ecologies, forms of organization, and values underpinning local food linkages were all found to vary quite considerably throughout the region, creating a diverse combination of development agendas and impacts from local food networks and making food localization a highly contested concept. Local food development in its current form is thus highly dependent on urban/rural dialectics and projects of urbanization that lack open, transparent, and reflexive governance. Critical acknowledgement of these development interdependencies is important as a step toward encouraging social, economic, and environmental justice through local food development.

Pour comprendre les origines du système français de relations professionnelles, cette thèse revient sur l’un des épisodes majeurs de sa construction : la négociation des conventions collectives du Front populaire. Inscrite dans une perspective de moyenne durée allant du début du siècle jusqu’au vote de la loi de 1950, l’étude porte une attention particulière au contenu des conventions collectives, mais aussi aux pratiques des acteurs du système de relations industrielles. Enfin, elle adopte une perspective comparative, croisant l’étude de divers secteurs et de trois espaces : la Seine, le Nord et la région lyonnaise. En ce qu’il étend les conventions collectives à l’ensemble des secteurs, le Front populaire apparaît bien comme un moment fondateur. Mais les mutations à l’œuvre en 1936 sont également le produit d’un apprentissage qui révèle une implication précoce et croissante de l’Etat et des syndicats et d’une réflexion sur la réforme des relations professionnelles qui se noue autour du rapport Laroque en 1934. Trois registres s’en dégagent. La convention collective doit permettre d’établir un contrôle sur la gestion patronale de l’usine, d’organiser la profession, de pacifier et stabiliser les relations sociales. Loin de correspondre à ces attentes, les conventions du Front populaire sont avant tout des instruments de protection et de hiérarchisation des travailleurs. Toutefois, selon les secteurs, le sens accordé aux conventions collectives, leur contenu ne sont pas les mêmes, ce qui suggère l’importance des dynamiques sectorielles à l’œuvre dans la construction d’un modèle français de relations professionnelles. / To help understand the origins of the French system of industrial relations, this thesis focuses on one major phase of its building, namely the negotiation of collective agreements under the Popular Front. Covering a span of moderate length this study pays special attention not only to the content of collective agreements but also to the practices of parties in the industrial relations system. Last, it takes a comparative approach, cross-checking studies on several sectors in three major industrial areas: the Nord and Seine departments and the Lyon region. Inasmuch as it extends collective agreements to all sectors, the Popular Front must indeed be seen as a founding period. But structural shifts implemented in 1936 are also the result of a developing practice which testifies both that the Government and unions were involved quite early and ever more so, and that thorough consideration was given to ways of reforming industrial relations right after the Laroque report came out in 1934. Three aspects stand out: a collective agreement should permit to exercise control over the business management of a factory, to organize the profession, to pacify and stabilize labour relations. Far from achieving these aims, collective agreements brought into effect by the Popular Front were first and foremost devised to protect the workers and establish a hierarchy among them. Yet, depending on the sector, the meaning granted to these collective agreements and their content may vary, which suggests the important part sector dynamics play when it comes to building a French model of industrial relations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-11-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 matushima_mk_dr_rcla.pdf: 3301922 bytes, checksum: 98743736902cdd763da98a5af28c01dd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho estuda o desenvolvimento da aglomeração industrial de Ibitinga-SP, a partir do processo de reestruturação produtiva que atinge a indústria brasileira na última década. A origem da indústria de Ibitinga está relacionada a uma combinação de fatores eminentemente endógenos, que possibilitaram o surgimento e a evolução do ramo de confecção, constituindo um cluster industrial. A indústria de confecções local