In Swedish primary school, the subjects geography, history, social studies or citizenship education and religion are integrated and known as one school subject called civic orientation. Through history, the civic orientation is characterized as a subject with a strong role to bring up a specific form of citizen. In civic orientation, there is mandatory content which the teacher must relate to. The mandatory content is based on certain views of children’s abilities and needs and thus sets the framework which either enables or limits the children. But the teacher also has the freedom to add content based on his/her own personal view of children’s needs and interests, and at the same time the curriculum also leaves room for interpretations. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the child in primary school is described, or what representations of the child are dominating in the civic orientation curricula. Furthermore, the aim of this study is to compare these representations to what three different teachers express when they motivate their didactic choices in civic orientation. The purpose of the comparison is to see whether the teachers are maintaining or questioning these representations of the child when they relate to the content expressed in the civic orientation curricula. The result shows that the content of the curricula is based on ideas that the child is socially and cognitively immature and therefore in need of simplification and protection. The teachers contribute to both questioning and maintaining these ideas, but their statements also reflect structural conditions of the school.

This thesis explores the political discourse´s portrayal of elderly needs in Sweden, as well as discourses the lived effects on the elderly population. The study is guided by the following research questions 1) What is the current political discourses construction of elderly´s needs? And 2) How could this discourse affect the elderly population? To fulfil the purpose and answer the research questions the study utilizes a critical discourse analysis. The study also employs a wide theoretical foundation with central concepts deriving both from a general sociological tradition, such as symbolic interactionism. As well as more specialized gerontological theories, such as ageism and structured dependency. By using a thematic analysis as well as a synthesising analysis the study provided both an in-depth and collected depiction of the discourse on elderly needs as well as its lived effects. The analysis found four thematics of interest, a) Emotional needs b) elderly´s need of others c) organizational needs and d) basic amenities. All of which were characterized by a dystopian and ageist portrayal of old age. Seemingly based on ageist stereotypes rather than the characteristics of the actual demographic. Similarly, the overall narrative showed that elderly where portrayed as a homogenized collective of others. The narrative also depicted elderly as a very simple, dependant and burdensome demographic. The lived effects were varied under the thematic analysis, these could be characterized under two overarching trends. Firstly, the risk that elderly embrace the dystopian role depicted in the discourse. Secondly the discourses skewed portrayal of elderly can lead to less effective and potentially destructive policies and resource allocation.

There is no one clear concept of peace in peace education. A large part of peace education recognizes and discusses different forms of violence and how they affect peace. Peace education is a broad field and finds connections to critical peace education, feminism, sustainability, the United Nations, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Using transnational feminist theory and a transnational feminist critical discourse analysis, this thesis problematizes the peace discourse that is created in peace educational material from World’s Largest Lesson. In order to problematize the overall peace discourse, this thesis critically explores the knowledge that is produced through discussions of different forms of violence. The peace education materials were selected based on their relevance to peace education occurring in relation to education for the Sustainable Development Goals.  The materials were also selected based on their aim to produce knowledge specifically related to concepts of peace and violence. The thesis finds that overall, the knowledge produced in the materials deemphasizes the interconnectedness of different forms of violence and, therefore, creates a peace discourse that is decontextualized, dehistoricized, depoliticized, privileges individuals, and maintains the status quo. The thesis also discusses pedagogical implications in relation to Mohanty’s (2003) discussion of different pedagogical strategies. It is argued that the peace discourse in World’s Largest Lesson contributes to a peace as tourist pedagogical model. The thesis also offers insights into a peace as solidarity pedagogical model before calling for change

