Background: Today’s market is constantly going through changes. Customers havenew tendencies and preferences towards the products they buy. It is a customer centeredbusiness culture and companies must follow it if they want to stay in the market.Therefore communication is more personalized and tries to exchange as muchinformation with customer as possible. This enhances customer relationship anddevelops more customized products. The development of customer intimacy is requiredin order to have a broader understanding on customer needs. In that way firms are moreable to meet customer preferences with the products they provide.Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe sales strategies of additional products toexisting customers in the B2B Swedish market. Further this study will identifycommunication tools when contacting customers.Research Questions:RQ1: What sales strategies can Electrolux Laundry Systems implement for additionalproducts?RQ2: How can Electrolux Laundry Systems use communication when offering newproducts?RQ3: How could communication affect the customers?RQ4: How could managers and employees perceive the sales perspectives of ElectroluxLaundry Systems?Method: The chosen method was in depth interviews. In these interviews theresearchers asked open-ended questions via face to face and via telephone and recordedthe respondents answers. The observations were carried through interviews with ninecustomers of Electrolux Laundry Systems. Scandic Hotel Värnamo, VärnamoMunicipality, Ekdahls Länghem, Ljungbybostäder, Ljungby Hospital, ElderlyHomecare Ljungby, Tekniska Förvaltningen and Ljungby Municipality.Results: The research demonstrated that the company analyzed uses customer focussales strategies and direct marketing communications as the main tools to maintain andnurture a strong relationship with customers. Also important factors have beenhighlighted that explain the essence of the study, such as the use of communication andsales efforts to establish close relationships to later on cross-sell additional products in amore suitable way according to customer’s explicit needs.

Denna studie undersöker hur ett mindre företag kan implementera cross-selling strategier. Studien har genomförts genom en fallstudie på ett mindre företag där två djupgående intervjuer med försäljningschef och VD genomförts samt en fokusgrupp med säljkåren. Det empiriska resultatet jämförs och analyseras sedan med hjälp av Rochfords och Wotruba (1996) Sales Management Mix-modell som beskriver hur företag kan påverka en säljkår. För att analysera om storleken på ett företag kan ha betydelse för en implementerings tillvägagångssätt av cross-selling produkter har även den empiriska undersökningen analyserats med hjälp av Birley och Norburns (1985) teorier om vad som skiljer mindre- och större företag. Slutsatsen av studien visar att ett mindre företag kan fokusera mer på att genomföra resurssnåla åtgärder som exempelvis höja kompetensnivån på företaget genom att höja utbildningsnivån istället för att rekrytera in ny kompetens utifrån. Ytterligare en slutsats är att CRM-system inte är en lika självklar förutsättning för cross-selling som det är på större företag då det är en relativt kostsam investering. Studien föreslår att tillvägagångssättet mindre företag använder med fördel kan utnyttjat det faktum att de inte har lika stora resurser som ett större företag men att de istället är snabbare att anpassa sin process om någon aktivitet skulle vissa sig påverka företaget negativt.

Inledning: Mer än hälften av revisionsbyråernas intäkter härrör från icke revisionsnära tjänster och det är de befintliga klienterna som köper flest tjänster. Det finns anledning att tro att klienter inte alltid uppfattar revisorers försök till korsförsäljning som just korsförsäljning utan att de istället uppfattar det som information. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utforska hur klienter uppfattar revisorers interaktiva marknadsföring genom korsförsäljning samt vilka faktorer som påverkar uppfattningen. Metod: Studien genomförs med en deduktiv ansats och en tvärsnittsdesign används. En kombination av kvantitativ enkätdata och kvalitativ intervjudata ligger till grund för studien. Webbaserade enkäter besvaras av privata företag i Östergötland och intervjuer genomförs med revisorer verksamma i Östergötland. Slutsats: Studien indikerar att klienter uppfattar revisorers interaktiva marknadsföring genom korsförsäljning som både information och korsförsäljning. Den faktor som påverkar om klienter uppfattar revisorers interaktiva marknadsföring som information är om tjänsten som revisorn presenterar uppfattas som betydelsefull. De faktorer som påverkar om klienter uppfattar revisorers interaktiva marknadsföring som korsförsäljning är om tjänsten som revisorn presenterar uppfattas som betydelsefull, revisorn uppfattas som uppriktig och kompetent samt klientens kön, där män uppfattar revisorers interaktiva marknadsföring som korsförsäljning i större utsträckning än kvinnor. Dessutom påverkar klienters uppfattningar avseende revisorn om den interaktiva marknadsföringen till övervägande del uppfattas som information snarare än försäljning. / Introduction: More than half of the revenues of the auditing firms are derived from the sales of non-audit services and it is the existing clients who purchase most of the services. There are reasons to assume that clients do not always perceive the CPA’s attempt to cross-sell as cross-selling, but rather perceive it as information.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how clients perceive interactive marketing through cross-selling by CPAs and which factors that has an impact on the perceptions.          Method: The study is conducted with a deductive approach and a cross-sectional design. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data are the basis for this study. The main data in the study is quantitative survey data collected from unlisted companies located in Östergötland. The study is supplemented with interviews with CPAs. Conclusion: The study indicates that clients perceive interactive marketing, through cross-selling, by CPAs as both information and cross-selling. There are factors that affect clients’ perceptions. The factor that affect if clients perceive the interactive marketing by CPAs as information is if the service presented by the CPA is perceived as important. The factors that affect if clients perceive the interactive marketing by CPAs as cross-selling is if the service presented by the CPA is perceived as important, clients’ perceptions of the CPA as sincere and competent and the clients’ gender, where men perceives the interactive marketing by CPAs as cross-selling to a larger extent than women. Clients’ perceptions regarding the CPA affect if the interactive marketing is predominantly perceived as information rather than cross-selling.

