Studien syftar till att få en djupare insikt i hur sociala och kulturella faktorer påverkar barn och ungdomar i deras val av instrument för studier på en kulturskola. I bakgrundskapitlet presenteras tidigare forskning och annan relevant litteratur inom studiens ämnesområde. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter utgörs av det sociokulturella perspektivet. Studiens metod utgörs av den kvalitativa intervjun. Sex nybörjare, tre flickor och tre pojkar i åldrarna 8-10 deltog i studien. I resultatet framkommer att omgivningen, media, musikskolan och barnet själv är faktorer som på olika sätt har påverkat barnen i deras val av instrument. Framförallt visas på att förebilder har haft en inspirerande påverkan och att informanterna bildade sig en egen uppfattning av vilka instrument de gillade och ogillade om de hade fått prova på att spela dessa. Även diskussionen lägger tonvikt på förebilder och barns egen uppfattning om val av instrument. Detta diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning samt det sociokulturella perspektivet. / The study aims to gain a deeper understanding of how social and cultural factors influence children and young people in their choice of instruments for studies at a music school. In the background chapter, previous research and other relevant literature in the study subject are presented. The study's theoretical point is the socio-cultural perspective. The study's method is the qualitative interview. Six novices, three girls and three boys between the ages of 8-10 participated in the study. The result shows that the environment, media, music school and the child itself are factors that in different ways have influenced the children in their choice of instruments. The result highlights that role models have had an inspiring effect and that informants formed their own opinion of what instruments they liked and disliked if they had the chance to play them. The discussion chapter also puts emphasis on role models and children’s own perception in the matter of choice of instruments. This is discussed in relation to previous research, and the socio-cultural perspective.

My dissertation is a speculative analysis of the historical contexts of a social protest, based on the notion of "articulation" advanced in the field of cultural studies. Focusing on the 2008 candlelight protest against U.S. beef in South Korea, my goal is to explore the historical contexts of the protest, which formulate the identity of the protest. Since the U.S. beef deal was approved by the Korean government as a precondition for the Free Trade Agreement between Korea and the United States, the protest has been considered (notably by leftists in Korea) as a resistance against post-colonial overtones and fascist eco-political principle in the era of neoliberal globalization. Instead of understanding the protest from such an essentialist perspective, my research makes a commitment to exploring the exterior factors that drove the possibility of the protest. The notion of articulation, a mode of explanation that moves beyond any linear sort of causality, provides a framework to view the protest not as a unity, but as a linkage of multi-dimensional (political, economic, social, and cultural) elements of historical contexts. Based on my journal entries written during my participation in the protest, and the journal articles about the 2008 protest written by the scholars in Korea, I explored the main characteristics of the protest in comparison with the conventional social movements in Korea, and discovered that the 2008 candlelight protest had featured the "food safety issue," "participants with heterogeneous desires," "carnivalesque modality," and an "ambiguous goal." From these main features, I inferred four salient axes of historical vectors (and their forces) including "political democratization and depoliticization," "food industrialization and wellbeing fever," "market liberalization and job insecurity," and "advanced communication technology and carnivalesque culture." My research findings present that the 2008 candlelight protest is not a definite insurgent element calling for any deep change in the dominant political and economic paradigm, but exists as a paradoxical event at the cusp between subordination to and resistance against neoliberal globalization. The main contribution of my research project entails (1) pushing the boundaries of communication studies on social resistance by including the notion of articulation which situates the 2008 candlelight protest within its historical contexts, (2) developing speculative analysis as a critical and cultural studies method for exploring structural forces operating in deep layers of our experiences, (3) delineating the new modalities of contemporary social movements by examining the concrete textures and hues of the 2008 candlelight protest, and (4) offering new ways of (re)thinking the principles of efficiency and economic growth by interrogating a case of food industrialization and global exchange.

Background: In the schools today it is common that teachers talk about children with special needs and children with “Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder” – ADHD. You can often hear people discuss about children with ADHD from the teachers point of view, that pupils are hard to handle and that they do not know how to create a good relationship with them. But you seldom hear anyone talk about school from the children’s perspective, how they feel, think and experience their school attendance.  Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how a functional disability like ADHD can effect a childs schooling and also to show how pupils with ADHD themselves experience their school attendance and how they are being treated by teachers and other pupils. Method: In order to investigate this, five interviews was carried out with students in the the ages of 16-25. I was interested in their experiences from their years in compulsory school, first to ninth grade. The theoretical basis in this study has been Vygotskijs socio-cultural perspective and concepts such as self-esteem and individualization. Result: The result of the interviews shows that large classes and disturbing noises in the classroom affected the pupil’s concentration in a bad way. They felt that their teachers did not listen or understood their complex of problems, which resulted in frustration, disappointment and anger, which often led to conflicts. They also felt that the teachers very often criticized and punished them, which resulted in more frustration and decreased self-esteem. All respondents felt a kind of alienation because of the treatment from teachers and other children. Conclusions: One of the conclusions in this study is that the teachers did not have enough knowledge, understanding or competence to give the pupils the support they required, and therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of further education for teachers.

