Dans les milieux contaminés par les métaux, les organismes vivants sont exposés à plusieurs d’entre eux en même temps. Les modèles courants de prédiction des effets biologiques des métaux sur les organismes (p. ex., modèle du ligand biotique, BLM ; modèle de l’ion libre, FIAM), sont des modèles d’équilibre chimique qui prévoient, en présence d'un deuxième métal, une diminution de la bioaccumulation du métal d’intérêt et par la suite une atténuation de ses effets. Les biomarqueurs de toxicité, tels que les phytochélatines (PCs), ont été utilisés comme étant un moyen alternatif pour l’évaluation des effets biologiques. Les phytochélatines sont des polypeptides riches en cystéine dont la structure générale est (γ-glu-cys)n-Gly où n varie de 2 à 11. Leur synthèse semble dépendante de la concentration des ions métalliques ainsi que de la durée de l’ exposition de l’organisme, aux métaux. L'objectif de cette étude était donc de déterminer, dans les mélanges binaires de métaux, la possibilité de prédiction de la synthèse des phytochélatines par les modèles d’équilibres chimiques, tel que le BLM. Pour cela, la quantité de phytochélatines produites en réponse d’une exposition aux mélanges binaires : Cd-Ca, Cd-Cu et Cd-Pb a été mesurée tout en surveillant l’effet direct de la compétition par le biais des concentrations de métaux internalisés. En effet, après six heures d’exposition, la bioaccumulation de Cd diminue en présence du Ca et de très fortes concentrations de Pb et de Cu (de l’ordre de 5×10-6 M). Par contre, avec des concentrations modérées de ces deux métaux, le Cd augmente en présence de Cu et ne semble pas affecté par la présence de Pb. Dans le cas de la compétition Cd-Cu, une bonne corrélation a été observée entre la production de PC2, PC3 et PC4 et la quantité des métaux bioaccumulés. Pour la synthèse des phytochélatines et la bioaccumulation, les effets étaient considérés comme synergiques. Dans le cas du Cd-Ca, les quantités de PC3 et PC4 ont diminué avec le métal internalisé (effet antagoniste), mais ce qui était remarquable était la grande quantité de cystéine (GSH) et PC2 qui ont été produites à de fortes concentrations du Ca. Le Pb seul n’a pas induit les PCs. Par conséquent, il n’y avait pas de variation de la quantité de PCs avec la concentration de Pb à laquelle les algues ont été exposées. La détection et la quantification des PCs ont été faites par chromatographie à haute performance couplée d’un détecteur de fluorescence (HPLC-FL). Tandis que les concentrations métalliques intracellulaires ont été analysées par spectroscopie d’absorption atomique (AAS) ou par spectrométrie de masse à source plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS). / In contaminated environments, organisms are often exposed to multiple contaminants at the same time. Based upon the current models for predicting metal effects on organisms (e.g., Biotic Ligand Model, BLM, the free ion model, FIAM), the presence of a second metal is predicted to decrease the bioaccumulation and biological effects of the first. In contrast to this prediction, antagonistic, synergistic and additive effects have been well documented in the literature. Phytochelatins (PCs) are a family of thiol-rich peptides with a general structure (γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly with n=2-11. PCs are involved in both metal homeostasis and the protection of plants from metal toxicity, through their role as metal chelators. Their synthesis depends upon the metal exposure, the duration of exposure and the biological species involved. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine, in binary mixtures of metals, if the synthesis of phytochelatins could be predicted using equilibrium models, such as the BLM. The study initially examined binary mixtures: Cd-Ca, Cd-Pb and Cd-Cu by comparing the quantity of internalized metal to the amount of phytochelatins produced by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in response to a metal stress. The bioaccumulation results, after six hours of exposure, showed that Cd decreased in the presence of Ca and very high concentrations of Pb and Cu. In contrast, it increased in the presence of Cu and remained unchanged in the presence of moderate concentrations of Pb. For mixtures of Cu and Cd, a good correlation was observed between the production of PC2, PC3 and PC4 and the quantity of internalized metals. Both bioaccumulation and phytochelatin synthesis were considered to be synergistic. For mixtures of Cd and Ca, the amount of PC3 and PC4 produced decreased with the internalized metal (antagonistic effect); however, in the presence of added Ca, GSH and PC2 production was much higher than predicted. The detection and quantification of the PCs were performed using an optimized protocol for high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL); metal uptake was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