Most retailers and scientists agree that supporting the buying decisions of individual customers or groups of customers with specific product recommendations holds great promise. Target-oriented promotional campaigns are more profitable in comparison to uniform methods of sale promotion such as discount pricing campaigns. This seems to be particulary true if the promoted products are well matched to the preferences of the customers or customer groups. But how can retailers identify customer groups and determine which products to offer them? To answer this question, this dissertation describes an algorithmic procedure which identifies customer groups with similar preferences for specific product combinations in recorded transaction data. In addition, for each customer group it recommends products which promise higher sales through cross-selling if appropriate promotion techniques are applied. To illustrate the application of this algorithmic approach, an analysis is performed on the transaction database of a supermarket. The identified customer groups are used for a simulation. The results show that appropriate promotional campaigns which implement this algorithmic approach can achieve an increase in profit from 15% to as much as 191% in contrast to uniform discounts on the purchase price of bestsellers. (author's abstract)

本文主要目的在探討金融控股公司於進行交叉銷售時教育訓練體系之規劃研究。在總體環境與個體環境產生變革之促使下，金融業跨業兼營各類商品將會逐漸成為未來趨勢，本文希望以目前國內實際從事金融商品交叉銷售之金融保險業為研究範圍，並以負責規劃相關教育訓練活動之執行者及受訓者為研究對象，透過人員問卷查詢與訪談，及報章雜誌等相關文獻之探討，進一步分析交叉銷售時訓練體系規劃可行架構，期能對新興之金融控股公司進行交叉銷售活動時有所助益。 研究中首先透過金融業傳統教育訓練體系之分析，分別探討產物保險，人壽保險，銀行與證券公司之訓練體系，發現企業教育訓練方式將隨產業急遽變化而轉變。次則分析金融控股公司設立對金融產業之影響，包括商品，客層區隔與交叉銷售通路，而以花旗銀行為例。繼而以訪談及問卷查詢彙整結果，發現金融控股公司成立後，進行交叉銷售對企業訓練單位及受訓員工皆產生影響。最後綜合本研究結果，提出對業者進行交叉銷售訓練模式與相關實務執行之建議。期望透過本研究，能對從事交叉銷售訓練之金融控股公司或非金融控股公司與相關人員有所助益，且使其教育訓練模式之效益極大化。 / Under the pressure of changes from macro and micro environments, cross selling of various products and services among different financial industries become a trend in the near future The purpose of this paper is to analyze the establishment of training system for the cross selling demand in financial holding company. The analysis covers the financial insurance industry with practical cross-selling experience of financial products, and targets persons who are responsible to plan related training activities and trainees. The analysis method is through questionnaire survey and interview, as well as investigation of media reporting, to further analyze the possible framework of cross selling training system, with an aim to benefit those booming financial holding companies while they implement cross selling activities. Propose certain recommendations for the booming financial holding companies while they implement the cross selling activities. The study begins with analysis of traditional training system of the financial industry, including property insurance, life insurance, banks and security companies, and discovers the training methods shall change with the rapid change of the industry. Followed by analysis of the impact of financial holding companies to industry, including products, customer segmentation, and cross-selling, taking CITI CORP. as example. Then consolidates result collected from the interview and survey, finds out that after the financial holding company set up, cross selling has impacted both training persons and trainees. Lastly this paper proposes recommendations for companies doing cross selling training and practical execution, expecting to benefit both financial holding companies and non-holding companies, related persons who work on cross selling training, and to maximize the effectiveness of training models.

