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The effective cross-section method, also called reduced cross-section method is generally used for steel in class 4 cross-sections in considering local buckling. This method is a bit complicated and time consuming, which often leads to engineers not using profiles in class 4 cross-sections. The reduced stress method is an alternative method for handling slender steel cross-sections. These two methods are described in the Eurocode, of which the latter is less described. The national annex states that the reduced stress method should not be used, however, without explanation to the general recommendation. This study is a comparison of the two different methods and is intended to provide a better understanding of the reduced stress method. The calculation process and design for steel profiles in class 4 cross-sections can in this way become more efficient. This is done by determining when it is most profitable to use the reduced stress method instead of the effective cross-section method. Thus, can the use of profiles in class 4 cross-sections become a more obvious choice in the industry. This study considered a simply supported I-beam in an open railway bridge exposed to bending moment where the same conditions were investigated for each method. The effective crosssection method is implemented by reducing the cross-sectional area and was calculated manually. In the reduced stress method, it is the yield stress that is reduced. The reduced stress method was analyzed both through FEM and manual calculations in this study. The result showed that the reduced stress method performed through FEM gave a similar result as the effective cross-section method, which makes it an appealing method. The reduced stress method with manual calculation, however, gave a more conservative result. These methods are relativelydifferent and recommendations for each method are presented in this report. / Idag behandlas ståltvärsnitt i tvärsnittklass 4 generellt med hjälp av metoden effektivt tvärsnitt för att beakta lokal buckling. Metoden är en aning komplicerad och tidskrävande, vilket leder till att konstruktörer överlag inte använder profiler i tvärsnittsklass 4. Reducerad spänning är en alternativ metod för hantering av slanka ståltvärsnitt. Dessa två metoder beskrivs i Eurokoden varav den sist nämnda mer kortfattat. I den nationella bilagan står det att metoden reducerad spänning ej bör användas dock utan motivering till det allmänna rådet. Studien är en jämförelse av de två olika metoderna och är ämnad till att ge en bättre förståelse av metoden reducerad spänning. Således kan beräkningsgången samt projektering för stålprofiler i tvärsnittsklass 4 effektiviseras. Detta genom att avgöra när det är mest lönsamt att använda reducerad spänning framför effektivt tvärsnitt. Följaktligen kan användning av profiler i tvärsnittsklass 4 bli ett mer självklart val i branschen. Denna studie omfattade en fritt upplagd I-balk i en öppen järnvägsbro utsatt för böjande moment där samma förutsättningar har undersökts för respektive metod. Effektivt tvärsnitt går ut på att reducera en tvärsnittsarea och har utförts via handberäkningar. I metoden reducerad spänning är det sträckgränsen som reduceras. I denna studie undersöktes reducerad spänningsmetoden via FEM samt handberäkningar. Resultatet påvisade att metoden reducerad spänning utförd via FEM gav ett liknande resultat som metoden effektivt tvärsnitt, vilket gör det till en attraktiv metod. Reducerad spänning via handberäkning gav dock ett mer konservativt resultat. Metoderna är relativt olika och rekommendationer för tillämpning av respektive metod presenteras i denna rapport.

