The thesis provides an analysis of the developments in international environmental law achieved through judicial activity of international courts from circa 2005 onwards. Analysed is the relevant practice of the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the European Court for Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. First chapter presents the general characteristics of their judicial activity in this area, while the subsequent chapters deal with each of the institutions, analysing the outcomes of their activity, particularly with regard to specifying obligations of states and the interpretation of human rights in connection with environmental protection, and the developments in the courts' handling of environmental cases. Attention is also given to possible setting up of a specialised international court for the environment.

La thèse porte sur l’institutionnalisation de la proximité dans les marchés agroalimentaires et la place qu’occupent un certain nombre d’intermédiaires non économiques (salariés d’association, chercheurs, membres du ministère de l’Agriculture, conseillers des chambres d’agriculture) dans ce processus. En variant les échelles d’enquête, du national au départemental, et en articulant les méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, ce travail pointe le paradoxe que constitue le développement de ces agents à mesure que la proximité est définie et objectivée comme caractéristique vertueuse de la relation marchande. A partir d’une sociologie des institutions marchandes attentive à l’étude concomitante des conditions historiques et sociales de la construction des marchés et de leurs logiques concrètes de fonctionnement, il s’agit de restituer les luttes pour le monopole de la définition légitime des « circuits courts » entendus comme catégorie d’organisation marchande. Dans un contexte de reconfiguration des alliances qui encadraient et hiérarchisaient jusqu’alors les marchés agroalimentaires, l’analyse montre que le rapprochement des agriculteurs et des consommateurs dans les échanges marchands repose sur la réduction de leur distance sociale et politique. Mais la structuration des « circuits courts » n’est finalement permise qu’au prix de l’autonomisation d’agents d’intermédiations qui contribuent à les légitimer et à les définir, dans le même temps qu’ils tendent à rendre invisible leurs propres pratiques. En accédant à une position réticulaire sur ces marchés, ces intermédiaires participent ainsi à redéfinir les frontières de l’espace des producteurs. / The dissertation deals with the institutionalisation of proximity in agri-food markets and the place occupied in this process by non-economic intermediaries (employees of associations, researchers, members of staff from the ministry of Agriculture, advisers of the chambers of agriculture). By varying the scales of investigation, from the national to the departmental level, and by articulating qualitative and quantitative methods, this work points out the paradox that constitute the development of those intermediary agents, as proximity is progressively defined and objectified as a virtuous component of the merchant relationship. On the basis of a sociology of merchant institutions attentive to study concurrently historical and social conditions of market constructions and their specific operating logics, we aim to restore the struggles for the monopoly of the legitimate definition of “short supply chain”, understood as a category of merchant organization. In the context of reconfiguration of alliances which previously framed and ranked agri-food markets, the analysis shows that the linking of farmers and consumers in market exchange rests on the reduction of their social and political distance. But finally, the structuration of “short supply chain” is only allowed because of the self-empowerment of intermediary agents contributing to legitimize and define them, as in the same time they make invisible their own practices. Therefore, by gaining a reticular position on those markets, the intermediaries contribute to redefine the frontiers of the producers’ space.

- Sexual violence on women in armed conflicts - the role of the international criminal courts The main purpose of the thesis is to analyse the role of international criminal courts notably the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It will analyse the process of the development of the international individual criminal responsibility of the perpetrators of sexual violence on women in the course of war. Sexual violence on women played an almost integral part of every armed conflict since the beginning of warfare. Despite this fact, the topic of sexual violence on women has been, until recently, generally ignored by politicians, historians and lawyers. The relevant treaties of the international humanitarian law also either ommited or trivialized rape and other crimes of a sexual nature. Not until the worst atrocities were committed in the armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda at the beginning of the nineties was the sexual violence recognized as a serious crime which causes great suffering to victims, both physically and mentoly, and has to be properly investigated and prosecuted. In respect of the fact, that sexual violence has, in the last decades, become a particularly effective weapon of war rather than a random...