台灣金融業為因應全球金融自由化及國際化的趨勢，近年來，陸續成立了十四家金融控股公司，藉由原有之金融三大領域；銀行、保險與證券之資源統籌與資本集中，建立多角化的經營版圖，同時開發創新的組合式金融商品，以共同行銷之方式，提供顧客一次購足的服務並降低營運成本。 本研究基於探索共同行銷電腦化整合的動機，並以下列二點為研究目的： 1. 探討金融控股公司如何運用集團資訊資源，減少各子公司之重覆投資，達到資源共享目的。 2. 探討金融集團共同行銷之資訊應用系統整合架構。 本研究以Zachman Framework資訊架構為分析工具，進行以國內某金融集團為例之個案研究，此一個案之核心係銀行與保險公司之保單借款，並於其中加入證券公司資源以利探討金融集團應用資訊之整合，分析企業應用整合(EAI)平台進行即時之借款、還款與財富理財等服務之建置工作。 研究結果發現，資訊科技的整合在共同行銷上應用之成效主要有四個層面： 1. 整合集團客戶資料，建立客戶關係管理。 2. 發展組合式金融商品，滿足客戶需求。 3. 通路整合，銷售流程自動化。 4. 建立集團單一入口網站，有效降低資訊成本。 / In recent years, fourteen financial holding companies have been consecutively founded in Taiwan’s financial sector in response to the liberalization and globalization trends of the world finance. Stemming from three major finance realms, such as the pooling of resources and capital for banking, insurance, and securities, multi-faceted business territories have been established. By providing the customers with bundling of financial products and services towards a on-stop-shopping manner, the financial industry has begun to reducing operation costs by using cross-selling methodologies. This research explores thus the framework and IT requirement behind cross-selling services, with the following research goals: 1. to investigate the methodology needed by financial holding companies to employ corporate information resources to reduce redundant investments of subsidiary companies and to achieve the mutual resource usage goal. 2. to investigate the information resources integration framework for cross-selling financial corporations. Based on analytic method originated from Zachman Framework, this research conducted thus a case study on a domestic financial group. The core of this case study is to identify policy loan related cross-selling activities among the banking and insurance companies of the financial group. Therefore, the author has dissected and restructured the legacy financial application of information technology to establish an overview of the architect of EAI (Enterprise Applications Integration) platform with extension of real-time lending, repayment, and wealth management services, etc. A last, this research concludes the affected efficacy with respect to four aspects on information technology integration of cross-selling: 1. Organization of information resources and establishment of customer relations management. 2. Development of composite financial products to satisfy customer needs. 3. Channels integration and sales force automation system. 4. Establishment of enterprise portal with at least single-sign-on functionality to reduce cost efficiently.

[pt] Com rápido crescimento nos últimos anos, o mercado de telecomunicações está ficando cada vez mais saturado. Como a comunicação tradicional por meio de serviços de voz já é amplamente utilizada, as operadoras têm enfrentado dificuldades em atrair novos usuários. Neste cenário, as operadoras têm direcionado cada vez mais esforços nas ações de cross-selling para rentabilizar sua base de clientes, oferecendo e estimulando o uso de novos serviços. Nesta pesquisa, serão utilizados dados existentes no banco de dados de uma operadora de telefonia móvel do mercado brasileiro para testar um modelo que facilita a identificação dos clientes mais propensos à contratação de novos serviços. Os dados foram tratados por meio de técnicas de mineração de dados e árvore de decisão. Os resultados sugerem que, com base na modelagem proposta, ações de cross-selling podem ser otimizadas com o aumento da taxa de retorno e, conseqüentemente, redução no custo das abordagens e menos desgaste da base de clientes com contatos irrelevantes. / [en] Due to its fast growth in recent years, the wireless market is becoming increasingly saturated. Since traditional communication through voice services is already widely used by most individuals, wireless carriers are facing difficulties in finding and attracting new users for such services. Given this scenario, enterprises are turning their attention to cross-selling campaigns to monetize their client base, offering and stimulating the use of new services. In this research, an existent data set from a Brazilian mobile telecom carrier was used to test a model that could facilitate the identification of current customers more likely to be interested in acquiring new services. The data were analyzed and modeled via data mining and decision tree. The results suggest that, if the proposed model is used, cross-selling campaigns could be optimized, achieving an increased rate of return, reduction in the cost of contacts and less wear of the client base with irrelevant offers.