This study integrates sequence stratigraphy of the Late Permian Toolachee Formation in the non-marine intracratonic Permian-Triassic Cooper Basin, Australia with 3-D seismic attribute analysis to predict the extent of depositional environments identified on wireline and well core data. The low resolution seismic data (tuning thickness 23 - 31 m) comprised of six seismic horizons allowed the successful testing of sequence stratigraphic interpretations of the productive Toolachee Formation that were based on wireline data. The analysis of 29 well logs and three 20 m core intervals resulted in the identification of eleven parasequences that comprise the building blocks of an overall transitional systems tract, characterised by a gradual increase in accommodation. The parasequences reflect cyclic transitions between braided and meandering fluvial systems as a result of fluctuations in sediment flux, possibly driven by Milankovitch climatic-forcing. The seismic horizon attribute maps image mostly the meandering fluvial bodies within the upper parts of the parasequences, but some maps image the lower amalgamated sand sheets and show no channel structures. Categorisation of the fluvial bodies in the overbank successions reflects a gradual decrease in sinuosity, channel width, and channel belt width up-section, supporting the overall increase in accommodation up-section. Similar acoustic impedance values for shales and sands do not suggest successful seismic forward modelling between the two lithologies. Geological interpretations suggest most imaged channel fill to be made up predominantly of fine sediments, as channel avulsion and abandonment is common and increases with time. Seismic forward modelling resulted in the interpretation of carbonaceous shale as a possible channel fill, supporting the geological interpretations. The three major identified fluvial styles; braided, meanders, and distributaries are potential targets for future exploration. Extensive sand sheets deposited from braided fluvial systems require structural traps for closure. Meandering and anastomosing channel systems represent excellent stratigraphic traps, such as the basal sands/gravels of laterally accreted point bars.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1965. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

O presente trabalho dedica-se a analisar comparativamente as obras The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826) e The Deerslayer (1841) de James Fenimore Cooper; e O Guarani (1857), As Minas de Prata (1863-65) e Iracema (1865) de José de Alencar sob a perspectiva historiográfica. Tal abordagem justifica-se por estas obras estarem inseridas no contexto de formação de uma cultura histórica no mundo ocidental, intensificado ao final do século XVIII, e que acabou por dar origem à História como disciplina. Logo, considera-se pertinente abordar o romance histórico, assim como outras formas de expressão cultural do período – entre eles a arte pictórica e os museus -, por fazer parte do surgimento do que hoje concebemos como historiografia. Assim, considerando as obras acima como representações do passado, conceito do historiador britânico Stephen Bann, procura-se estudar como elementos da história local – principalmente a paisagem e o passado indígena – articularam-se com convenções do romance romântico europeu, mais precisamente da tradição iniciada por Mme. De Staël, René Chateaubriand, Walter Scott, entre outros. Ao longo da análise, percebeu-se que entre as notas de roda-pé e eventuais referências ao longo das narrativas, tanto Cooper como Alencar referiam-se a documentos de época, o que tinha claramente o objetivo de garantir a veracidade e a verossimilhança de suas criações. Além disso, tais documentos, principalmente no caso de Alencar, onde a produção historiográfica encontrava-se centralizada principalmente no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, eram similares aos utilizados por historiadores do período. Dessa forma, verifica-se que os primeiros traços da tentativa de se constituir uma literatura original – em contraposição à européia – nesses dois países tinham uma estreita relação com o fazer histórico, o que é o cerne desta contribuição para a compreensão da cultura histórica oitocentista. / The object of this study is to analyse comparatively the works The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826) and The Deerslayer (1841) by James Fenimore Cooper; and O Guarani (1857), As Minas de Prata (1863-65) and Iracema (1865) by José de Alencar under a historiographic perspective. Such approach is justified by the fact that these novels are part of the context of formation of a historical culture in the western world, intensified in the end of the eighteenth century, which lies in the origin of History as a discipline. It is, thus, pertinent to study the historical novel, as well as other means of expression – pictorial art and museums among them –, since they are involved in the forthcoming of historiography proper. Hence, considering these literary works as representations