<p>Anti-counterfeiting and provenance determination are serious concerns in many industries, including automotive, aerospace, and defense. These concerns are addressed by ensuring traceability during manufacturing, transport, and use of goods. In increasingly globalized manufacturing contexts, one-size-fits-all traceability solutions are not always appropriate. Manufacturers may not have the means to re-tool production to meet marking, tagging, or other traceability requirements. This is especially true when manufacturers require high processing flexibility to produce specialized parts, as is increasingly the case in modern supply chains. Counterfeiters and saboteurs, meanwhile, have a growing attack surface over which to interfere with existing supply chains, and have a leg up when implementation details of traceability methods are widely known. There is a growing need to provide solutions to traceability that i) are particularized to specific industrial contexts with heterogeneous security and robustness requirements, and ii) reliably transmit information needed for traceability throughout the product life cycle. </p> <p><br></p><p>This dissertation presents investigations into tailorable traceability schemes for modern manufacturing, with a focus on applications in additive manufacturing. The primary contributions of this dissertation are frameworks for designing traceability schemes that i) achieve traceability through recovery of manufacturer-specified signals, from simple identity information to more detailed strings of provenance data, and ii) are tuned to maximize information carrying capacity subject to the available data and intended use cases faced by the manufacturer.</p> <p><br></p><p>In the vein of physically unclonable function (PUF) literature, these frameworks leverage the intrinsic information present in material structure, such as phase or grain statistics. These structures, being functions of largely random and uncontrollable physical and chemical processes, are by their nature uncontrollable by a manufacturer. According to the frameworks proposed in this dissertation, anti-counterfeiting and traceability schemes are designed by extracting large libraries of features from these properties, and designing methods for identifying parts based on a subset of the extracted features that demonstrate good utility for the present use case. Such schemes are customized to handle specific material systems, metrology, expected part damage, and other concerns raised by a manufacturer or other supply chain stakeholders.</p> <p><br></p><p>First, this dissertation presents a framework that leverages this intrinsic information, and models for damage that may occur during use, for designing schemes for genuinity determination. Such schemes are useful in contexts like anti-counterfeiting and part tracing. Once this framework is established, it is then extended to design schemes for dynamically and securely embedding manufacturer-specified messages during the manufacturing process, with a focus on implementation in additive manufacturing. Such schemes leverage both the intrinsic information inherent to the material / manufacturing process and extrinsically introduced information. This extrinsic information may include cryptographic keys, message information, and specifications regarding how an authorized user may read the embedded message. The resulting embedding schemes are formalized as "malleable PUFs.'' </p> <p><br></p><p>The outcomes of these investigations are frameworks for designing, evaluating, and implementing traceability schemes that can be used by manufacturers, academics, and other stakeholders seeking to implement secure and informative traceability schemes subject to their own unique constraints. Importantly, these frameworks can be adapted for a range of industrial contexts, and can be readily extended as new methods for in-situ measurement and control in additive manufacturing are developed.</p>

Ideas for ways to use textiles and other materials as body coverings, or as a form of apparel decoration, as well as protection, continued to evolve throughout history. More complex ideas and outcomes developed with the advent of weaving, and rectangular shapes were draped in folds, tied, or wrapped around the body. An accepted practice in the apparel industry is seeking inspiration for ideas from a variety of people, places, and things. This practice of seeking inspiration from the environment leads to the question of whether copying is inherent within the apparel industry. History of costume research and study indicate that it is generally accepted that people wear differing apparel for each season of the year, with some repeat, or copying, in the same season in subsequent years. The terms counterfeiting, knocking-off, and copying are often used interchangeably, but further exploration of the terms show they are not the same. Counterfeiting has become, and remains a hot topic in the apparel industry, particularly in product development. Some designers have begun to challenge and demand their work be protected in some manner such as copyrights, trademarks, or patents. Questions and concerns abound among product developers. This study was exploratory in nature, seeking a definition, and identifying a specific point in the product development process, when a certain activity (i.e., copying) is more likely to be performed. Therefore, qualitative methods were used to achieve the objectives of the research. This research took a cross-sectional approach within a qualitative design study when selecting the participants. The cross-sections for the participants of this study were those participants in positions of direct influence on apparel product development. Analyzing the perceptions of the participants from the cross-sections in detail, inferences were made about the industry definition and method of copying, time of occurrence, and those most likely involved in decision making. The instrument for the study was an online survey with open-ended questions and fixed-response questions. Of the 20 participants, 11 accessed the survey with 10 choosing to participate. While some degree of similarity was observed in several of the definitions of copying, such as taking existing products to create new products, there was distinction when participants used phrases such as copying 'without changing anything' to 'copying the idea and concept.' Participants' definition of knocking-off can be summarized as a copy with variation in price point. Participants noted that the process of counterfeiting was an unauthorized or illegal copy of a product and often included copying labels or logos. Key reasons for copying products were reported as following trends and speed to market. / Ph. D.