近二十年來，臺灣積極推動金融自由化及國際化，臺灣銀行業於1991年陸續開放16家新銀行設立以來，競爭加劇。同時，臺灣正式加入WTO後，臺灣金融機構面臨來自國際間跨國金融業嚴峻的挑戰，然而銀行體系普遍所面臨的問題，包括銀行家數過多、規模過小、同質性過高、逾放比過高等現象，都是主管機關在近年來希望能進行金融改革的重要課題。正當此際，為了迎接國際強大的金融集團競爭挑戰，政府必需盡速解決國內的金融問題，加速整合金融機構，因此早在2001年6月27日即通過《金融六法》，其中《金融控股公司法》對臺灣金融業的影響甚巨，其立法目的是希望臺灣金融體制朝向“股權集中化、組織大型化、經營多角化、監理透明化”方向發展，以提升金融機構的競爭力及國際化。 《金融控股公司法》通過至今已有十四家金融控股公司成立，重整了金融版圖，也影響銀行的經營模式。本研究透過搜集先進國家的金融制度發展及臺灣目前金融市場概況來研究金融控股制度對銀行業經營所產生之影響。 跨業經營已是國際間金融業整合之趨勢，因此，金融控股公司法的設立將付予臺灣金融機構進行整合、轉型的機制，讓其更具競爭力，只是是否每一金融控股公司均能成功經營，恐怕短期間業者仍要面臨階段性的調整壓力，並非一蹴可及；再則，在該法設立後，金融監理一元化將更形重要，否則當金融機構跨業經營形成金融巨人後，未來發生弊端時，就會變成金融怪獸，所引爆的金融危機，將更為迅速且嚴重，連鎖反應將更為擴大。究竟金融控股公司的設立，能否為臺灣的金融業帶來生機？以及政府應在准許業界設立金融控股公司的同時，要如何建立專業、獨立與有效率的監理機制，以避免增加業者的管理成本，並提升金融業的競爭力？是本文的研究目的。 本研究以質化研究中之個案分析法為研究方法，針對個案公司之總體策略進行研究，以策略形態分析法進行。因我國金控公司成立年代尚短，金控公司中子公司業別、轉投資事業與策略聯盟等總體策略的完整性與代表性皆具足較少，在個案選擇上來源有限。富邦金控（Fubon Financial Co., Ltd）在子公司業別、轉投資事業與策略聯盟等總體策略的完整性與代表性較其他金控公司相對完整，且經營績效表現亦佳，故以個案分析法綜合上述資料分析歸納出本研究之結論。 研究結果顯示，金融控股公司制度為近代世界金融體制之新潮流，全球金融商品已進入國際化，多元化的時代，傳統銀行的金融商品已無法滿足顧客之需求，因此銀行經營多元化已為一種趨勢，在金控公司體制下的銀行可藉交叉行銷金控子公司之各項金融商品提供顧客「一次購足」的服務，且能有效運用資源，降低成本，因此較單獨經營之銀行更具範疇經濟的效果及優勢。所以許多銀行選擇加入金控公司，也間接加速了銀行合併。 / Taiwan has been actively promoting financial liberalization and internationalization in the last two decades, and the competition is intensified when 16 new banks were set up since 1991. After Taiwan enters WTO formally, all the financial institutions face severe challenge from international banks, moreover, the domestic banking system has been facing problems such as over banking, small business scale, similar business nature, high NPL ratio, etc, and these are the problems that the government must solve as quick as possible. Taiwan government passed "Six Laws on Finance" on June 27th 2001, in order to improve the competitiveness and internationalization of the financial institutions in the following four aspects, "centralization of ownership, organization maximization, business diversification and transparent supervision". Cross business operating is becoming the main driver of international financial industry integration nowadays. The Financial Holding Company Law can help Taiwan financial institutions to merge and transform to become more competitive. At the same time, supervising authority should also review the guidelines and standards to cope with the fast changing financial habitat. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the Financial Holding Company model to the Taiwan financial industry and the measures that authority should take to have better monitoring and supervising over financial institutions in the effective and cost saving way. The case analytic approach in this research is studied with the qualitative method and analyzed by shape tactics. Fubon Financial Holding Company is more representative with better performance, so we choose it as an example in our case study. The study result shows that financial holding company model is a new trend of the modern banking system. Traditional financial products can no longer meet customers’ needs and the global financial products nowadays must be internationalized and diversified, that’s why diversification of business is also a main theme of the banking industry now. Under the Financial Holding Company model banks can cross sell products from subsidiaries of holding companies. By providing this “one stop shopping” service banks can allocate resources more efficiently and lower cost, so a lot of banks choose to join to become Financial Holding Company and which accelerated the merger of banks indirectly.