M.A. / The Global Social Work Standards as outlined by Sewpaul & Jones (2004) aspire for social work education and training to equip social workers with relevant knowledge and skills. This would enable them to practice in a range of contexts applying different social work methods and techniques, while recognising the interconnectedness that exists within and across all systems at micro, mezzo and macro levels. Human service organisations that employ social workers should ensure adequate provision of resources and professional staff, with a range of expertise and appropriate qualifications to facilitate quality service delivery. As social work practice is interconnected with other systems and does not operate in a vacuum, social workers are often expected to interact with clients, communities or other professionals. They should therefore be competent and able to practice within the value perspective of the profession, guided by the professional code of ethics and values. A social worker’s report is one form of interaction and communication between the social worker and others, among whom are children’s court presiding officers. Children’s courts use social workers reports to assist them in decision making pertaining to matters relating to children. Although social workers are expected to be competent in record keeping and report writing by the time they graduate, the quality of their reports is often questioned by other professionals who use them to assist in decision-making. With this state of affairs, there is growing concern about the quality of social work reports, and the social work fraternity is asking the question, “what are the factors that contribute to the quality of reports compiled by social workers for children’s courts?” and “what should be done to ensure that social workers adhere to standards of proficient report writing?”

Magister Legum - LLM / In Rwanda, Gacaca courts, community-based traditional courts, were alternative solution of dealing with the legacy of genocide after the failure of modern model of justice. In 2012, Gacaca courts were repealed by the Organic Law 04 of 2012. These courts left behind a large number of cases which include, inter alia, suspects ranged within first category, new cases of those who were or will be extradited from ICTR or other countries, thousands of perpetrators tried in absentia while abroad that have the right to file opposition as well as applications for review lodged against their judgements. Today, all of these cases fall under the jurisdiction of ordinary courts along with ordinary criminal and civil litigations. This causes practical challenges of inability of domestic courts to deal with the huge number of cases. Besides, the organic Law 04 of 2012 that terminates Gacaca courts provides mechanisms to deal with other issues related to the end of Gacaca courts. However, these mechanisms result in unequal treatment of genocide suspects and violate the victims’ rights. This may lead to qualify this law as discriminatory and unjust provision. Furthermore, this law remains silent vis-à-vis the issue of enforcement of sentences rendered against those tried in absentia while abroad and the issue of reparations. Despite the mechanisms set forth to deal with all those cases and other issues left behind by Gacaca courts, serious challenges remain. Confronting these challenges needs international cooperation to bring genocide perpetrators to trial, administrative schemes for reparations as well as legal harmonisation to adapt the domestic legislation to the post-Gacaca situation.

Prior to 1990, very few countries in the world offered special protection to child witnesses interfacing with the justice system. There were no legal provisions permitting testimonial accommodations for children in court. The courtroom experience was significantly traumatic for the children. With the international focus shifting from protecting and upholding the rights of the accused in the courtroom towards a more victim-centred approach, various international and regional instruments have strongly dvocated that children deserve special protection because of their vulnerability. In order for the courts to be able to elicit accurate evidence from the child without further traumatizing the child, research has shown that the child needs assistance. An intermediary may be defined as a person who facilitates communication between the child and the courtroom in a manner that takes into account the child‟s cognitive and developmental limitations. The thesis was prompted by the need to make a contribution to the currently limited body of literature on the intermediary systems in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia by investigating how the systems can be improved and sustained in a way that helps to protect the child witness in court. Despite the problems the South African courts have had in identifying the appropriate interpretation of its intermediary legislation, the country emerges as a clear leader for the steps it took by creating a positive legal framework within which child protection issues are addressed and introducing the concept of the intermediary. This concept proved to be an inspiration to its neighbours, Namibia and Zimbabwe. The influence of the South African intermediary legislation is evident in the Namibian and Zimbabwean legislation. Although Namibian legislators have drafted laws that permit intermediary assistance in court, there are as yet no intermediaries appointed. In Ethiopia, although there is no discernible intermediary legislation, the country has managed to establish an intermediary system. As a result of the analysis conducted, it is evident that the efficacy of the intermediary system is dependent on the presence of an enabling legislation, its clarity and ease of interpretation, the sensitisation of court role players on child vulnerabilities, the significance of intermediary assistance, and finally a government's commitment towards the implementation process.