of the past, a concept developed by British historian Stephen Bann, we aim to analyse how elements of local history – mainly the landscape and native populations – were articulated with conventions belonging to romantic novels, specifically the tradition initiated with Mme. De Staël, René de Chateubriand, Walter Scott and others. Throughout the analysis, it was perceived that among footnotes and references in the texts themselves, both Alencar and Cooper reffered to documents of the time, which was clearly an attempt to achieve veracity and verisimilitude in their creations. Furthermore, such documents, especially in the case of Alencar, where the historiographic production was centered mainly in the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, were similar to those used by historians of the time. Therefore, it is verified that the first traces of the effort in constituting an original literature – as opposed to European literature – in these two countries has a straight bond with History writing, which is the focus of this contribution to the understanding of nineteenth-century historical culture.

O presente trabalho dedica-se a analisar comparativamente as obras The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826) e The Deerslayer (1841) de James Fenimore Cooper; e O Guarani (1857), As Minas de Prata (1863-65) e Iracema (1865) de José de Alencar sob a perspectiva historiográfica. Tal abordagem justifica-se por estas obras estarem inseridas no contexto de formação de uma cultura histórica no mundo ocidental, intensificado ao final do século XVIII, e que acabou por dar origem à História como disciplina. Logo, considera-se pertinente abordar o romance histórico, assim como outras formas de expressão cultural do período – entre eles a arte pictórica e os museus -, por fazer parte do surgimento do que hoje concebemos como historiografia. Assim, considerando as obras acima como representações do passado, conceito do historiador britânico Stephen Bann, procura-se estudar como elementos da história local – principalmente a paisagem e o passado indígena – articularam-se com convenções do romance romântico europeu, mais precisamente da tradição iniciada por Mme. De Staël, René Chateaubriand, Walter Scott, entre outros. Ao longo da análise, percebeu-se que entre as notas de roda-pé e eventuais referências ao longo das narrativas, tanto Cooper como Alencar referiam-se a documentos de época, o que tinha claramente o objetivo de garantir a veracidade e a verossimilhança de suas criações. Além disso, tais documentos, principalmente no caso de Alencar, onde a produção historiográfica encontrava-se centralizada principalmente no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, eram similares aos utilizados por historiadores do período. Dessa forma, verifica-se que os primeiros traços da tentativa de se constituir uma literatura original – em contraposição à européia – nesses dois países tinham uma estreita relação com o fazer histórico, o que é o cerne desta contribuição para a compreensão da cultura histórica oitocentista. / The object of this study is to analyse comparatively the works The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826) and The Deerslayer (1841) by James Fenimore Cooper; and O Guarani (1857), As Minas de Prata (1863-65) and Iracema (1865) by José de Alencar under a historiographic perspective. Such approach is justified by the fact that these novels are part of the context of formation of a historical culture in the western world, intensified in the end of the eighteenth century, which lies in the origin of History as a discipline. It is, thus, pertinent to study the historical novel, as well as other means of expression – pictorial art and museums among them –, since they are involved in the forthcoming of historiography proper. Hence, considering these literary works as representations of the past, a concept developed by British historian Stephen Bann, we aim to analyse how elements of local history – mainly the landscape and native populations – were articulated with conventions belonging to romantic novels, specifically the tradition initiated with Mme. De Staël, René de Chateubriand, Walter Scott and others. Throughout the analysis, it was perceived that among footnotes and references in the texts themselves, both Alencar and Cooper reffered to documents of the time, which was clearly an attempt to achieve veracity and verisimilitude in their creations. Furthermore, such documents, especially in the case of Alencar, where the historiographic production was centered mainly in the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, were similar to those used by historians of the time. Therefore, it is verified that the first traces of the effort in constituting an original literature – as opposed to European literature – in these two countries has a straight bond with History writing, which is the focus of this contribution to the understanding of nineteenth-century historical culture.