Customer retention has been shown by academic researchers to be more profitable than customer acquisition. However, its implementation in the business environment has not been so successful. One of the reasons for this is that customer retention can be achieved in several ways (e.g.. loyalty programs, affinity cards and switching costs)and that the translation from the concept of “retaining customers” to the actions and strategies to retain them is not always easy. One of the most attractive strategies to ensure that customers remains within the organisation is through cross-selling and up-selling. In short, the objective is to increase the number (or the value) of the products that a customer buys from a company to make it more difficult for him/her to leave. Whilst academic research has deeply investigated the concepts of loyalty, retention programs and trust, amongst others, cross-selling has not received the same level of attention. Moreover, existing research on cross-selling has been focused on products rather than on services. Finally, this research has mostly been conceptual in nature, with limited attempts to model or design practical cross-selling and up-selling strategies. In order for cross selling and up-selling to be effective strategies, they need to be tailored to the needs of the customer. The offer must be adequate in terms of the target (who is going to buy the product), the content (what is going to be purchased) and a time (when is the right moment to offer the new product). This thesis investigates cross-selling and up-selling from a practical point of view in Nedbank It assesses the importance of the concepts of customer retention and cross-selling and up-selling through several interviews conducted within Nedbank. Finally, this research highlights, from an empirical analysis, how repurchase decision is highly influenced by the length of the relationship with the provider and the type of products already purchased. Understanding these factors is key to successfully retaining customers via cross selling. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

[Truncated abstract] Relationship marketing and some of its associated strategies, including customer relationship management (CRM), is an approach to marketing that is increasingly recognised as important by researchers and marketers. The approach suggests that marketers should focus on developing and maintaining strong relationships with existing customers in order to increase customer lifetime value (CLV) and to reduce the costs associated with constantly acquiring new customers. Advocates promote increased revenue per customer, increased products per customer (customer share), lower customer churn (higher retention) and increased chance that loyal customers will advocate on behalf of the organisation (positive word of mouth), as just some of the benefits of building relationships. While the concept of developing stronger relationships with customers appears convincing; the successful implementation of relationship marketing & CRM initiatives has been a challenge for many enterprises. There are many reasons cited for this including differing benchmarks for success, the range of relationship marketing activities available to marketers, customer differences and how marketers choose to model customer response. To cut through this complexity and to contribute to the field, the current study was carried out to explore, in detail, a single relationship marketing initiative being implemented in a large consumer oriented organisation. The goals of the current study were to see whether the introduction of a cross-selling initiative (CSI) helped front line employees to cross-sell additional products to existing customers during face-to-face interactions and whether the technique used to predict product adoption influenced the effectiveness of those cross-selling activities. Cross-selling refers to the promotion of additional products to existing customers. .... It was considered likely that retail employees would be more confident if they received a specific cross-selling recommendation for a customer and that the increased confidence would lead to increased cross-selling activity and better results. The results confirmed that: Retail employees were more likely to approach a customer with a cross-sell offer if they had a specific recommendation for that customer. Cross-sell offers based upon those recommendations were more likely to be successful. Logistic regression was a better technique for identifying customers likely to adopt the product than anecdotal modelling approaches. The current study makes an important contribution to marketers considering or engaging in customer relationship marketing by confirming the effectiveness of CSIs. Based upon the results, CSIs appear to offer marketers an effective tool to increase customer share thereby increasing revenue and potentially increasing customer loyalty, tenure and profitability. The study also illustrates that effective modeling reduces the chance of making superfluous cross-selling offers to customers thereby reducing the cost of cross-selling, enhancing the confidence of retail employees and minimising the risk of damaging existing relationships. Overall, the study illustrates that the potential for CSIs as a relationship marketing tool is substantial and should not be underestimated.