Le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules décrit les particules elementaires et leurs interactions avec une grande précision. Il décrit trois des quatre interactions fondamentales connues entre les particules elementaires : les interactions faibles, fortes et électromagnétiques. Le Modèle standard fournit aussi une description précise des interactions électrofaibles jusqu’à des échelles d’énergie qui ont été étudies dans les expériences de physique de haute énergie. Les interactions ainsi que les désintégrations d'un grand nombre de particules découvert et observe tout au long des expériences différentes dans les 50 dernières années sont également décrites. En dépit de son succès, le Modèle Standard est loin d’être une théorie complète des interactions fondamentales car il n’intègre pas la théorie complète de la gravitation telle que décrite par la relativité générale, ni la prédiction de l’accélération de l'expansion de l'univers (qui pourrait être décrite par l’énergie noire). La théorie ne contient aucune particule de matière noire viable qui possède toutes les propriétés déduites de la cosmologie observationnelle. Également, elle ne prend pas en compte les oscillations de neutrinos (et leurs masses non nulles). On pense que la nouvelle physique doit exister conduisant a de nouvelles particules et phénomènes. L’échelle a laquelle cette nouvelle physique devrait apparaıtre n'est pas bien connue, cependant plusieurs arguments soulignent l’échelle du TeV et nécessitent une très haute énergie et des puissants collisionneurs de hadrons. Le Large Hadron Collider (LHC) est le plus grand accélérateur et collisionneur de particules existant. / The Standard Model of particle physics is very successful in describing elementary particles and their interactions with a great precision. It describes three of the four known fundamental interactions between elementary particles : the weak, the strong and the electromagnetic interactions. The Standard Model also provides an accurate description of the electroweak interactions up to energy scales that have been explored in high energy physics experiments. The interaction and decay of a large number of particles discovered and observed throughout different experiments in the last 50 years are also described. Despite its great success, the Standard Model falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions because it does not incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or predict the accelerating expansion of the universe (as possibly described by dark energy). The theory does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not account for neutrino oscillations (and their non-zero masses). It is thought that new physics should exist leading to new particles and phenomena. The scale at which this new physics should appear is not well known, though several arguments point to the TeV scale and require a very high energy and powerful hadron collider. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the biggest existing particle accelerator and collider. It is designed to provide proton-proton collisions with an unprecedented center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, with instantaneous luminosities up to 10^{34} cm−2s−1.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 22 / Nenhuma / Na esteira da recente desproporção da remuneração executiva e dos escândalos corporativos, alguns críticos têm reclamado que essa é excessiva. Outros têm reclamado que a remuneração não é propriamente atrelada ao desempenho. Adicionalmente, a tênue conexão entre a remuneração e o desempenho, tem levantado considerações a respeito dos propósitos dos executivos e a ineficácia dos mecanismos de governança corporativa, especialmente nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido. Consequentemente, a determinação da remuneração dos gestores tem emergido como uma questão de considerável importância na literatura de governança corporativa e numerosos estudos têm buscado identificar os mais importantes fatores que impactam na remuneração executiva. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é estudar os determinantes da remuneração executiva na América Latina com base em indicadores contábeis, indicadores do mercado de ações e características de governança corporativa (incluindo características do conselho e do principal executivo, e estrutura / In the wake of the recent runaway executive compensation and corporate scandals, some critics have claimed that the compensation of executives is excessive. Others have claimed that the compensation is not properly tied to performance. Furthermore, the tenuous link between incentive ompensation and performance has raised concerns regarding executive entrenchment and ineffectiveness of corporate governance mechanism, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom. Consequently, the determination of management compensation has emerged as an issue of considerable academic importance in the corporate governance literature, and numerous studies have tried to identify the most important factor impacting executive compensation. The aim of this research is to study the determinants of executive compensation in Latin America from financial accounting measures, stock market measures, and corporate governance characteristics (including both board and CEO characteristics, and owner

Vacuum polarization integral involves the vector spectral functions which can be experimentally determined. As the dominant uncertainty source to the integral, the precision measurement of the %born cross section of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ as a function of energy from $2\pi$ threshold to 3GeV is performed by taking the ratio of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ cross section to $e^+e^-\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^-(\gamma)$ cross section which are both measured with {\babar\ }data using ISR method in one analysis. Besides that taking the ratio of the cross sections of the two processes can cancel several systematic uncertainties, the acceptance differences between data and MC are measured using the same data, and the corresponding corrections are applied on the efficiencies predicted by MC which can control the uncertainties. The achieved final uncertainty of the born cross section of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ in $\rho$ mass region ($0.6\sim0.9$GeV) is 0.54\%. As a consequence of the new vacuum polarization calculation using the new precision result of the $e^+e^-\rightarrow\pi^+\pi^-(\gamma)$ cross section, the impact on the SM prediction of muon anomalous magnetic moment $g-2$ is presented, which is also compared with other data based predictions and direct measurement.