Un grand nombre d'études abordant le thème de la contrefaçon traite le comportement de consommation de l'article contrefait. Mais peu de recherches s'intéressent au consommateur de la marque de luxe lorsque celle-ci fait l'objet de contrefaçon. Ce travail doctoral vise à contribuer à ce niveau en étudiant les principaux aspects du comportement d'achat de la marque de luxe légitime. Cette recherche passe par l'identification et la mesure de l'insensibilité à la contrefaçon, nouveau concept développé au cours de ce travail, puis par l'étude de l'expérience de la marque et des variables relationnelles à la marque. L'intérêt de cette étude s'inscrit dans la contribution aux recherches sur la contrefaçon et plus précisément dans l'étude du comportement de consommation des articles originaux de la marque de luxe. D'un autre côté, le rapprochement avec l'expérience de marque ou encore avec la relation à la marque n'a pas pu être faite jusqu'à présent dans des recherches traitant de la contrefaçon, d'où l'intérêt de se pencher sur ces deux aspects importants de la marque de luxe. En termes méthodologiques, nous proposons tout d'abord une mesure de la réaction du consommateur de la marque de luxe légitime, à savoir l'échelle de l'insensibilité à la contrefaçon. Ensuite, nous mettons en place une modélisation sur PLS qui englobe les différents concepts étudiés. La capacité du modèle à refléter des relations complexes représente un apport méthodologique important. Au niveau managérial, il s'agit de contrer la contrefaçon en valorisant la marque de luxe. L'apport principal de cette recherche réside donc dans le management de la marque de luxe en elle-même. Nous suggérons aux gestionnaires de la marque de luxe de mieux choisir leurs actions marketing dans un contexte de contrefaçon. Favoriser l'immersion dans l'univers de la marque, impliquer le consommateur et renforcer sa relation avec la marque, ou encore cibler plus particulièrement les prescripteurs et les leaders d'opinion, seraient des moyens efficaces pour renforcer la fidélité du consommateur à sa marque de luxe et ce, malgré la présence de contrefaçon. / A large number of studies on counterfeiting explore consumers behavior in the consumption of counterfeit articles. But few of them consider luxury brand consumers and counterfeiting. Our doctoral study attempts to contribute to this field by studying principal aspects of luxury brand buying behavior. Our research aims to identify and measure insensitivity to counterfeiting which is a new concept developed in this study. Brand experience and relationship brand variables will also be considered. Our study contributes to counterfeiting's researches, and more precisely to researches on consumption of legitimate products. On the other side, the connection with brand experience or the relationships with the luxury brand have not been undertaken in counterfeiting researches which leads us to considerate these two important aspects of the luxury brand. Concerning the methodological facet, we first propose the measure of consumer's reaction toward counterfeiting, namely insensitivity to counterfeiting. Then, we perform a PLS model that includes all concepts studied and specifies complex links between concepts. In a managerial way, we propose to counter counterfeiting by focusing on the luxury brand itself. We suggest for luxury brand managers to choose the appropriate marketing tool. Immersion in brand universe, consumer implication or focusing on opinion leaders, are good ways to enhance consumer's loyalty, despite the presence of counterfeiting.

