From underwater boat to submarine – The development of the Swedish submarine service 1945-1960 The scope of this essay is the development of the Swedish submarine service during the period 1945-1960. The aim is to answer the following questions: - What kind of new technology did Sweden acquire when salvaging the German type XXI submarine off Gothenburg at the end of World War II? - In what respect did this technology differ from that of the Royal Swedish Navy and did it subsequently contribute to the tactical and operational development? - What tactical and operational development was accomplished between 1945-1960? The timeframe, 1945-1960, was chosen since this is when the analysis of the salvaged type XXI submarine and related effects was conducted. Furthermore, it is also during this time that the Swedish submarine service is beginning to evolve as a result of the new knowledge mentioned above and the experiences made by both the allies and the Germans during World War II. The theoretical framework primarily refers to the theories on naval warfare by Sir Julian Corbett. Here the “Fleet in being” and his methods for viewing command have been deemed to be of primary interest, also the definition of “basic capabilities” applied by the Swedish Armed Forces is referred to in order to simplify certain matters to the reader. In conclusion, the technology acquired from the Germans provided Sweden not only with new actual technology but also a preview of the coming modern submarine and underwater warfare. The new technology and the experiences were implemented into the submarine service contributed to the fact that the Swedish submarines over a period of ten years developed from being underwater boats to actual submarines and subsequently contributed to the Swedish naval warfare capability during the Cold War.

Human-population of the earth exceeding 6 billion and growing at an estimates rate of 1.2% per year (US census Bureau, 2002) will lead to increase in human-wildlife encounters. Attacks on humans are perhaps the least understood of these encounters, but the most interesting and emotionally connected to people (Quigley Howard 2005). The main aim of the study if to understand stakeholders’ perception towards human-wildlife interaction and conflicts in Corbett National park, India. We used a standardized IRB (Institutional Review Board) approved questionnaire to survey 315 household from 15 villages lying within and around Corbett National Park of India using snow-ball technique and stratified random sampling technique.. We also surveyed and analyzed the head of the village, snow-ball technique and stratified random technique survey differently. We used multivariate regression analysis to understand the data obtained from questionnaire survey. Later, we also designed a conceptual model to understand factors influencing human-wildlife interaction; and an empirical model to identify factors affecting human-wildlife conflicts. The results of the study identified that most of the encounters with wildlife occurred while collecting timber or grass from forests. Wild pigs, elephants and cheetal are the species mainly responsible for crop-loss in our study area. Majority of the stakeholders were engaged in timber and grass collection from forested area. Multivariate regression results suggests that stakeholders whose farms were located far from highway, had good fencing and who had better socio-economic status faced least threat from wildlife with respect to crop-loss, livestock loss and human-life loss/injury. The simulation results of dynamic system experiment suggests that habitat loss and poaching play a very significant role in tiger population and its future. The study concludes that a holistic multi-disciplinary conservation approach is needed to address the increasing conflict issues in India. More emphases should be given on community based-conservation strategies and policies. Watch-towers, pits, solar-powered fencing are the best and most effective ways to keep wildlife away from damaging crops and killing livestock. Sustainable development and better higher education is the key to conserving tigers in India.

Mr Justice Corbett made a substantial contribution to the South African tax law as he delivered several judgements during his long career on the bench. Starting from the lower ranks as a judge he became Chief Justice of South Africa. Precedents set by his judgements are considered important and indicative of the level of South African tax law. This dissertation observes his background, looks at the operations of the tax court in South Africa and examines whether his judgements were cited and applied in subsequent cases as accepted precedent. International case law is referred to, to compare his judgements with comparable international tax law. / Auditing / M. Comm. (Accounting)

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida den tyska ubåtskrigföringen under andra världskriget använde sig av sjökrigsmetoder som beskrevs av Sir Julian Corbett i början av 1900-talet. För att testa Corbetts teorier studeras slaget om Atlanten 1939 – 1945 som ett empiriskt fall. Frågeställningen i denna rapport är: Vilka likheter och/eller skillnader finns mellan Sir Julian Corbetts sjökrigsmetoder och det tyska ubåtsvapens agerande under slaget om Atlanten? Metoden som används för denna undersökning är en komparativ metod där slaget om Atlanten studeras som ett fall. Resultatet visar att det finns en del likheter men också skillnader mellan tyskarnas ubåtskrigföring och Corbetts teorier. Corbett menar att syftet med all sjökrigföring är att alltid direkt eller indirekt säkra ett sjöherravälde eller att hindra motståndaren från att säkra den. Det tyska ubåtsvapnet försökte aldrig att etablera ett sjöherravälde utan valde att bestrida och neka britterna ett sådant. Detta gjorde de genom Corbetts metoder fleet in being, nålsticksoperationer och sjöfartskrig. Resultatet visar på en skillnad i metod gällande sjöfartskrig då Corbett menar att den effektivaste metoden är att anfalla fiendens hamninlopp och terminaler medan det tyska ubåtsvapnet bedrev sjöfartskrig ute på öppet hav med goda resultat. / The purpose of this study is to examine whether the German submarine warfare during the World War II used the principles of maritime strategy described by Sir Julian Corbett during the early 1900s. The Battle of the Atlantic will be used as an empirical case to test Corbett’s theories. The issue addressed in this report: What similarities and/or differences exist between Sir Julian Corbett’s maritime strategy and the German submarine actions during the Battle of the Atlantic? The method used for this study is a comparative method and the Battle of the Atlantic is studied as a case. The result shows that there are some similarities but also differences between the German submarine warfare and Corbett's theories. Corbett believes that the purpose of all naval warfare is to always directly or indirectly secure a sea command or to prevent the opponent from securing it. The German submarine force never tried to establish a sea command but chose to deny the British Navy and establishment of one. They did this by Corbett methods fleet in being, minor counter attacks and attack of trade. The results show a difference in the approach regarding maritime war. Corbett believes that the most effective approach is to attack the enemy's harbour and terminals while the German submarine force conducted maritime war on the high seas with good results.