O presente trabalho dedica-se a analisar comparativamente as obras The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826) e The Deerslayer (1841) de James Fenimore Cooper; e O Guarani (1857), As Minas de Prata (1863-65) e Iracema (1865) de José de Alencar sob a perspectiva historiográfica. Tal abordagem justifica-se por estas obras estarem inseridas no contexto de formação de uma cultura histórica no mundo ocidental, intensificado ao final do século XVIII, e que acabou por dar origem à História como disciplina. Logo, considera-se pertinente abordar o romance histórico, assim como outras formas de expressão cultural do período – entre eles a arte pictórica e os museus -, por fazer parte do surgimento do que hoje concebemos como historiografia. Assim, considerando as obras acima como representações do passado, conceito do historiador britânico Stephen Bann, procura-se estudar como elementos da história local – principalmente a paisagem e o passado indígena – articularam-se com convenções do romance romântico europeu, mais precisamente da tradição iniciada por Mme. De Staël, René Chateaubriand, Walter Scott, entre outros. Ao longo da análise, percebeu-se que entre as notas de roda-pé e eventuais referências ao longo das narrativas, tanto Cooper como Alencar referiam-se a documentos de época, o que tinha claramente o objetivo de garantir a veracidade e a verossimilhança de suas criações. Além disso, tais documentos, principalmente no caso de Alencar, onde a produção historiográfica encontrava-se centralizada principalmente no Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, eram similares aos utilizados por historiadores do período. Dessa forma, verifica-se que os primeiros traços da tentativa de se constituir uma literatura original – em contraposição à européia – nesses dois países tinham uma estreita relação com o fazer histórico, o que é o cerne desta contribuição para a compreensão da cultura histórica oitocentista. / The object of this study is to analyse comparatively the works The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826) and The Deerslayer (1841) by James Fenimore Cooper; and O Guarani (1857), As Minas de Prata (1863-65) and Iracema (1865) by José de Alencar under a historiographic perspective. Such approach is justified by the fact that these novels are part of the context of formation of a historical culture in the western world, intensified in the end of the eighteenth century, which lies in the origin of History as a discipline. It is, thus, pertinent to study the historical novel, as well as other means of expression – pictorial art and museums among them –, since they are involved in the forthcoming of historiography proper. Hence, considering these literary works as representations of the past, a concept developed by British historian Stephen Bann, we aim to analyse how elements of local history – mainly the landscape and native populations – were articulated with conventions belonging to romantic novels, specifically the tradition initiated with Mme. De Staël, René de Chateubriand, Walter Scott and others. Throughout the analysis, it was perceived that among footnotes and references in the texts themselves, both Alencar and Cooper reffered to documents of the time, which was clearly an attempt to achieve veracity and verisimilitude in their creations. Furthermore, such documents, especially in the case of Alencar, where the historiographic production was centered mainly in the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, were similar to those used by historians of the time. Therefore, it is verified that the first traces of the effort in constituting an original literature – as opposed to European literature – in these two countries has a straight bond with History writing, which is the focus of this contribution to the understanding of nineteenth-century historical culture.