Infringement in fields of Intellectual Property Rights is a global problem causing repeated and sustained attention at national and international levels. A number of different organizations and commissions are constantly control and counteract the growth of these infringements, but despite the taken measures counterfeit and piracy goods continue to be manufactured and sold around the world. The Russian Federation (RF) is a country that has close commercial ties with many foreign states, including Sweden. However the RF is one of the countries, included on the Special 301 Priority Watch List due to the continuing and large - scale of Property Rights and Intellectual Property Rights violations. In this connection, a study was conducted with the participation of collaborating Swedish - Russian enterprises, whose activities could be subjected to counterfeiting and IP piracy. The aim of the study is to determine how collaborating Swedish – Russian enterprises with branches in the Russian Federation perceive the situation in the country and assess the activities of Russian institutions that play an important role in controlling and combating violations against counterfeiting and IP piracy. Moreover the aim includes identifying the most vulnerable class of actors in the general mechanism of counterfeiting and IP piracy. The research based on elements of the New Institutional Economics Theory and conducted by using a combination of a literature review and semi- structured interview with representatives of Swedish - Russian enterprises. The study found that organizations are the most vulnerable class of actors in general mechanism of counterfeiting and IP piracy. International firms and companies are in a more difficult situation because they provide own activities simultaneously in several legal and political systems. Representatives of interviewed companies argue that activities of analyzed Russian institutions are insufficiently effective and the state should take a set of measures so the foreign collaborative organizations could feel confident in territory of the RF and Russian market would become more attractive for foreign business.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: multiple therapeutic categories of medicines have been increasingly targeted for counterfeiting. According to Van Niekerk [Van Niekerk, Anton. (2001). Moral and social complexities of AIDS in Africa. University of Stellenbosch], “it is commonplace to identify and bewail a plethora of problems in the developing world generally, and in Africa in particular. Poverty, illiteracy, famine, political instability, natural disasters, and many more misfortunes dominate the history of this part of the world over the past 50 years. It was therefore adding uncalled (undeserved?) insult to already overwhelming injury when HIV/AIDS visibly struck the world since mid-1980. In spite of all the other calamities that Africa has to deal with, it nevertheless is no exaggeration to claim that HIV/AIDS nowadays constitutes the most serious health and social crisis and challenge that has ever befallen the continent”. Similar patterns involving HIV/AIDS are now emerging on other continents. One objective of this recent research study was to explore possible relationships between the growing scourges of the worldwide counterfeiting of medicines and parallels with the expanding global HIV/AIDS pandemic - as well as to examine potential relationships and risks associated with other diseases that have been observed to have ‘special associations’ with HIV and AIDS [e.g. sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria] - and possible impact on the “World of Work”. A second and important objective was to develop Recommendations for Workplace Programs. The information gathered has also been used to propose future studies regarding HIV/AIDS and counterfeiting. In the developing world, antibiotics and anti-parasitic medicines are included among the counterfeiters’ favorite targets. Strong parallels exist between locations where counterfeiting of medicines is taking place/product being distributed/sold and where HIV/AIDS is most prevalent and/or where the epidemic is expanding progressively. Counterfeiting of medicines used for treating HIV/AIDS raises the possibility of additional future complications developing in managing other global diseases such as Malaria and Tuberculosis, not to mention exacerbating the potential for developing resistance and encouraging mutation of the HI virus itself. It is also noteworthy that certain medical devices have also been found to be counterfeit. Global demographics and with particular reference to projected growth rates of populations of the developing world are of specific relevance to this subject of anticounterfeiting and medicines used for the treatment of HIV and AIDS. Indeed, next generations of humanity appear to be at unnecessary risk of being caught up in a confluence of forces whereby the practice of the counterfeiting of medicines could result in significant complications and unforeseen consequences regarding management of the global HIV/AIDS crisis. Following the research, recommendations for workplace programs were developed. The research study concludes with a comprehensive set of references. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die problamatiek aangaande die vervalsing (namaak) van medisyne word nou wereldwyd ervaar en het ‘n impak op beide die geindustrialiseerde en die ontwikkelende wereld. Menige medisyne in terapeutiese kategoriee is tot op hede as vervals geidentifeseer, met die direkte resultaat dat hulle ‘n minemale of geen terapeutiese uitwerking het nie. Wat nog erger is, is dat hierdie middels uiters gevaarlik is om te gebruik en selfs lewensgevaarlik kan wees. Dit is van groot betekenis dat ook medisyne wat bestem is om persone met HIV/VIGS te behandel, as vervals aangetoon is – en soedoende tot nog toe onbekende gevolge vir pasiente, die werkomgewing en ongekende risiko’s vir wereldwye gesondheidsorg en internasionale veiligheid en sekuriteit inhou. In hierdie studie word die onderwerp in taamlike besonderhede bestudeer en daar word afgesluit met aanbevelings oor programme in die werkplek wat ontwerp is om sorg en ondersteuning te bied aan werkers met HIV/VIGS. Verdere studie word ook aanbeveel om die tergende probleme wat volg op die vervalsing van medisyne in die behandling van persone met HIV/VIGS, en die implikasies hiervan, die hoof te bide.