Mr Justice Corbett made a substantial contribution to the South African tax law as he delivered several judgements during his long career on the bench. Starting from the lower ranks as a judge he became Chief Justice of South Africa. Precedents set by his judgements are considered important and indicative of the level of South African tax law. This dissertation observes his background, looks at the operations of the tax court in South Africa and examines whether his judgements were cited and applied in subsequent cases as accepted precedent. International case law is referred to, to compare his judgements with comparable international tax law. / Auditing / M. Comm. (Accounting)

Fleets have the ability to affect an adversary’s use of the seas for transportation. Nations have in numerous occasions exercised this power in order to ravage their opponent’s trade in times of conflict with the purpose of diminishing their military might. Great naval thinkers like Mahan and Corbett have described this use of seapower during conflicts in great depth but theories regarding the use of seapower to affect a nation’s peacetime economy in order to achieve limited political goals is lacking. This thesis attempts to analyze the use of seapower in the form of economic sanctions to answer the question; “How is seapower exercised in economic sanctions?” in order to remedy this. The results show that seapower is mostly used to halt the inward flow of goods to a nation and general sanctions are more often used than sanctions targeting specific commodities. What these sanctions aim to achieve is often to limit military capacity and to disrupt military aggression. This thesis comes to the conclusions that a force capable of operating anywhere on the globe for an extended period of time is vital for the effectiveness of economic sanctions, seapower is a necessary part of the enforcement of economic sanctions and that naval theory has been too preoccupied with large scale conflicts and neglected the use of seapower to achieve limited political goals with economic measures during times of peace.

Alfred Thayer Mahan and Julian Stafford Corbett, two of the most influential and important strategists of sea power in the beginning of the twentieth century. Their theories today form the basis for several of the theories of sea power that exist today. The societal changes have led to the development of the naval warfare´s character until today. Despite developments in the history of naval warfare and it´s characteristics over the century there are being debated about the principles of sea power that Mahan and Corbett wrote might still be valid or not. The aim of this essay is to investigate whether Mahan and Corbetts principles of sea power during the Falklands war as a case study might still be valid or not. The examination is carried out by analysing Mahan and Corbetts principles of blockade, establish of sea command and exercise of sea command respectively to extract variables in the theory and examine on the case Falklands war. The results of this case study shows that the theories military blockade, naval blockade and establish of sea command are still valid to a certain extent but more research is needed to determine the principles general validity in the naval warfare today.

Inom krigsvetenskapen används asymmetrisk konfliktteori för att förklara utkomsten av konflikter. Data under 1900-talets andra hälft visar att mer än varannan asymmetrisk konflikt slutar till den svagares fördel. Hur kan en relativt svagare aktör dra fördel av detta? Med en kritisk teoriutvecklande ansats syftar arbetet till att studera hur relativt svagare aktörer kan dra fördel av asymmetriska strategier i marin miljö. Detta sker genom att placera begreppet strategisk interaktion i relation till marina strategier vilket bildar arbetets teoretiska ramverk och på så sätt bidrar till en utveckling av teoribildningen. Genom en hypotesprövande fallstudie av sjöfartskriget i konflikten mellan Iran och Irak uppvisar det teoretiska ramverket samverkande förklaringsfaktorer. Detta innebär att strategisk interaktion inte entydigt eller enskilt kan förklara utkomsten av asymmetriska konflikter. Två kompletterande och i någon mån konkurrerande faktorer visar sig ha stort förklaringsvärde, intresseasymmetri och hur väl rustad den relativt svagare aktören är. Konkret betyder detta att en kombination av oväntad teknik och taktik tillsammans med en tydlig intensitet i uppträdandet kan påverka utkomsten av konflikten. Studiens viktigaste resultat visar att framtida studier fordras för att bekräfta interaktionseffekterna i det teoretiska ramverket och hur arbetets beroende variabel – framgång ska förstås av samtiden.

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This dissertation explores the growing field of study around Maritime Security. While an increasingly common sub-heading in American naval strategy documents, maritime security operations are largely framed around individual threats (i.e. counter-piracy, counter-terrorism, counter-narcotics). Here, we endeavor to explore how a seemingly disparate set of transnational issues fit into a more coherent framework to give greater theoretical substance to the notion of Maritime Security as a distinct concept. In particular, we examine, as our research question, whether the Broken Windows theory, a criminological construct of social disorganization, provides the lens through which to theorize maritime security in the littorals. By extrapolating from criminology, this dissertation engages with a small but growing impulse in studies on insurgencies, terrorism, and piracy to look beyond classic theories of security to better understand phenomena of political violence. To evaluate our research question, we begin by identifying two critical components of the Broken Windows theory, multidimensionality and context specificity. Multidimensionality refers to the web of interrelated individuals, organizations, and infrastructure upon which crime operates. Context specificity refers to the powerful influence of an individual or community's environment on behavior. These two themes, as explored in this dissertation, are brought into stark relief through an application of the Broken Windows theory. Leveraging this understanding of the theory, we explore our research question by employing process-tracing and detailed descriptions across three case studies (one primary and two illustrative)—the Caribbean Basin, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. In so doing, we demonstrate how applying the lens that Broken Windows provides yields new and interesting perspectives on maritime security. As a consequence, this dissertation offers an example of a theoretical framework that provides greater continuity to the missions or threats frequently binned under the heading of maritime security, but infrequently associated with one another in the literature.