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The thesis consists of a philosophical normative analysis of legislation on prostitution. The thesis aims to add on to the existing discussion regarding prostitution through an angle that has not been discussed earlier. During the thesis, three major models of legislation are analyzed through the theoretical framework of Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach. The three major models of legislation are criminalization, the Nordic model, and legalization. The result entails that criminalization is the least supported model of legislation regarding prostitution, and the Nordic model is the most supported by the theoretical framework. Although, it is stated that the answer could perhaps be found outside the three major models of legislation.

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of cases of criminal charges laid against those who do not disclose their HIV-positive status to their sexual partners. The criminalization of HIV non-disclosure has generated an intense debate which is the object of this analysis. Using a social constructionist framework, particularly the work of Donileen Loseke, a leading social problems theorist, and documentary data drawn primarily from the internet, my goal is to shed light on the debate. More specifically, I am concerned with definitional contests or competing constructions inherent in the debate. The dissertation is organized around three papers. The first paper explores how the condition of HIV itself is socially constructed in the debate. Claims-makers who support criminal sanctions construct the disease as deadly and devastating, while claims-makers who oppose criminalization construct HIV as chronic and manageable. The second paper explores the rhetorical strategies used by those who support criminalization to construct non-disclosers as villains. I coined the term techniques of vilification to capture these strategies. The third paper examines the rhetorical strategies used by those who oppose criminalization to neutralize the label of victim for partners of non-disclosers. As a whole, the dissertation contributes to a better understanding of social problems claims-making processes, particularly around the construction of conditions and people. The dissertation also makes contributions to ongoing discussions in the sociology of health and illness, and victimology. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis investigates the debate around the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure with an emphasis on the Canadian context. Adopting a social constructionist approach, particularly as it has been used in the sociological study of social problems, and building on the work of social problems theorist Donileen Loseke, the thesis explores three themes: 1) how claims-makers understand HIV as a condition based on whether they support or oppose criminalization, 2) how claims-makers who support criminalization vilify those who do not disclose their HIV-positive status, and 3) how claims-makers who oppose criminalization work to downplay claims to victimhood by partners of non-disclosers. This work contributes to our understanding of the definitional contests underlying the debate. More broadly, it contributes to our understanding of social problems claims-making processes.

Thesis advisor: Robert J. Savage / This dissertation compares that state-sponsored tactic of criminalization implemented against both the Black community of Brixton and the republican community of Belfast throughout the 1970s, arguing that both minority groups were criminalized in an attempt to end the ‘crisis of hegemony’ faced by the British government during the post-war decline of empire. While this process of criminalization was implemented via different legislative methods and with different ideologies, racial in Brixton and ethno-sectarian in Belfast, the government used these negative ideologies to create a specific narrative that supported the implementation of discriminatory policing policies against these marginalized groups. Both the Black and republican communities fought against this narrative of criminalization, instead highlighting parallel counter-narratives which contended that discriminatory governing and over-policing were negative symptoms of Britain’s enduring colonial legacy and a detriment to the minority populations of the United Kingdom. Tensions between the state-sponsored police and these marginalized communities exploded in 1981 with the uprising in Brixton and the hunger strike in Belfast. Members of both minority communities viewed these events as attempts to combat state discriminatory policies, but the British government viewed these violent events as proof of the criminality of these minority groups. Examining the creation and use of community murals in both Brixton and Belfast after 1981, this dissertation argues that murals became a less violent, but no less visible tool to combat the narrative of criminalization. As a type of artwork specifically designed for marginalized communities to challenge spatial and visual hegemony, community murals in these locations created large public canvases with which disenfranchised citizens could display their own visual representation – a representation to offset the negative imagery being portrayed by the British government and mainstream media. Minority groups in both Great Britain and Northern Ireland used these community artworks as subversive tools to positively display their marginalized cultures and their counter-narrative of discriminatory policies throughout the 1980s. While created via different artistic and collaborative methods, community murals in Brixton and Belfast became a tool used by both minority groups to combat the negative impacts of the shared criminalization that stemmed from a mutual colonial history. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:43:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Pavowski Silvestre.pdf: 1995665 bytes, checksum: 26208247c6c4cabbf1a50ea35548b669 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / This study has as object the relationship between freedom restriction and the criminalization of adolescents who serve the internment at Cense Ponta Grossa – PR, considering socioeconomic aspects. Its main purpose is to verify which socioeconomic factors favored the criminalization and freedom restriction process of adolescents at Cense Ponta Grossa – PR. Its about an interdisciplinary research, with social and legal character, performed by a case study that articulates both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. Methodological procedures used were literature, documentary research with time frame from January to April 2012, verbal information, interview guidelines with adolescents and their families. Adolescents and families testimonials were analyzed under content analysis resource. The work is organized into four chapters. On the first chapter, titled “Democratic State of Law: conceptions, contradictions and repressive social control”, the objective is to bring the factors that determined the origin of Modern State into the debate, and also the Democratic State of Law formation in Brazil at the capitalist system context, that presents itself as contradictory and strengthens repressive social control actions against portions of the population. On the second chapter, named “Children and adolescents warranty system and socioeducational measures”, it is presented the way that children and adolescents rights constitutional process were held in Brazil, and how these legal instruments interfere on the institution of socioeducational measures possible to be applied for adolescents at the country. So, it is described how the State is organized on its different levels to execute the socioeducational measure at Ponta Grossa. Under the title of “Adolescent and the committal of infracional acts”, the third chapter describes how it is working nowadays the socioeducational measure of internment execution on Ponta Grossa Socioeducational Center. At this point, it is also presented the interned adolescents profile at Cense between the months of January and April 2012, and parts of some socioeducational measures judicial determination which provide other elements to the debate that contribute for the research purpose. On the last chapter, “Freedom restriction and socioeconomical conditions relationship at the point of view of adolescents and their responsables”, it is presented the characterization of the adolescents that participate at the interviews and the analysis of the interviews through the identified categories. The most perceptive issue is that the process of criminalization of adolescents occurs face to two main questions. The first one is the historical process of criminalization of children and adolescents in vulnerability and social risk in Brazil, when they became object of State tutelary and repressive intervention, due to situations described as irregular and because of that needed to be normalized, molded for living in an alleged harmonious society. Besides, it is identified that the deleterious effects of penal system, widely known and discussed by researchers and professionals of different areas, present on this study through the critical criminology, before the existence of a labeling process of individuals carrying certain characteristics that become criminalized and has occupied spaces of incarceration, such as Ponta Grossa Socieducational Center. / O presente estudo tem como objeto as relações existentes entre a privação de liberdade e a criminalização de adolescentes que cumprem a medida socioeducativa de internação no Cense de Ponta Grossa – Pr, a partir dos aspectos socioeconômicos. Seu objetivo principal é verificar quais os fatores socioeconômicos que favoreceram o processo de criminalização e privação de liberdade de adolescentes no Cense de Ponta Grossa – Pr. Trata-se de uma pesquisa interdisciplinar, de cunho sociojurídico, que articula as dimensões qualitativa e quantitativa, através do estudo de caso. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, com recorte temporal entre janeiro e abril de 2012, informação verbal, entrevista por pautas junto aos adolescentes selecionados e seus familiares. Os depoimentos dos adolescentes e dos familiares destes foram analisados sob o recurso da análise de conteúdo. O material está organizado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo, intitulado “Estado Democrático de Direito: concepções, contradições e controle social repressivo”, tem como objetivo trazer ao debate os fatores que determinaram a origem do Estado moderno, bem como sobre a formação do Estado Democrático de Direito no Brasil no contexto do sistema capitalista, que se apresenta contraditório e que acaba por fortalecer ações de controle social repressivo diante de determinadas parcelas da população. No segundo capítulo, denominado “O sistema de garantia dos direitos da criança e do adolescente e as medidas socioeducativas”, apresenta-se a forma como se deu o processo de constituição dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes no Brasil e como estes instrumentos legais interferem na instituição das medidas socioeducativas possíveis de serem aplicadas a adolescentes no país. A partir do que, descreve-se como está organizado o Estado em seus diferentes níveis para executar as medidas socioeducativas, e especificamente sobre a medida de internação em Ponta Grossa. Com o título “O adolescente e o cometimento de atos infracionais em Ponta Grossa” descreve-se, no terceiro capítulo, como está sendo executada atualmente no Centro de Socioeducação de Ponta Grossa a medida socioeducativa de internação. Neste momento, apresenta-se também o perfil dos adolescentes internados no Cense entre os meses de janeiro e abril de 2012, e trechos de algumas decisões judiciais de medidas socioeducativas de internação que trazem ao debate outros elementos que contribuem para o objeto de pesquisa proposto. No último capítulo, “Relação entre privação de liberdade e condições socioeconômicas na percepção dos adolescentes e seus responsáveis”, apresenta-se a caracterização dos adolescentes participantes da entrevista e as análises das entrevistas realizadas a partir das categorias identificadas. O que fica mais evidente através da pesquisa realizada é que o processo de criminalização de adolescentes ocorre diante de duas questões principais, sendo uma delas o processo histórico de criminalização de crianças e adolescentes em situação de vulnerabilidade e risco social ocorrido no Brasil, que os torna objetos de intervenção tutelar e repressivo do Estado em situações descritas como irregulares, que fugiam de um determinado padrão e que por isto precisavam ser normalizados, moldados para viver em uma suposta sociedade padrão e harmônica. Além deste processo histórico próprio da infância e adolescência no Brasil, identificam-se os efeitos deletérios do sistema penal, amplamente conhecidos e discutidos por pesquisadores e profissionais das mais diversas áreas, e que trouxemos como referência a partir da discussão da criminologia crítica; e a existência de um processo de etiquetamento de indivíduos portadores de determinadas características que passam a ser criminalizadas, e que vem ocupando os espaços de encarceramento, dentre eles o Centro de Socioeducação de Ponta Grossa – Pr.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Marreiro dos Santos Junior.pdf: 10029035 bytes, checksum: a90156fb36797beb28a98357cc6d09bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The research had the objective of investigating Manaus in the period of town planning and architectural transformation, found in the economy of the eraser, choosing Portuguese, Indians, tapuios, cabocos and Northeasterners as historical protagonists, while marginalized, considered suspects, dangerous to the effective order, opposed ethnic and social to the ideas of European habits, modernity, civility and progress. It was looked for to evidence a dynamic and multiple process, tense coexistence relationships with senses and glances on the elect protagonists. The form was to inquire the relationships between etnia and criminality, through theories and social and racial speeches, circulated and appropriate for the Press amazonense, authorities and writers' works, focusing in the chronicles policemen and emphasizing the vision of the society, or of the effective order, on the ethnic specificities. The research is justified for the contribution to the History under the theme of ethnic-social character to the light of the daily criminal, criticizing the imaginary hegemonic and the mystic of the nationalism of a Manaus of the Eraser is absent of marginalized social segments, disqualified by his/her race, without contrasts, without tensions, without poverty. Such taskwork was accomplished through a documental group that it was synthesized and filtrate, they were Codes, Ordinances, Messages of Government, literary registrations, and several journalistic matters, besides the one of criminal stamp, historical sources loaded of references cultural, racial and social, evidencing a disciplinary context and that it is imposed. With four chapters, there was the intention to analyze the context and to visualize the atmosphere of transformation of the city and of their inhabitants, these under the cultural and racial inclinations, by senses data to the Portuguese and the suspicions of social danger, tends as objectives of the Indian "order", tapuios, mestizos cabocos and Northeastern migrants / A pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar Manaus no período de transformação urbanística e arquitetônica, alicerçada na economia da borracha, elegendo portugueses, índios, tapuios, cabocos e nordestinos como protagonistas históricos, enquanto criminalizados, considerados suspeitos, perigosos à ordem vigente, contrapostos étnicos e sociais às ideias de europeização, modernidade, civilidade e progresso. Buscou-se evidenciar um processo dinâmico e múltiplo, relações de convivência tensas com sentidos e olhares sobre os protagonistas eleitos. A forma foi inquirir as relações entre etnia e criminalidade, através de teorias e discursos sociorraciais, circulados e apropriados pela Imprensa amazonense, autoridades e obras de literatos, focando nas crônicas policiais e ressaltando a visão da sociedade, ou da ordem vigente, sobre as especificidades étnicas. A pesquisa justifica-se pela contribuição historiográfica sob o tema de caráter étnico-social à luz do cotidiano criminal, criticando o imaginário hegemônico e a mística do ufanismo de uma Manaus da Borracha ausente de segmentos sociais criminalizados, desqualificados etnicamente, sem contrastes, sem tensões, sem pobreza. Tal empreitada foi realizada através de um conjunto documental que foi sintetizado e filtrado, foram Códigos, Decretos, Mensagens de Governo, registros literários, e matérias jornalísticas diversas, além das de cunho criminal, fontes históricas carregadas de referências culturais, raciais e sociais, evidenciando um contexto disciplinador e impositivo. Com quatro capítulos, houve o intuito de contextualizar e visualizar o ambiente de transformação da cidade e de seus habitantes, estes sob os vieses cultural e racial, mediante sentidos dados aos portugueses e às suspeitas de perigo social, tendo como alvos da ordem índios, tapuios, mestiços cabocos e migrantes nordestinos

A vigente política brasileira sobre drogas aloca, aos que as consomem ou aos que as comercializam, ao patamar da ilegalidade – ainda que preveja a diferenciação de fronteiras imprecisas, entre consumo e tráfico. A conjuntura proibicionista proporciona a existência de complexas redes sociais, entre os que mais lucram, e não são identificados como tais, e os que são passíveis de punição/correção. Estes últimos são os que se encontram na porção final da rede de vendas de drogas, em geral ocupada por jovens pobres, fato denunciado no contexto das medidas socioeducativas descritas por este trabalho. Esta dissertação é o resultado de um processo cartográfico junto a jovens em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto por envolvimento no comércio de drogas, a partir da inserção em grupos de Prestação de Serviços à Comunidade e de Liberdade Assistida. Apresento aqui os elementos vivenciados no período da pesquisa, relacionando-os com as noções de criminalização das juventudes, biopoder e de medicalização do social, analisando como estes se expressam na contemporaneidade e como são trabalhados e (re)produzidos no contexto socioeducativo. Demonstrar como estes conceitos se articulam e constituem a produção de discursos na relação com jovens envolvidos/as com a rede de comércio de drogas, com as políticas públicas para crianças e jovens ao longo do tempo e com as instituições responsáveis pelas medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto foram as pistas percorridas por esta cartografia. Neste contexto é coerente questionar, serão os jovens que estão em conflito com as leis, ou as leis que estão em conflito com os jovens? / The current Brazilian substance misuse policy allocates to those who consume or to those who sell, the illegality – although providing a differentiation, yet of blurred boundaries between consumption and trafficking. The prohibitionist scenario provides the existence of complex social networks among those who profit from, and are not identified as such, and of those whom are punishable. The latter are those who are in the final portion of the drug sales network, generally occupied by poor young people, a fact reported in the context of socio-educational measures described in this work. This dissertation is the result of a social cartography process with young people in fulfilment of educational measures for involvement in the drug trade, part of the integration in Service Delivery groups to Community and Assisted Freedom. I present here the experiences during the research period, relating them to the criminalization of youths, biopower and the medicalization of social, analyzing how these are expressed in contemporary society and how they are worked out and (re)produced in the social and educational context. To demonstrate how these concepts are linked and constitute the production of discourse in relation to young people involved with the drug trade network, with public policies for children and young people over time and with the institutions responsible for social and educational measures were the hints used by this cartography. In this context it is relevant to question: is it the youths who are in conflict with the laws, or are the laws in conflict with the youths?