Orientadores: Meuris Gurgel Carlos da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T07:19:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sebok_CarlodeFaria_M.pdf: 10695101 bytes, checksum: ab11890fc45a6f76a4722b89c0f80eb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O crescente desenvolvimento tecnológico no meio de produção leva, inevitavelmente, à geração de resíduos que crescem em proporção e toxicidade à medida que a complexidade desses processos aumenta. Os metais pesados, em particular, por serem elementos altamente tóxicos e praticamente indestrutíveis, sob o ponto de vista químico, podem, em baixíssimas concentrações, ser prejudiciais tanto ao meio quanto à saúde humana em curto, médio ou longo prazo. Com o intuito de contribuir na área de tecnologia ambiental, o presente trabalho visou analisar a influência das misturas de metais de níquel, zinco e cobre, no processo de adsorção, com argila nacional em leito fixo. A argila do tipo bentonita, que se constitui em resíduo de mineração, proveniente da mineradora São Jorge de Ipubi em Pernambuco, foi utilizada como adsorvente no processo. O material foi preparado em dimensões adequadas à. fluídodinâmica do sistema e submetido à calcinação a 500°C, a fim de garantir estabilidade estruturai para operação em leito fixo. Ensaios de adsorção monocomponente foram realizados, de modo a analisar a concentração inicial e vazão, usando argila de 3,38mm de diâmetro médio de partícula. Foi feito então um estudo de mistura ftxando-se a vazão de alimentação em 5mL/min e o diâmetro médio de partícula em 0,545mm. Os ensaios foram inicialmente monocomponente a 90 ppm seguidos por misturas binária e ternária com concentração total de 90 ppm. A quantidade de adsorção total (Q) das misturas foi avaliada até o volume de solução necessário para a saturação na condição monocomponente. Efeitos de interação das misturas foram avaliados quanto a Q, Qy (quantidade útil de remoção) e ZTM (zona de transferência de massa). Em todos os casos a argila estudada apresentou maior afinidade em mistura na ordem: Cu>Zn>Ni. Foram propostos e avaliados modelos para ajuste de Qs Qu e ZTM, nas condições de mistura exploradas experimentalmente, tendo sido altamente preditivos para Q e Qu. No caso da ZTM houve forte evidência de ocorrência de falta de ajuste apesar da menor preditividade / Abstract: Continuous technological development leads inevitably to residue generation. These grow in volume and toxicity as the increase of industrial processes complexity grow. Due to their high toxicity and non biodegradability, heavy metals specifically can, in extremely low concentrations, be harmful to human health and the environment under any type of exposure. This research analyzed the influence of Nickel, Zinc and Copper mixtures in a fixed bed bentonite adsorption process and gathered new data for a greater understanding of this technology. Bentonite supplied from São Jorge of Ipubi's mine was used for the adsorption tests. It was prepared and classified in order to fit the fluid dynamic process. Heat treatment was found necessary to assure physical stability on the fixed bed set. Single component ionic metal adsorption study was carried out with 3.38 mm grain size bentonite to evaluate the feed flow and initial concentration influence on the metal removal. A mixture design was then set with feeding flow fixed at 5 mL/min and clay mean diameter at 0.545 mm. In mixture design experiments 90 ppm initial concentration single component solutions were done followed by 90 ppm total initial concentration of binary and tertiary multicomponent experiments. Total metal removal (Q) was calculated based on the metal volume required for clay saturation on the single component metal experiments. Binary and tertiary interactions were evaluated as well as the effects of metal mixtures on Q, Qu (breakthrough removal) and ZTM (mass transfer zone). In all cases bentonite pointed out greater affinity in mixture conditions following the order: Cu>Zn>Ni. Models were proposed and evaluated to fit the effects of the mixture conditions over the response variables evaluated (Q, Qu and