se torna, já nos anos 1970, a principal atividade econômica do município de Ibitinga, e teve como principal característica a produção de artigos de cama, mesa e banho bordados à máquina. A partir da crise dos anos 1980 e do processo de abertura econômica dos anos 1990, a indústria local passa por um processo de reestruturação para se adaptar à nova realidade nacional e mundial, com a ampliação do espectro produtivo, através da introdução de maquinário moderno e novos produtos. Soma-se a isso a importância do conhecimento tácito difundido na aglomeração industrial, o qual assume um papel relevante no processo de estruturação do ramo de confecções como principal atividade industrial em Ibitinga. Concluiu-se que o relativo sucesso no surgimento e na consolidação desta aglomeração industrial está ligado a uma combinação de fatores e processos endógenos, entre eles um bom desempenho articulado das normas, convenções e instituições locais, que procuraram reestruturar a indústria de confecções para mantê-la competitiva, mesmo quando desafiada por determinações oriundas das escalas geográficas nacional e mundial. / This investigation studies the development of industrial agglomeration of Ibitinga-SP, at the beginning of productive restructuration affects the Brazilian industry in the last decade. The origin of Ibitinga industry is related with a combination of factors eminently endogenous, that possibility the appearance and the evolution of field of clothes, constituting an industrial cluster . The local clothes industry become already in the seventies, the main economic activity of Ibitinga municipality , and had as main characteristic the production of bed, table and shower articles embroidery by the sewing machine. The crisis of the eighties and the process of opening of the nineties, the local factory passes a process of restructuration in order to adapt a new reality, with an enlargement of productive spectrum, and the introduction of modern machines and new products. Besides that, the importance of tacit knowledge widespread in the industrial agglomeration, accept an importance in the process of structuration in the field of clothes as main industrial activity in Ibitinga. Reach a conclusion, therefore, the relative success of this industrial agglomeration is related with a combination of factors and process in several levels, by articulation of rules, conventions and local institutions, gave the possibility of the clothes industry restructure and remain competitive, same when challenged by determinations originating from of the national and world geographical scales.

A tese que apresento perante a Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo tem por foco a análise dos mecanismos de controle da dupla-tributação apurados pelas Convenções Fiscais Bilaterais e os princípios decorrentes dos Tratados Comerciais, especialmente o de não-concessão de subsídios e o tratamento da nação mais favorecida. Tomando como pano de fundo a relação entre os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, demonstro que a resistência dos Estados exportadores de capital na implementação das cláusulas de crédito fictício nas Convenções Fiscais Bilaterais é injustificada, prestando-se unicamente para dar prevalência à tributação com base na residência, em detrimento da neutralidade fiscal em face dos Estados de fonte dos rendimentos. Ainda, colocada a relação entre os fundamentos da celebração de Convenções Fiscais Bilaterais, afasto a possibilidade de o regime delas decorrente ser estendido a terceiros por força da cláusula do tratamento da nação mais favorecida constante do GATT e de outros Tratados Comerciais. / This thesis makes an analysis of the mechanisms of control of the double-taxation thickened by the Bilateral Fiscal Conventions and the principles of the Commercial Agreements, especially the one of no-concession of subsidies and the treatment of the most-favored-nation. Taking as backdrop the relationship among the developed countries and indevelopment countries, I demonstrate that the resistance of Capital Exporters States in the negotiating fictitious credit in the Bilateral Fiscal Conventions is unjustified, being only rendered to maintain to the taxation based in the residence, avoiding the fiscal neutrality in face of States of source of the revenues. Still, placed the relationship among the foundations of the Bilateral Fiscal Conventions, I move away the possibility of the regime of them to be extended in favor of Third Countries using the GATTs most favored nation clause.