La filière des fruits et légumes frais est aujourd’hui confrontée à la mise en question des institutions gouvernant ses rapports institués de distribution. De plus en plus, une partie des acteurs intervenant dans le gouvernement de cette filière (collectivités territoriales, producteurs, distributeurs, organisations professionnelles) cherchent à promouvoir de nouvelles formes de distribution, caractérisées par la réduction des distances sociales et / ou relationnelles entre producteurs et consommateurs. La fin des années 2000 a notamment été marquée par la mise en œuvre d’une politique publique nationale destinée à développer les« circuits courts » de commercialisation des produits agricoles, caractérisés par l’absence ou la présence d’un seul intermédiaire entre producteurs et consommateurs. Ces circuits courts sont, en outre, souvent associés par les acteurs à des dynamiques de relocalisation des processus de distribution. Historiquement peu concernée par ces modes de distribution, dont les titulaires de son gouvernement ont au contraire cherché à l’affranchir en les marginalisant économiquement, la filière des fruits et légumes frais redécouvre aujourd’hui de nouvelles manières d’organiser ses marchés et de qualifier les produits. Doit-on pour autant conclure au triomphe des challengers du gouvernement de cette filière, parce qu’ils auraient réussi à institutionnaliser de nouveaux rapports institués de distribution ? Nous prétendons justement montrer, à partir d’une sociologie du gouvernement de la filière inspirée des travaux de la sociologie économique et de l’économie politique, que la réalité est plus complexe et ambigüe. En effet, si, à l’échelle locale, ces challengers parviennent à mieux contrôler les opérations de problématisation, d’instrumentation et de légitimation des enjeux associés à l’institutionnalisation de nouveaux modèles de distribution des fruits et légumes, aux échelles nationale et communautaire, le gouvernement de la filière demeure contrôlé par les acteurs les plus puissants : producteurs spécialisés, organisations de producteurs, enseignes de la grande distribution. Finalement, plutôt qu’à une relocalisation des circuits de distribution de la filière, on assiste en réalité à une évolution des dynamiques de qualification, marquée par la stabilisation du « local » comme une nouvelle institution marchande, dont l’usage stratégique permet aux titulaires du gouvernement de conserver la mainmise sur la définition des enjeux légitimes à traiter, en particulier ceux relatifs aux modèles de développement agricoles à soutenir et encourager. / The fruit and vegetables industry (filière) has recently had to deal with issues concerning the legitimate ways of selling these products and a larger range of actors intervening in its government (local authorities, producers, wholesalers, professional organizations) have sought to promote new modes of commercialization which can be described as an attempt to reduce social and geographical distances between producers and consumers. Since 2009, a French public policy has indeed encouraged the development of short food supply chains, defined as supply chains involving none or just one intermediary between the two ends of the chain. These short food supply chains have also been linked by their promoters to the “re-localization” of economic exchanges. Historically, the incumbents of the industry’s government have tried to go beyond such geographical constraints in order to extend their markets spatially, and this by marginalizing politically and economically shorter supply chains. But they now have to deal with new ways of organizing markets and defining the quality of their products. This situation has been examined in this Phd. using rigorous analytical and methodological tools. From this angle, at the local scale challengers have been able to take control away from incumbents by redefining the legitimate issues which need to be treated. At other scales, however, the traditional incumbents are still in control of the industry’s government and the bulk of its economic exchanges. Ultimately, what has taken place is less the re-localization of supply chains within the industry than the institutionalization of new forms of qualification based upon the valuation of the “local” as a distinctive sign of quality.