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eric de Assis Santos.pdf: 744247 bytes, checksum: a267dc1862574c07e5204d1c0241648c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-07 / The present work being performed is based on the warrants of criminalization, the study of Military Criminal Code Article 205, and its relation to Federal Law No. 8072/90, exploring all the aspects necessary to ensure that changes aimed at the cataloguing of heinous crimes are carried out. The research has been divided into eight parts. In the first part, we made a brief statement about legislation, military justice in Brazil and within the world, inserting our research in the current reality of Military Law, which has been ignored by our representatives, specifically the Legislative Power. Following this contextualization, we cover general aspects concerning homicidal crimes, including its elements, jurisdictions, legal objectives and certain peculiarities related to Military Justice. The third part of our research has been devoted to the classification and differentiation of military crime in relation to common crime, dealing with the diversity of denominations used by the doctrine, addressing the conditions and concepts of proper/improper military crime. Chapters four, five and six adress the warrants of criminalization, the manner the subject is dealt in Brazil and on Compared Law. Equality Principle is the subject developed on the chapter seven. The final section of the paper discusses various issues arisen in our observation of the Heinous Crimes Law, including specific kinds of homicide, however, murder in the first degree of Military Criminal Code was not found, existing insufficient protection of a warrant criminalization / O presente trabalho possui como cerne os mandados de criminalização, o estudo do artigo 205 do Código Penal Militar e a sua relação com a Lei n°8072/90, explorando todos os aspectos necessários para que sejam realizadas mudanças objetivando a alteração do rol de crimes hediondos. A pesquisa foi dividida em oito partes. Primeiramente, fizemos um breve relato sobre a legislação e a justiça militar no Brasil e no mundo, inserindo a dissertação na realidade em que encontramos o Direito Militar, isto é, ignorado pelos nossos representantes, principalmente pelo Poder Legislativo. Após esta contextualização, cuidamos dos aspectos gerais do crime de homicídio, abrangendo seus elementos, competência, objeto jurídico e algumas peculiaridades referentes à Justiça Castrense. Na terceira parte, dedicamos grande atenção para classificação e diferenciação do crime militar em relação ao crime comum, para isto, tratamos das diversas denominações utilizadas pela doutrina, enfrentando os conceitos de crime militar próprio, impróprio etc. Os capítulos quatro, cinco e seis tratam dos mandados de criminalização, o modo como o tema é enfrentado no Brasil e no Direito Comparado. Princípio da Igualdade é o tema que o capítulo sétimo cuida. Na parte final do trabalho, discutimos várias questões que surgem ao observarmos que na Lei de Crimes Hediondos existe uma série de crimes graves, inclusive espécies de homicídios, mas não se encontra o homicídio doloso do Código Penal Militar, existindo uma proteção insuficiente do mandado de criminalização

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho visa a investigar historicamente o uso de droga enquanto objeto de intervenção da Medicina e da Psiquiatria, a partir do início do século XX até os dias atuais, refletindo sobre a articulação e a cooperação entre essas duas instituições, inserindo o problema no panorama geral da questão no Brasil e no mundo. Para atingir esse objetivo, farse-á a análise de documentos produzidos ao longo do período referido nos dois âmbitos: documentos legais e as principais referências da bibliografia psiquiátrica. Assim, o principal foco do estudo é encontrar as convergências e divergências dos processos de medicalização e criminalização do uso de droga, dando especial atenção para o arranjo atual dessa problemática. Após a análise documental, far-se-á um contraponto das informações colhidas na pesquisa com alguns trabalhos genealógicos de Michel Foucault, pensando como este teórico pode ajudar a compreender o surgimento, a evolução e a configuração atual da questão da droga no Brasil. / The present study aims to investigate drug use historically as an object of intervention of Justice and Psychiatry, from the early twentieth century to the present day, reflecting on the relationship and cooperation between these two institutions, placing the problem in the Brazilian panorama and worldwide. To achieve this goal, the analysis of documents produced in these two areas during the referred period will be carried out: legal documents and major psychiatric literature references. Thus, the main focus of the study is to find the similarities and differences between the processes of medicalization and criminalization of drug use, paying particular attention to the current arrangement of this problem. After documentary analysis, the information collected in the research will be analyzed in the light of some of Michel Foucaults genealogical work, reflecting on how his theory can help us understand the emergence, evolution and current configuration of the drug issue in Brazil.