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Submitted by Eduardo Toledo (dudutol@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-15T14:15:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Eduardo Rietmann Toledo - Final.pdf: 4612894 bytes, checksum: ab143894eec8b23502f2222a0b9a5a27 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-09-21T14:12:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Eduardo Rietmann Toledo - Final.pdf: 4612894 bytes, checksum: ab143894eec8b23502f2222a0b9a5a27 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-09-23T12:48:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Eduardo Rietmann Toledo - Final.pdf: 4612894 bytes, checksum: ab143894eec8b23502f2222a0b9a5a27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T12:49:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Eduardo Rietmann Toledo - Final.pdf: 4612894 bytes, checksum: ab143894eec8b23502f2222a0b9a5a27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / The aim of this study is to assess the impact of credit risk in the Brazilian stock cross-section return, and evaluate if a strategy based on this feature is able to generate positive and significant alpha. To measure credit risk, credit ratings were used assigned to Brazilian companies by the american agency Standard and Poors in the period between 2009 and 2014. First we divided ali firms in portfolios according to their credit risk and after we analyzed monthly returns of their stocks. Empirically, we find an evidence that the credit risk has a positive correlation in stock returns. However, as the strategy to operate based on credit risk was not able to generate significant alpha, it was not possible to statistically validate this effect on return. / O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o impacto do risco de crédito no retorno cross-section acionário brasileiro e avaliar se uma estratégia baseada nesta característica é capaz de gerar alfa positivo e significativo. Para mensurar o risco de crédito, foram utilizadas as notas de crédito atribuídas às empresas brasileiras pela agência americana Standard and Poors no período entre 2009 e 2014. Dividimos as empresas em portfolios de acordo com seu risco de crédito e analisamos os retornos mensais de suas ações. Empiricamente, encontramos indícios que o risco de crédito possui uma correlação positiva com o retorno acionário. No entanto, como a estratégia para operar baseada no risco de crédito não foi capaz de gerar alfa significativo, não foi possível validar estatisticamente este efeito sobre o retorno.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-26T19:32:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelomoreiragoulart.pdf: 2141046 bytes, checksum: bdd7d61bbcebeeaf11dd6057dd1c0f99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-26T19:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelomoreiragoulart.pdf: 2141046 bytes, checksum: bdd7d61bbcebeeaf11dd6057dd1c0f99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T19:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelomoreiragoulart.pdf: 2141046 bytes, checksum: bdd7d61bbcebeeaf11dd6057dd1c0f99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-19 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Foram obtidos neste trabalho valores de Seção de Choque Total (SCT) do impacto de elétrons em metano e etano utilizando um aparelho desenvolvido no Laboratório de Espectroscopia Atômica e Molecular (LEAM) – DF – UFJF que emprega a técnica de transmissão linear. Estes dados traduzem a probabilidade total de espalhamento de elétrons incidentes que penetram em um meio gasoso, com uma enorme gama de aplicações, tais como desenvolvimento de "lasers", física de plasmas, eletrônica gasosa, astrofísica, estudos da atmosfera exterior terrestre e de semicondutores. Para a obtenção destas medidas foi construído um canhão de baixa energia que cobre continuamente a região de energia de 20 a 250 eV, com uma resolução em energia de 0,6 eV e intensidades de corrente da ordem de unidades a centenas de ƞA. As medidas foram realizadas para o metano e etano cobrindo as energias de 100, 110, 120, 130 e 150 eV e também 90eV para o etano. A partir das medias de atenuação do feixe eletrônico ao atravessar uma célula preenchida com o gás a ser estudado, a SCT foi obtida aplicando-se a Lei de Lambert-Beer. Os elétrons que não sofreram espalhamento pelos alvos foram discriminados daqueles espalhados por um analisador cilíndrico dispersivo 127º antes de serem detectados por um Coletor de Faraday. Os dados necessários à realização do cálculo de SCT para um valor de energia definido foram obtidos