Os Tribunais de Contas no Brasil possuem uma natureza jurídica sui generis. Desde a sua origem ela é controversa. São Órgãos autônomos e sobranceiros no contexto jurídico constitucional brasileiro. Não se subordinam a nenhum outro Órgão. Exercem função de “auxílio” ao Poder Legislativo no controle da gestão pública. Possuem um plexo de competências próprias e exclusivas. As decisões que proferem possuem limites à revisibilidade por parte do Poder Judiciário. Tem ampla competência de análise em matéria ambiental, podendo aferir dos órgãos submetidos ao seu controle as suas ações sob o aspecto da economicidade e legitimidade. Tem um campo de atuação, na matéria de sua competência, mais amplo do que o exame a cargo do Poder Judiciário. A sua importância de atuação antecede a própria formação do orçamento público. Através de auditorias operacionais têm a seu cargo uma importante contribuição em termos do exame da legitimidade, economicidade e do desempenho das ações administrativas. É importante o seu papel no controle e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas a cargo dos seus jurisdicionados. Possuem instrumentos de atuação preventiva, calcados nos princípios da prevenção e precaução, que possibilitam o desenvolvimento de uma cultura em termos do exercício de uma tutela inibitória, evitando ou mitigando a ocorrência de danos ao meio ambiente considerado em toda a sua amplitude, natural, artificial e cultural. Através de tomadas de contas especiais, da negativa de executoriedade de atos normativos inconstitucionais, do poder geral de cautela e do termo de adoção de providências assegurados na doutrina e jurisprudência e com previsão nas normas que fixam a sua competência é que devem atuar de forma a inibir a ocorrência de danos. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Courts of Auditors in Brazil have a sui generis legal nature. Since its origin it is controversial. They are autonomous and eminent bodies into the brasilian constitutional legal context. Are not subordinated to any other organ. Play role of "aid" to the Legislative Power in the control of public administration. Have a unique and own powers‟ plexus. The decisions that they utter have their own limits review by part of the Judiciary. Have extensive analytical competence in environmental matters, being able to assess organs submitted by the courts to their own control under the aspect of economy and legitimacy. Have a playing field, in the field of its competence, wider than the examination over the judiciary. The importance of practice predates the very own formation of the public budget. Through operational audits they are responsible for an important contribution in terms of the examination of legitimacy, economy and performance of administrative actions. It is important their role in public policy development and control over their local courts. Have preventive action instruments, based on the principles of prevention and precaution, that enable the development of a culture in terms of the exercise of inhibitory guardianship, avoiding or mitigating the occurrence of damage to the environment considered throughout it scale, natural, artificial and culturally. Through acquisition of special accounts, the negative obligation to execution of normative acts unconstitutional, the general power of caution and end-user adoption of measures provided in the doctrine and jurisprudence and predictably on the standards laying down their mission is how they must act in such a way as to inhibit the occurrence of damage.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carlos_pessoa.pdf: 1069290 bytes, checksum: 45b9ece9ccba3a6acfdd7eacfd9bf391 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-27 / This study titled "Jurisdiction and the power of fact enunciation: normalization in the interstices of the court act" aims to get close to the performance of magistrates and courts of the judiciary power (the court action), specifically in its activities related to the creation of official versions of facts. From the assumption that such activity is based on a specific state power, called in this study the power of fact enunciation, we will show that the court actions are composed by other powers required for its performance. Given this diversity of powers, this study questions what kind of authorities and what kind of legitimization procedures the society is subjected to, specifically the citizens in courts. Based on a critical-dualistic methodology, which divides facts and decisions, balanced by the theory of speech acts, from Searle, this study will try to understand the various forms of ilocucionary strength, which affect the court actions. In this direction, after questioning the means of justification for the judicial activity and verification of its legitimacy, this study will seek to understand the idea of modalization explained by a linguistics enunciation, which will be used to explain how to carry out normalization, found inside the State, in its court action. However, it should be highlighted that this study, although closer to the theory of speech acts, believes that it is possible to match this ideas with the critical dualism and with the theory of truth as correspondence. Finally, this study results in a theoretical discourse related not only to the needs to legitimize the normative activity in a Republican state (in the way of Arendt), and democracy, but also to