Based on the political economy of the media perspective, this paper explores the media coverage of wealth and inheritance taxation over the early 21st century (2000 to 2018) based on a large-scale corpus of seven German daily and weekly newspapers. Germany is a useful case study, being one of the most unequal countries in the Eurozone area in terms of wealth inequality. Drawing on text mining methods and corpus linguistics, it shows that wealth and inheritance taxation is a relatively infrequent topic over the entire period, with the exception of a few intense months of increased reporting. On the occasions that the media do report on the topic of wealth and inheritance taxation, it is mainly covered in terms of a political debate. This debate centres on the politics of a possible reform process and the connected difficulties of finding compromise between different actors, rather than focussing on the potential economic impact. Furthermore, this paper explores the power of agents (both on the organisational and individual level) as the primary definers of social reality. It shows that market-liberal and conservative organisations and economists dominate the news over social-democratic and left-wing ones. Overall, the findings indicate a hostile news coverage concerning the introduction of wealth taxation and the increase of inheritance tax. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

The purpose of this paper was to examine the communication around the subject of suicide on the Swedish online message board Flashback Forum. By doing a case study and a critical discourse analysis, we wanted to get answers about how the conversation between individuals who are suicidal and members on Flashback appeared, and if there were any distinct discourses to be seen in the conversation. Three threads started by individuals with suicidal thoughts were chosen to be analysed, which all in all were 474 answers. The result of the analysis showed three distinct discourses in the posts written by members on Flashback: preventive, critical and pro suicide. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur kommunikationen om ämnet självmord på det svenska internetforumet Flashback Forum. Genom att göra en fallstudie, samt en kritisk diskursanalys ville vi får svar på hur samtalet mellan personer med självmordstankar och de bemötande såg ut, och om det gick att se några tydliga diskurser i samtalen. Tre olika trådar skapade av personer med självmordstankar valdes ut för analys, vilket gav 474 svar. Analysen resulterade i att det gick att tyda tre synliga diskurser i inläggen skrivna av medlemmarna på Flashback: preventiv, kritisk- och prosuicid diskurs.

A presente tese aborda os desdobramentos para o ensino de matemática dos discursos sobre equidade presentes nos documentos oficiais produzidos pela UNESCO e por outras organizações multilaterais durante a década de 1990. A agenda internacional estabelecida por tais documentos assumiu o lema educação para todos como sua principal marca e se ajustou às políticas neoliberais de reestruturação da ordem mundial e ao contexto da globalização. De modo a analisar os referidos discursos, primeiramente foram discutidos os conceitos de igualdade e equidade, assim como sua utilização nos discursos educacionais, particularmente como herança da própria consolidação da escola pública burguesa nos séculos XVIII e XIX. Em seguida, com base no referencial teórico da Análise Crítica do Discurso, foram analisados os principais marcos oficiais da educação para todos, com destaque à Declaração Mundial de Educação para Todos (1990) e, no âmbito nacional, o Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos (1983) e os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (1997 e 1998). Finalmente, foram discutidos uma série de perspectivas teóricas em Educação Matemática que poderiam representar contrapontos ao discurso hegemônico no sentido de promover maior igualdade no acesso ao ensino de matemática. / The present thesis deals with the implications for the teaching of mathematics of the discourses on equity presented in official documents produced by UNESCO and other multilateral organizations during the 1990s. The international agenda established by such documents has assumed the theme of \"education for all\" as its main element and conformed to the neoliberal policies of restructuring the world order and the context of globalization. In order to analyze these discourses, the concepts of equality and equity were first discussed, as well as their use in educational discourses, particularly as inheritance of the very consolidation of the bourgeois public school in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Then, based on the theoretical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis, the main official milestones of education for all were analyzed, with emphasis on the World Declaration of Education for All (1990) and, at the national level, the Ten Year Plan of Education for All (1983) and the National Curricular Parameters (1997 and 1998). Finally, a series of theoretical perspectives in Mathematics Education were discussed that could represent counterpoints to the hegemonic discourse in order to promote greater equality in the access to mathematics education.