ZTM) and a high predictability was found for Q and Qu- ZTM, despite presenting a lower predictability compared to the other two had no lack of fit whatsoever / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Lena Virgínia Soares Monteiro, Roberto Perez Xavier / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T01:47:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_GustavoHenriqueCoelhode_M.pdf: 5898704 bytes, checksum: 9979e7e61290df2fb3d52d7c2beef5b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O depósito Salobo, de classe mundial, representa o maior e mais importante depósito de óxido de ferro-cobre-ouro (IOCG) da Província Carajás. O depósito é hospedado por rochas gnáissicas fortemente modificadas por processos de alteração hidrotermal espacialmente relacionados à Zona de Cisalhamento Cinzento. Idades U-Pb SHRIMP IIe em zircão obtidas nos gnaisses pemitem correlacioná-los aos granitoides sin-tectônicos da Suíte Igarapé Gelado (2.763 ± 4,4 Ma; MSWD = 1,7). Adicionalmente, idades U-Pb SHRIMP IIe em zircão de 2.950 ± 25 Ma (MSWD = 5,9) e 2.857 ± 6,7 Ma (MSWD = 0,001) foram atribuídas à cristalização dos protólitos e metamorfismo, respectivamente, de gnaisses do Complexo Xingu, que ocorrem como lascas tectonicamente imbricadas aos granitoides sin-tectônicos no depósito Salobo. Intensa alteração hidrotermal sobre as rochas gnáissicas hospeiras formou rochas ricas em hastingsita-actinolita, grunerita-almadina-biotita-(turmalina) e magnetita com bornita e calcocita disseminadas.O sistema hidrotermal evoluiu de alteração sódica-cálcica (hastingsita-actinolita) inicial seguido por estágio de enriquecimento em ferro (grunerita-almandina-faialita) e formação de turmalina. Alteração potássica com biotita subsequente foi acompanhada pela formação de magnetita, cogenética à precipitação do minério. O minério é constituído principalmente por bornita, calcocita, magnetita e quantidades menores de calcopirita, e ouro, além de exibir significativos conteúdos de Co, Ni, As, Ag, Mo e ETR. Alteração hidrotermal pós-mineralização (alteração potássica com feldspato potássico, alteração propilítica, e formação de hematita) também foi reconhecida espacialmente associada à colocação do granito Old Salobo (U-Pb SHRIMP IIe em zircão; 2.547 ± 5,3 Ma; MSWD = 0,92), sobrepondo-se à alteração hidrotermal e mineralização relacionada ao sistema IOCG. Adicionalmente, os dados geocronológicos e a sequência de alteração hidrotermal parecem evidenciar que a mineralização é mais antiga que a colocação do granito Old Salobo e não possui relação genética com o mesmo. O depósito Salobo, entretanto, foi submetido a uma complexa evolução com possível mineralização IOCG em ca. 2,7 Ga e remobilização do minério em ca. 2,57 Ga e durante o Paleoproterozoico / Abstract: The giant Salobo deposit represents the largest iron oxide-copper-gold deposit (IOCG) in the Carajás Province. The deposit is hosted by gneisses of the Igarapé Gelado suite (2,763 ± 4.4 Ma; MSWD = 1,7) and of the Xingu Complex. The latter has SHRIMP IIe U-Pb zircon ages of 2,950 ± 25 Ma (MSWD = 5,9) and 2,857 ± 6.7 Ma (MSWD = 0,001), attributed to igneous crystallization and metamorphism. Gneissic rocks underwent strong hydrothermal alteration within the Cinzento Shear Zone, resulting in hastingsite-actinolite-, grunerite-almadine-biotite-(tourmaline)- and magnetite-rich rocks with disseminated bornite and chalcocite. The hydrothermal system evolved from early sodic-calcic (hastingsite-actinolite) alteration followed by a stage of iron-enrichment (grunerite-almandine-fayalite) and tourmaline formation. Subsequent potassic alteration I with biotite was superposed by magnetite formation, coeval with ore precipitation. Ore minerals include mainly bornite, chalcocite, magnetite and minor chalcopyrite and gold, with significant enrichment in Co, Ni, As, Ag, Mo, and REE. Post-ore alteration (potassic alteration II with K feldspar, propylitic alteration, and hematite formation) was spatially related with the emplacement of the Old Salobo Granite at 2,547 ± 5.3 Ma (MSWD = 0.92), and overprints the IOCG hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Moreover, the