através de um processo estatístico envolvendo uma série de 5 a 10 seções de medidas. Além das medidas experimentais, determinou-se a SCT através da fórmula semi-empírica de García e Manero. Propôs-se, também, uma nova técnica de aquisição da SCT através da detecção do feixe de elétrons espalhado que atinge as paredes da célula de espalhamento. Os dados foram comparados com aqueles disponíveis na literatura e os calculados. Os valores de SCT obtidos neste trabalho apresentaram relativa concordância com a literatura. / Were obtained in this work values of total cross-section (TCS) of electron impact on methane and ethane using a device developed at the Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory (LEAM) - DF - UFJF employing the linear transmission technique. These data reflect the total scattering probability of incident electrons that penetrate a gaseous medium with a wide range of applications, such as the development of lasers, plasma physics, gaseous electronics, astrophysics, studies of Earth's outer atmosphere and semiconductors. A low-energy electron gun continuously covering the energy from 20 to 250 eV was built to obtain these measures with an energy resolution of 0.6 eV and current intensity of the order of units to hundreds of ƞA. The measurements were performed for methane and ethane covering the energies of 100, 110, 120, 130 and 150 eV and 90 eV also for ethane. Starting from mean attenuation of the electron beam that pass through a cell filled with gas to be studied, the SCT was obtained by applying the Beer-Lambert Law. The electrons that have not been scattered were discriminated from those scattered by a 127º cylindrical dispersive analyzer before being detected by a Faraday Cup. The necessary data to perform the calculation of TCS to a specific energy value was obtained through a statistical process involving a range from 5 to 10 acquisition turns. In addition to the experimental measurements, the SCT was determined by the semi-empirical formula of García and Manero. It was also proposed a new acquisition technique of SCT by detecting the scattered electron beam that reaches the walls of the scattering cell. The data were compared with those available in literature and the calculated ones. TCS values obtained in this study showed relative agreement with the literature.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Yurii Maravin / In this Dissertation I present a detailed study of ppbar->WZ production using fully leptonic decays of W and Z bosons with electrons and muons in the final state. Data used for the study were collected by the D0 detector at the Fermilab proton-antiproton collider with a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV and correspond to 4.1 fb[surepscript]-1 of integrated luminosity. The most precise measurement of the WZ production cross section is obtained and found to be in a good agreement with the standard model prediction. I also present a search for new phenomena in the WZ production by investigating the coupling between W and Z bosons and by searching for new charged particles that can decay into WZ boson pair. No evidence for new physics is found, and the most stringent limits are set on the anomalous WWZ coupling parameters and masses of charged resonances. This result also sets the stringest limit on one of the possible sources of electroweak symmetry breaking, a low-scale Technicolor with a typical heavy techni-pion hypothesis.

Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Experimental double differential cross sections and analyzing powers for the inclusive 93 Nb(p,α) r and 93 Nb(p, 3He) r reactions have been measured at an incident energy of 160 MeV. The results of this experiment, for emission angles ranging from 15º to 60º as well as previously measured data for 93 Nb(p,α) r at 100 MeV and 59Co(p,α) r at 100 and 160 MeV, have been compared with theoretical calculations based on a direct quasi-free α- cluster knockout mechanism. A computer code has been employed which calculates triple differential cross section and analysing power values using the distorted wave impulse approximation (DWIA). Inclusive double differential cross sections and analysing powers were calculated by integrating over the solid angle of the unobserved proton. It was found that the DWIA is limited in its ability to reproduce the experimental data. Some slight agreements have been observed in the region of large emission energies and small angles. This is consistent with the findings of previous studies based on a direct multi-step analysis which indicated that the first step knock-out reaction dominates in this region.