New media technologies are changing the ways that we not only go about our day-to-day lives, but also the ways that we sell and exchange our labor within the capitalist economy. These technologies are shaping how we represent and perceive ourselves and others, as well as the ways in which, as we move about the world, our images are taken and circulated with neither our explicit permission, nor sometimes our knowledge (Dovey, 2000; Toffoletti, 2007). Despite the fact that we can no longer viably opt out of visual or technological culture, there remains a strong rhetoric of personal responsibility when such images are used in ways that are unexpected and sometimes extremely damaging (C. Hall, 2015). The growth in incidences of what Clare McGlynn (2017) calls “image-based sexual violence” cannot be divorced from the economic and cultural shifts that are both challenging and reifying dominant power relations in the early 21st century. This doctoral thesis examines the economic and social discourses underpinning news reporting on sexual privacy violations in relation to new media technologies and shifting forms of female celebrity. Using empirical methods to collect and sort U.S. and Canadian news articles at a macro level as well as discourse analysis of news reporting at the micro level, I focus on two particular sites wherein new media celebrity, sexual violence/violation, and political economies converge: the celebrity sex tape scandal and the stolen celebrity nude photo. I examine sexuality and privacy violation in an exemplary economic context, looking at how the “leaked” sex tape or image functions in the gendered sexual economy to undermine claims to meritocratic capitalist success. I focus on two moments of crisis: firstly, the pop culture crisis of 2007-2008, coinciding with the global economic recession as well as the growth in new media technology and social media usage, wherein several high-profile female celebrities undergo dramatic and very public “breakdowns” in proper femininity, ranging from the fairly banal “scandal” surrounding a then-15-year-old Miley Cyrus posing semi-nude for Vanity Fair to the more severe and illegal acts of Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton (both of whom were arrested for driving under the influence across this time period). Secondly, I examine the moment of crisis signaled by the 2014 iCloud hacking incident wherein hundreds of female celebrities’ personal private nude photos were stolen and circulated online. I analyze the sex “scandals” that are both discursively constructed by, and circulating through, the news at these moments. The findings point to several notable trends in the contemporary political climate. Firstly, they illuminate the tensions and contradictions in the media’s attempt to reconcile post-feminist sexual “empowerment” narratives with the broader imperatives of neoliberalism, surveillance, and self-commodification. Secondly, this thesis provides a timely analysis of the gendered pathways to success and the gatekeeping that is conducted both within and by the (news) media, which are themselves invested in narratives of meritocracy. Finally, the cynical, meta-commentary circulating in the news reporting on celebrity content – reporting that is increasingly beholden to corporate interests – contributes to the broader erosion of trust in mainstream media. In today’s media environment in particular, studies of heirs-turned-reality stars such as Paris Hilton (whose trajectory is eerily similar to that of U.S. President Donald Trump), are particularly urgent, as are studies that connect the seemingly disparate yet increasingly converging fields of celebrity, journalism, feminism (and sexual violence), and neoliberalism.

The study The Rome in the hands of journalists: a critical discourse analysis of how Roma people are represented in Dagens Nyheter before and after recognition as a national minority examines the swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter´s reporting of the Roma people in 1998 and 2018. The aim is to find out if the recognition as a national minority in 2000 has created some form of change in the journalists' representation of the Roma people and how it is expressed.  The method that has been used is a critical discourse analysis, where the main focus has been on the language the journalists have used and how it influenced the larger social context. The study uses a theoretical framework that includes theories that surronds the power of media, representation of the language, stereotypes and other psychological aspects which can explain the mindset of the journalists.  The analysis found both differences and similarities in the reporting of the Roma people since they became a recognised national minority in Sweden. Still, in the discourse of 2018 it can be seen that they mostly are portrayed in av negative and stereotyped way. But it can also be noticed that small steps within the social discourse has been taken. Especially in the usage of language where the Roma people in 1998 almost always where named as ”gypsies” which almost never occured in 2018. It can also be seen that in the discourse of 2018 that the Roma people get to speak for themselves in a less stereotyped way than in 1998. The study found that it is only then, when the Roma is depicted as an individual and get to tell its own story, old stereotypes can be disregarded.