O fenômeno jurídico denominado dupla tributação internacional ocorre quando dois ou mais Estados soberanos submetem uma mesma pessoa (física ou jurídica), num mesmo período de tempo, ao pagamento de tributos comparáveis, em razão de um mesmo fato gerador. Embora não seja proibida expressamente por qualquer princípio geral de Direito Internacional, a dupla tributação é altamente indesejável em virtude de seus efeitos danosos à economia e, indiretamente, à sociedade em geral. Em vista disso, desde o século XIX os Estados nacionais vêm tentando implementar soluções para o problema, dentre as quais se incluem as chamadas convenções de bitributação, cujo objetivo consiste exatamente em evitar ou, ao menos, minimizar este pernicioso fenômeno. As normas contidas nestas convenções atuam atribuindo a competência tributária ora a um, ora a outro Estado, dependendo do tipo de rendimento, e, desta forma, limitam a soberania fiscal dos Estados contratantes. Considerando a enorme diversidade de ordenamentos jurídicos, bem como a grande facilidade com que são estruturadas novas operações comerciais e, até mesmo, a diversidade de idiomas, conclui-se que a eficácia das normas destas convenções é essencialmente dependente das formas e métodos de interpretação e aplicação de suas cláusulas. As entidades dedicadas ao estudo do tema, notadamente a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico - OCDE, a Organização das Nações Unidas - ONU e também a International Fiscal Association - IFA constantemente elaboram estudos que contém recomendações de critérios a serem seguidos pelos países para a interpretação e aplicação das convenções. Contudo, em face das incompatibilidade entre os ordenamentos, em virtude dos frequentes reenvios ao direito interno dos países, e, muitas vezes, em decorrência dos próprios conflitos de interesses econômicos entre os países, nem sempre os critérios de interpretação tradicionais, ou seja, aqueles já propostos pela OCDE, ONU e mesmo pela IFA, são capazes de resolver os conflitos interpretativos e/ou de qualificação de forma a possibilitar o maior grau de eficácia de tais acordos. Assim, surge a necessidade de uma solução alternativa para o problema. Propomos, desta forma, a aplicação da teoria da argumentação jurídica com o objetivo de facilitar o raciocínio e manter a discussão sobre a interpretação das cláusulas, termos e expressões o máximo possível na esfera internacional, evitando o reenvio ao direito interno e preenchendo as lacunas deixadas pelos critérios tradicionais, possibilitando, assim, maior eficácia das normas convencionais. / International double taxation occurs when to or more sovereign states impose comparable taxes to the same person or legal entity within the same period of time. Although it is not expressly forbidden by any International Law rule or principle, international double taxation is highly undesirable as a result of it harmful effects to the countries economy and society in general. In view of this, since the 19th century countries have been trying to provide solutions for the problem, and among these possible solutions the double taxation conventions stand out as a way to avoid or at least minimize this harmful phenomenon. The rules provided in these conventions work by allocating the taxing power either to one or to the other contracting state, depending on the type of income, and, therefore, double taxation conventions do represent a limitation to the tax sovereignty of the contracting states. Considering the enormous diversity of legal systems, as well as the profusion of structures that may be used for commercial transactions, and even due to the variety of languages, it is possible to conclude that the efficiency level of double taxation conventions considerably depends on the way and on the methods pursuant to which their clauses are interpreted and applied. The international entities dedicated to analyze and suggest solutions for these issues, especially the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD, the United Nations - UN and also the International Fiscal Association - IFA are constantly searching for solutions and also recommending some criteria to the interpretation and application of these conventions. These criteria compose the traditional, also called classical, method of interpretation. Nevertheless, due to the incompatibilities between legal systems, as well as in virtue of the frequent recourse to national law, and sometimes due to the conflicts of economical interests between the countries, the traditional criteria already proposed by the OECD, UN and IFA for the interpretation and application of double tax conventions become quite inefficient, and, as a result of this, double taxation remains a problem. Therefore, there is an urging need for an alternative solution. Thence, we propose the application of the Theory of Legal Argumentation in order to facilitate the process of interpretation and legal reasoning regarding clauses, terms and expressions, avoiding, thus, the recourse to national law and also filling the gaps existing in the traditional criteria, for the purpose of allowing larger efficiency of conventional rules.