geochronological data and the sequence of hydrothermal alteration may evidence the mineralization is older than the emplacement of the Old Salobo Granite and has no genetic relationship with its emplacement. The Salobo deposit, however, may have undergone a complex evolution with possible IOCG mineralization at ca. 2.7 Ga and ore remobilization at ca. 2.57 Ga and during Paleoproterozoic, similarly to the IOCG deposits in the Southern Copper Belt / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Background: Physiologic functional capacity through maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) can be measured in many different ways depending on sport and qualities needed to be assessed.In handball a demanding 3000 meter (m) running test is used to evaluate V̇O2max. If this test is sport specific or if it could be replaced by a less strenuous test is unknown. Aim: The aim ofthis study was to compare performance on 3000-meter running with predicted V̇O2max from a submaximal treadmill jogging test (SMTJ) and performance of the Yo-Yo intermittentrecovery test 1 (IR1). Methods: Male handball players (n = 12) performed the 3000 m running test, the Submaximal Treadmill Jogging test and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1. Measurements in seconds (s), ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1 and meters where collected and correlated using Pearson r, interclass correlation. Results: A strong significant linear correlation (p < 0.01) was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (m), r = - 0.724 (r2 = 0.524). A weak, not significant linear correlation (p > 0.05)was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and predicted V̇O2max from submaximal treadmill test (ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1), r = - 0.309 (r2 = 0.095). Conclusion: According to this study the 3000 m running test could be replaced by the Yo-Yo IR1 test or vice versa in adolescent male handball players. The submaximal treadmill test used in this study had several potential errors in estimating V̇O2max, this is probably the reason why only a weak correlation was found between the SMTJ and the 3000 m running test.

The objective of the present work was to identify serum copper levels and aspartateaminotransferase (AST) and gamagluthamyl transferase (GGT) activity in purebred show and field raised sheep and to contribute to formation of regional reference values. Blood samples of 120 show sheep and 110 field raised animals were collected independently of age, sex and breed. Means serum levels of copper for show and field sheep 66.14 ± 9.76 and 62.01 ±16.36 μg.dl-1 (P<0.0357), respectively; AST activity was higher in show sheep than in field animals (85.01 ±40.02 vs. 65.58 ±16.19 IU, P<0.0001); GGT activity was 41.02 ±10.61 and 41.91 ±9.49 IU with no differences between groups. In conclusion, serum copper levels in all show animals were within international reference values, whereas field raised animals presented several individuals that fell bellow the lower limit. Serum activitiy of AST and GGT appear not to be related to copper metabolism in these animals. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar as concentrações séricas de cobre e enzimas aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) tanto em ovinos preparados para exposição como criados a campo, a fim de contribuir para a formação de valores de referência e auxiliar no prognóstico da saúde desses animais. Colheram-se 120 amostras de sangue de animais de exposição e 110 de animais de campo, independente de sexo, raça e idade. Os níveis séricos médios de cobre, AST e GGT dos animais de exposição e a campo foi igual a 66,14 ±9,76 e 62,01 ±16,36 μg.dl-1 (P<0,0357); 85,01 ±40,02 e 65,58 ±16,19 UI (P<0,0001); 41,02 ±10,61 e 41,91 ±9,49 UI, respectivamente. Em conclusão, as médias do elemento cobre de animais preparados para exposição mostraram-se dentro dos valores de referência e as de alguns animais mantidos a campo abaixo do intervalo fisiológico. Os níveis séricos de AST e GGT aumentados no grupo exposição parecem não estar relacionados com o acúmulo hepático de cobre.