Cette thèse aborde la thématique de la synthèse et de la dispersion de nanomatériaux luminescents (silice ou oxydes de terres rares) dédiés à la lutte anti-contrefaçon. La silice est synthétisée par un procédé sol-gel en microémulsion inverse. Des molécules fluorescentes organiques et organo-lanthanides sont incorporées dans les nanoparticules et il est montre que la nature du colorant influence son encapsulation. La fluorescence est obtenue sans lien covalent entre le colorant et la nanoparticule. Les nanoparticules sont ensuite fonctionnalisées dans le milieu de synthèse. Une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation de la fonctionnalisation est proposée et fait notamment apparaitre que la fonctionnalisation ainsi réalisée est homogène mais qu’a l’échelle de la nanoparticule, il y a apparition de nanodomaines. Les oxydes de terres rares sont obtenus par une collaboration. Deux traitements de surface sont particulièrement étudiés : une approche hybride consistant en l’encapsulation des nanoparticules dans une couche de polysiloxane suivie d’une fonctionnalisation adaptée ; et une approche basée sur l’adsorption d’agents tensioactifs. En particulier plusieurs agents tensioactifs représentatifs sont compares. Les nanoparticules ainsi traitées sont dispersées et stables en milieu liquide. Elles peuvent alors être incorporées dans différents polymères témoins (PMMA, PVA et PVC) et il est montre qu’une bonne dispersion en milieu liquide permet une incorporation homogène dans le polymère. Un essai industriel a été réalisé et a prouvé que certains de ces procédés développés pouvaient être transférés à l’échelle industrielle / This work deals with the synthesis and the dispersion of luminescent nanomaterials dedicated to the fight against counterfeiting. The nanomaterials (silica and rare earth oxides) own an optical code which is dispersed into the material to be tagged. The silica is synthesized by a reverse microemulsion sol-gel process. Organic fluorescent dyes and organo-lanthanides metal complexes are incorporated into the nanoparticles and it is shown that the nature of the dye influences its incorporation. The fluorescence is obtained without any covalent link between the dye and the silica matrix. After the synthesis, the nanoparticles are functionalized into the microemulsion. An original method is proposed to characterize the functionalization and it is shown that the functionalization is on the whole homogeneous but that at the nanoscale some nanodomains appear. The rare-earth oxides are obtained by collaboration. Two surface treatments are particularly studied : an hybrid approach based on the encapsulation of the nanoparticles into a polysiloxane shell followed by an adapted functionalization; and a second approach based on the use of surfactants. In particular, several well-known surfactants are compared. These modified nanoparticles are dispersed and stabilized into liquid media such as water or 2-Butanone. They are then incorporated into three polymers (PMMA, PVA and PVC) and it is shown that a good dispersion into a liquid allows obtaining an homogeneous incorporation into the polymers. An industrial test has been realized and has given the proof that some of these processes can be transferred directly at industrial scale

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

in English This thesis deals with the issue of counterfeiting, in terms of both criminal and criminological perspective. Its opening is devoted to the money, especially to their historical development. The following chapter, number three, continuously moves to the description of the most widely used security features of money, especially of banknotes. Although these security features are not the subject of my thesis, this part can look quite dominant. However, I am convinced that the technical protection of money plays the pivotal role it the whole issue, so I gave them enough space at the beginning of work. The following section deals with the valid legislation and focuses primarily on the enumeration and analysis of the actus reaus under the Criminal Code. In my opinion, the focus only on criminal legislation is inadequate, and therefore I consider it is necessary to mention also other legislation which is significantly related, ie Act No. 136/2011 Coll., on the circulation of banknotes and coins and amending Act No. 6/ 1993 Coll. on the Czech National Bank, as amended, which contains mainly the Czech National Bank's role in the issues mentioned above and responsibilities of defined group of persons handling the money suspected of counterfeiting. The procedure of the Police of the Czech Republic...