Este estudo tem por escopo analisar o conceito das cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit, os principais argumentos favoráveis e contrários à utilização desses mecanismos e as hipóteses em que tais cláusulas são adotadas, nos âmbitos nacional e internacional. Sabe-se que, em um primeiro momento, a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) chegou a recomendar a utilização das cláusulas de tax sparing nos acordos de bitributação celebrados entre países com graus diferentes de desenvolvimento econômico, como uma forma de atrair investimentos para os países menos desenvolvidos. No entanto, em relatório publicado em 1998, denominado Tax sparing: a reconsideration, a OCDE reviu sua posição inicial sobre o assunto, passando então a desencorajar o uso dessas cláusulas por seus países membros, através de diversas críticas e questionamentos acerca de sua adoção. O Brasil, por sua vez, desde os primeiros acordos de bitributação celebrados, nos primórdios da década de 1960, tem firmado a política de sempre negociar cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit, especialmente nos acordos celebrados com países desenvolvidos. Considerando-se tal cenário, pretende-se, com o presente trabalho, estudar as cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit de forma profunda, de modo a oferecer subsídios para um adequado enfrentamento da questão em futuras negociações de acordos de bitributação pelo País. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of tax sparing and matching credit clauses, the main arguments for and against the use of these mechanisms and the circumstances in which such clauses are adopted, nationally and internationally. It is known that, at first, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) used to recommend the inclusion of tax sparing clauses in double taxation conventions concluded between countries with different levels of economic development, as a way of attracting investments for less developed countries. However, the OECD revised its initial position on the subject in a report published in 1998, called \"Tax sparing: a reconsideration\", discouraging the use of such clauses by its member countries through various criticisms and questions about their adoption. In its turn, since the first double taxation agreements concluded in the early 1960s the Brazilian policy regarding the matter has always been to negotiate tax sparing and matching credit clauses, especially in conventions with developed countries. Given such a scenario, this paper aims at studying tax sparing and matching credit clauses deeply, in order to provide devices for an accurate understanding of the issue in future negotiations of double taxation conventions by the Country.

O presente trabalho trata da trajetória de duas musicistas brasileiras: Helza Camêu (1903-1995), pianista, compositora e musicóloga, e Joanídia Sodré (1903-1975), pianista, regente e ex-diretora da Escola Nacional de Música (atualmente Escola de Música da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) cujas carreiras tiveram início, respectivamente, em 1923 e 1927 no cenário musical do Rio de Janeiro. A construção da trajetória destas artistas visa a uma reflexão acerca de como as convenções de gênero estão imbricadas no processo social de construção de uma vocação musical neste período. Trata-se de compreender a vocação como um fato social, isto é, como um conjunto de práticas e representações sociais constituidoras da experiência do artista. A análise da trajetória de Helza Camêu e de Joanídia Sodré constitui um modo privilegiado para compreender de que maneira, na busca pela profissão de artista, estas duas mulheres criaram novos valores e sentidos que lhes permitiram transitar entre profissões masculinas e femininas. / The present study concerns the trajectory of two Brazilian musicians: Helza Camêu (1903-1995), pianist, composer and musicologist, and Joanídia Sodré (1903-1975), pianist, conductor and former director of the National School of Music (currently, the School of Music of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro). Their career began in 1923 and 1927, respectively, in the music scene of Rio de Janeiro. The construction of the trajectory of the above mentioned artists aims at conducting a careful thought about how gender conventions are closely linked in the social process of the construction of a musical vocation during that period. It is about to understand vocation as a social fact, that is, as a set of practices and social representations that shapes the artists experience. The analysis of the trajectory of Helza Camêu and of Joanídia Sodré constitutes a privileged way to understand how those two female artists, in search for the artist profession, created new values and meanings that allowed them to make their way through male and female professions