During the past ten years, European politics experienced a rise of far right-wing parties because of intensified levels of insecurity among the public (Falasca & Grandien, 2017). These parties organize their political discourse around topics of nationalism and a strong opinion against immigration, the Euro and the European Union (Breeze, 2019; Häusler, 2018). One of these parties is the Alternative for Germany (AfD) which celebrated a major success in the federal elections in 2017 where it became the third largest party in the German Bundestag.   The present study aims to analyze the campaign posters of the AfD as one element of their strategic political communication for the 2017 election period in the context of the party’s growing popularity among German society. To accomplish that goal, the qualitative method of multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) is applied. The MCDA analyzes written and visual content. The study seeks to identify the narratives implemented by the party and analyze them by drawing on the concept of nationalism. Furthermore, the analysis aims to identify the frames created around the main issues addressed in the party’s political agenda by discussing them in relation to the concepts of ontological security and existential anxiety by Giddens (1991) and the framing theory by Goffman (1974).   The study reveals that the AfD highlights in its political communication one main conflict: The German public versus the immigrants. The immigrants are framed as the threatening strange other whose cultural values, and religious beliefs contradict with those of the Germans who are depicted as the victims. This is achieved through the posters which seek to elicit fear and hatred towards the strange new to increase the insecurities perceived by the public. The party, on the contrary, represents itself as the savior of the German nation, its traditions, and values which they aim to maintain and protect from Muslim influence.

A análise das notícias publicadas pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo sobre a crise hídrica que atingiu a região metropolitana de São Paulo nos anos de 2014 e 2015, se dá com o objetivo de identificar qual o discurso ambiental da Folha. Por meio de um levantamento das notícias publicadas entre 2013 e 2016, para observar também a cobertura da temática nos anós pré e pós crise, e utilizando como ferramentas metodológicas a Análise de Enquadramento e a Análise Crítica Do Discurso, coletando dados de quando, por quem e em qual caderno a notícia é classificada, foi possível identificar o viés trazido pelo discurso do jornal frente à temática. Observa-se que o jornal faz um discurso voltado ao utilitarismo dos recursos ambientais, colocando-o a disposição para ser utilizado pela sociedade humana, ao evidenciar como causas da crise hídrica a falta de chuvas e excessivo consumo humano domicilar, negligenciando outros aspectos como políticas públicas para ampliação da coleta de água e expansão dos reservatórios, conscientização da população, proteção das matas ciliares das bacias, entre outros fatores que contribuem para uma compreensão total da problemática ambiental. Essa abordagem culpabilizadora do consumo e dados pluviométricos, protege os gestores das bacias e agências de distribuição de água por não terem capacidade de prever o baixo índice de chuvas. Portanto, o jornal não faz uma cobertura que possibilite ao leitor compreender a complexidade do abastecimento de água da região metropolitana de São Paulo para além de um serviço prestado pelo ambiente para a sociedade. É necessário que os meios de comunicação superem essa visão utilitarista do ambiente natural, debatendo-o como parte integrante, e essencial, da sociedade humana, para que a população também tenha a compreensão que o ambiente natural é importante para sua sobrevivência. / The analysis of the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper on the water crisis that hit a metropolitan region of São Paulo in the years 2014 and 2015, was aimed at identifying the environmental discourse of the journal. Through a survey of the news, between 2013 and 2016, to see also coverage of the issue in the pre and post-crisis annals, and the use of the Critical Discourse Analysis and Framing Analysis, collecting data from when, by whom and in which category it is news, it was possible to identify the content brought by the discourse of the newspaper about the theme. The Folha de S. Paulo discourse is aimed at the utility of environmental resources, making itself available to be used by human society, by showing the causes of the water crisis are low rainfall values and excessive domiciliary use, neglecting others aspects such as public policies for the expansion of water collection and the expansion of reservoirs, awareness of the population, protection of watersheds of the basins, among other factors that contribute to a total understanding of the environmental problem. This guilty approach to consumption and pluviometric data protects managers on the ideia that they can\'t predict the low rainfall. Therefore, the newspaper does not make a coverage that allows the reader to understand the complexity of water supply in the metropolitan region of São Paulo as well as a service provided by the environment to society. It is necessary for the media to overcome this utilitarian view of the natural environment, debating it as an integral and essential part of human society, so that the population also has a correct understanding of the natural environment for its survival.