Master of Science / Department of Apparel, Textiles, and Interior Design / Joy M. Kozar / Within the global marketplace, the production and consumption of counterfeit goods represents a serious social problem. Scholars continue to suggest anti-counterfeit education as a means to resolve this global problem and curb the demand for counterfeit goods, but no scholarly research has empirically evaluated the effectiveness of anti-counterfeit education. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to draw upon such suggestions within the literature, and quantitatively assess the effectiveness of anti-counterfeit education on consumers' perceived knowledge, attitudes, and purchase intentions of fashion counterfeit goods. Convenience samples of male and female college students participated in this study. Utilizing a one-group pretest posttest, quasi-experimental design, the findings from a series of paired samples t-tests revealed a positive, significant change in consumers’ perceived knowledge of fashion counterfeit goods after viewing the anti-counterfeit educational unit. Negative, significant changes in consumers’ favorable attitudes and purchase intentions of fashion counterfeit goods were also revealed after the anti-counterfeit educational unit had been administered. Findings from this study provide relevant implications toward academicians, government officials, fashion retailers, and anti-counterfeiting organizations, such as how to develop effective anti-counterfeit educational content. Such parties with a vested interest in deterring the demand of fashion counterfeit goods should focus on formulating and implementing anti-counterfeit educational tools, such as campaigns and advertisements, which focus on the negative factors and consequences associated with the fashion counterfeit industry.

L'arrivée d'Internet et des NTIC, comme toute évolution technologique, a conduit le droit d'auteur à s'adapter face à de nouveaux usages. En marge de certains mouvement prônant « le libre », la propriété intellectuelle n'est pas remise en question ; même si les nouveaux modèles économiques engendrés par Internet sont à prendre en compte et engendrent un certain renouveau du droit d'auteur.Dans le même temps, l'apparition de nouvelles formes d'oeuvres, les problématiques liées à la cybercontrefaçon, la désintermédiation et la réintermédiation du circuit de diffusion des oeuvres, les incertitudes enfin générées par le Web 3.0, bouleversent les rôles des acteurs entérinés par la LCEN : fournisseurs d'accès, hébergeurs, annonceurs... Ces interactions croisées conduisent à fragiliser un droit des NTIC déjà peu légitimé.Au-delà de la simple adaptation, la rencontre du droit d'auteur avec Internet redéfinit alors les contours du droit des NTIC, et engendre une indispensable nouvelle approche de sa régulation, à l'aspect nécessairement international. Elle offre en outre l'opportunité de redécouvrir et de pérenniser le droit des médias. / The incoming of the Internet and ICT, like any technological change, led the copyright to adapt to face new uses. In despite of the "free" movement, Intellectual Property is not really questioned, even if new business models generated by Internet must be taken into account and generate a renewal of copyright.At the same time, the emergence of new forms of work, issues related to counterfeiting, disintermediation and re-intermediation of distribution circuit works, then the uncertainties generated by Web 3.0 , revolutionizing the roles of actors endorsed by "LCEN" : ISPs , hosts, advertisers ... These interactions lead to cross fragilier right ICT have little legitimacy .Beyond the simple adaptation, meeting with Internet copyright then redefines the contours of the right ICT and generates an international approach to its regulation. It also provides the opportunity to rediscover and perpetuate the media law.