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Fernando da Silva Furtado.pdf: 1139263 bytes, checksum: 49a5e748b91a55e750f745f09afb492f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / The comparison between O coronel e o Lobisomem by José Candido de Carvalho and Sargento Getúlio by João Ubaldo Ribeiro examines how character narrators s discourses reveal shared assumptions in society about the power structures that are narrated and represented in the context, sustained by violence. In these works, we identify conventions admitting various forms of repression, from subtle attitudes, verbal and physical agression. Thus, the main objective of this research is to understand the textual relations between narratives and social and historical contexts marked by authoritarianism of state and legitimized by the actions of members of society who work keys for maintenance and permanence. Based on the theoretical perspective of Critical Theory of Society, with authors such as Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno and Raymundo Faoro reflection takes place from the narratives of how Brazilian society was formed in historical processes that have in common authoritarian structures. The voices of Colonel and police joined a network of practices that were being renewed for the maintenance of privileges, especially the perceptions of authority that they possess and that conflict in a urban space more modernized. This process is evidenced by the structure of narratives, which provide critical readings that suggest distrusting unitary narrations, since the character of incompleteness and suspicion about the protagonists and the plot itself, questioning also the processes of writing history and fiction as representations of the dominant ideology. / A comparação entre O Coronel e o Lobisomem, de José Cândido de Carvalho, e em Sargento Getúlio, de João Ubaldo Ribeiro, pretende analisar como os discursos dos personagens-narradores evidenciam pressupostos compartilhados na sociedade sobre as estruturas de poder que são, nos contextos narrados e representados, sustentados pela violência. Nestas obras, identificam-se convenções que admitiam variadas formas de repressão, desde atitudes sutis até agressões verbais e físicas. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é compreender as relações textuais das narrativas com os contextos sociais e históricos marcados pelo autoritarismo de Estado e legitimados pela atuação de membros da sociedade que exercem funções chaves para sua manutenção e permanência. Tomando como base teórica a perspectiva da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, com autores como Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno e Raymundo Faoro se realiza uma reflexão a partir das narrativas de como a sociedade brasileira se formou em processos históricos que tem em comum as estruturas autoritárias. As vozes do coronel e do policial integraram uma rede de práticas que foram se renovando para a manutenção de sistemas de privilégios, destacando-se as percepções de autoridade que os mesmos possuem e que entram em conflito no espaço urbano mais modernizado. Esse processo é evidenciado pela estrutura das narrativas, as quais proporcionam leituras críticas que sugerem a desconfiança para com narrações unitárias, visto o caráter de incompletude e de suspeição acerca dos protagonistas e do próprio enredo, questionando-se também os processos de escrita da história e da ficção, enquanto representações da ideologia dominante.

Les régions construisent leur avantage économique en s'appuyant sur leur capacité à mobiliser et à canaliser les connaissances. L'enjeu de cette recherche est de comprendre la dynamique à l’œuvre dans les relations inter-acteurs qui explique la sous-performance des uns ou les capacités créatives des autres par le biais de la diffusion de connaissances ou de l'apprentissage. L'enjeu est de cerner la manière dont les individus, les firmes et les institutions interagissent ainsi que les effets de leur interaction sur la performance régionale en matière d'innovation. Nous proposons d'approcher ce sujet d'étude sous l'angle de la théorie des conventions, en explorant d'autres dimensions importantes de la créativité et de l'apprentissage, particulièrement en articulant les notions de confiance et de croyance. Les individus agissent et interagissent dans un contexte social régi par des conventions. Une action ne peut s'effectuer sans l'existence d'un certain nombre de conventions. Un des problèmes majeurs des conventions est qu'elles limitent souvent l'ensemble d'actions possibles. Elles structurent et contraignent l'action. Elles ne sont pas sans lien avec les notions de confiance et de croyance en question. / Regions build their economic advantage in relying on their ability to mobilize and channel knowledge. The aim of this research is to understand the dynamics at work in the inter-actor relationship which explains the underperformance of some actors or the creative abilities of others through dissemination of knowledge or learning. The challenge is to identify how individuals, firm sand institutions interact and the effects of their interaction on regional performance in terms of innovation. We propose to approach this subject of study under angle of conventions theory, exploring other important dimensions of creativity and learning, particularly by articulating the notions of trust and belief. lndividuals act and interact in a social context governed by conventions. An action can not take place without the existence of some number of conventions. One major problem of conventions is that they often limit the set of possible actions. They structure and constrain action. They are not unrelated to the notions of trust and belief in question.