the activity related to the creation of official versions for past happenings, through the power of the fact enunciation / A presente dissertação, intitulada ¯Jurisdição e poder de enunciação fática: a normalização nos interstícios do agir jurisdicional. tem por objetivo aproximar-se da atuação dos magistrados e tribunais do Poder Judiciário (o agir jurisdicional), especificamente em sua atuação relacionada com o estabelecimento de versões oficiais sobre os fatos. A partir da consideração de tal atuação como oriunda de um poder estatal próprio, denominado por este estudo de poder de enunciação fática, explicitar-se-á que o agir jurisdicional é formado por outros poderes necessários à atuação estatal. Diante dessa diversidade de poderes, o presente estudo indaga a respeito do tipo de autoridade e do tipo de procedimento de legitimação a que os cidadãos estão sujeitos, especificamente os jurisdicionados. Utilizando a metodologia crítico-dualista, que defende a cisão entre fatos e decisões, redimensionada pela teoria dos atos de fala, especificamente de Searle, o presente estudo procurará compreender as diversas formas de força ilocucionária envolvidas no agir jurisdicional. Nessa direção, após questionar as formas de justificação da atividade jurisdicional e da verificação de sua legitimidade, buscar-se-á compreender a ideia de modalização explicitada por uma linguística da enunciação, que será utilizada para explicar como se procede à normalização, verificada no interior do Estado, em seu agir jurisdicional. É importante ressaltar, contudo, que este estudo, apesar de se aproximar da teoria dos atos de fala, acredita ser possível a compatibilização de suas ideias com o dualismo crítico e com a teoria da verdade como correspondência. Por fim, este estudo dissertativo resulta em um direcionamento teórico não vinculado, apenas, à necessidade de legitimação da atividade normativa em um Estado republicano (nos moldes de Arendt) e democrático, mas também, da atividade relacionada com o estabelecimento de versões oficiais sobre fatos pretéritos, através do poder de enunciação fática

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_antonio_carlos.pdf: 1090508 bytes, checksum: 7ec2d561db841813adc8070ee350537a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-10 / Is it possible to stop the concrete effects of a res judicata in a continuative tax legal relationship after a Supreme Court decision in the same issue? This research explores this question in two different ways: first, from Legal Theory point of view, will be analyzed the formal institutions related with object, with especial attenction to the unconstitutional norm sanction; second, confronting all theoretical models, this research collected data from one of Brazilian High Corts (Superior Tribunal de Justiça) and from High Administrative Court for Tax Disputes (Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais) with the scope to get a qualitative diagnosis of judicial and administrative decision making in disputes envolving the same object of this dissertantion. From these premisses, was found a trend to assign biding effects to Supreme Court precedents related to tax issues, inserting a new normative expectation to be obeyed by Governement and taxpayers. So, without any legislative reform, any incidental Supreme Court colegial decision can modify res judicata state of right, allowing the interruption of the future effectiveness of such sentences / O presente trabalho tem por o objeto de pesquisa pretende, a partir da contextualização da teoria do direito e direito positivo vigente, estabelecer a resposta para a seguinte pergunta: É possível a cessação dos efeitos da coisa julgada de relações jurídicas continuativas em matéria tributária em face de superveniente decisão plenária do Supremo Tribunal Federal? Para tanto, divide-se o trabalho em duas partes. Na primeira parte, analisaremos os seguintes aspectos: a) enfoque da teoria do direito, onde se estabelecem as premissas teóricas que serão contextualizadas no curso de todo o trabalho; b) complementando as premissas iniciais desenvolvidas anteriormente, analisa-se sanção de inconstitucionalidade sob a ótica constitucional. Ainda estudaremos o modelo teórico difundido pela maior parte da doutrina que o contrapõe ao direito positivo nacional; c) em seguida, a partir do estudo sistemático da coisa julgada e da eficácia da decisão plenária do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre as relações jurídicas tributárias, serão indicadas as premissas menores do trabalho. Na segunda parte, busca-se, a partir da coleta de dados dos repositórios de jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais, estabelecer uma análise qualitativa do modelo decisório definido por aquele órgão. A partir das premissas articuladas, conclui-se que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, ao menos no que se refere à relação tributária, atribui um caráter vinculativo às decisões plenárias do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Tal caráter constitui verdadeira alteração do arcabouço normativo prévio, pois insere uma nova expectativa normativa que deve ser obedecida pela administração pública e os contribuintes. Logo, a superveniente decisão do STF possui o condão de alterar o estado de direito da sentença atingida pela coisa julgada, o que permite a sustação da eficácia futura da sentença, por meio da ação de modificação