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Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur fältsekreterare arbetar med och uppfattar det förebyggande arbetet med ungdomar. Studien har utformats som en kvalitativ intervjustudie där sju fältsekreterare från två olika kommuner deltagit. Intervjuerna utgick från en halvstrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av meningskoncentrering och tematisering. Studien har utgått från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att fältsekreterarna som deltagit i studien utgår från tre olika nivåer i det förebyggande arbetet. De olika nivåerna skapar förutsättningar för fältsekreterarna att befinna sig på ungdomarnas olika arenor och därmed skapa sig en helhetssyn på ungdomarna. Målet med det förebyggande arbetet beskrivs utifrån syftet att skapa ett gott liv för ungdomarna. Det förebyggande arbetet bygger på kontaktskapande. Detta görs genom uppsökande arbete samt genom att möta ungdomarna utifrån deras perspektiv. Att skapa hållbara relationer beskrivs som viktigt. Detta görs genom att använda den egna personligheten som ett verktyg, samt genom att finnas kvar över tid för ungdomarna. Fältsekreterarna har beskrivit relationen som central och menar att den kan användas som ett verktyg för lärande och utveckling hos ungdomarna. Slutsatser som kan dras utifrån studiens resultat är att fältsekreterarna i sitt arbete strävar efter att arbeta utifrån en helhetssyn där ungdomens delaktighet i arbetet är i fokus. Ytterligare en slutsats är att relationen kan ses som ett centralt verktyg för ett lyckat förebyggande arbete / The purpose of this study was to investigate how field secretaries are working with and perceive the preventive work with young people. The study was designed as a qualitative study in which seven field secretaries from two different municipalities participated. The interviews were based on a half-structured interview guide. The interview data were coded and divided into relevant themes. The study was based on a socio-cultural perspective. The result revealed that the field secretaries who participated in the study based their work on three different levels of prevention. The different levels create conditions for the field secretaries to be on the young people's various venues and thereby gain a holistic view of the young people. The goal of prevention is described according to the purpose of creating a good life for young people. Preventative work is based on creating contacts. This is done through outreach work and by meeting young people from their perspective. Creating sustainable relationships are described as important. This is done by using one's own personality as a tool, as well as to continue to exist over time for the young people. The field secretaries have described the relationship's importance to their work and explain how it can be used as a tool for learning and development in the young people.A conclusion to be drawn from the study's results is that the field secretaries strive to work from a holistic view were the youths own participation in the work is the focus. Another conclusion is that the relationship can be seen as a key tool for a successful prevention

The purpose of the studyfocuses onhow teachersatan uppersecondary school, studentsin the autismspectrum,describetheir experiencesof working withmappingtools, Nylander(2012).Inmy research questionsIstarted fromthe teachers’ descriptions of their experiences of mapping procedures, if the outcome ofthe mapping hasinfluenced theteachers'educational work and ifmappingcould contribute tothe visibilityandclarification of the student´s functioning in aschool context. As the study is based on five interviews in which teachers reflect on their experiences from the tool of mapping, the socio-cultural perspective where learning takes place through interaction with the environment became a framework to build from. The method has been interviews based on a qualitative research interview. By using interviews, I was able to capture the diversity of the interviewees’ experiences described from the basis of an interview guide. This process also allowed room for flexibility where the interviewees were given the opportunity to elaborate on their views and ideas. This flexibility added valuable aspects of the teachers' experiences of mapping.   In the analysis ofmy result, I found that mappingwas importantin situations wherethe student'scontextneeded tobe made visible.The teachersexplained that themappingtoolwasan aidin understandinglearning andmoodas well asin detecting recurringpatterns in learning and mood. Based onthis information,teachersoccasionallyandin limitedcontextshave been able toadjust their teaching. Italso emerged that thetool of mappinghad notchanged theteachers'way of educating, butrather been used as a complementtothe learning situation. / Studiens syfte fokuserar på hur pedagoger på en gymnasiesärskola, elever inom autismspektrat, beskriver sina erfarenheter av att arbeta med ett kartläggande verktyg, Nylander (2012). I mina frågeställningar har jag utgått ifrån hur pedagogerna beskriver sina erfarenheter av kartläggningens genomförande, om resultatet av kartläggningen påverkat pedagogernas arbete i undervisningen och om kartläggningen kan bidra till ett synliggörande och tydliggörande av elevens fungerande i dess skolsammanhang.   Då studien bygger på fem intervjuer där pedagoger reflekterar utifrån verktyget kartläggning blev det sociokulturella perspektivet, där lärandet sker i samspel med omgivningen, en grund att utgå ifrån. Metoden har varit intervjuer utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsintervju. Genom att använda intervjuer kunde jag fånga den mångfald som de intervjuade beskrev utifrån en färdig intervjuguide. I denna process gavs även utrymme för flexibilitet där de intervjuade erbjöds möjlighet att utveckla sina synpunkter och idéer. Denna flexibilitet adderade värdefulla aspekter av pedagogernas erfarenheter kring kartläggning.     I analysen av mitt resultat fann jag att kartläggningen hade betydelse i situationer där elevens sammanhang behövde synliggöras. Pedagogerna förklarade att verktyget kartläggning blev ett stöd till förståelse av lärande och mående samt upptäckten av återkommande mönster i dessa. Utifrån denna information har pedagogerna stundtals och i begränsade kontexter kunnat anpassa undervisningen. Här framkom även att verktyget inte hade förändrat pedagogernas sätt att undervisa, utan snarare blivit ett komplement i lärsituationen.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det finns grundläggande skillnader i undervisningsmetoder och pedagogiska förhållningssätt mellan fiolpedagoger inom genren svensk folkmusik. Jämförelsen fokuserar på lärare med respektive utan formell musiklärarexamen inom genren. Fyra kvalitativa telefonintervjuer har legat till grund för undersökningen där de med respektive utan examen representerats av två personer var. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien har varit det sociokulturella perspektivet. Studiens resultat visar att det är mer som förbinder än som skiljer de fyra pedagogerna åt. Här finns ett betonande av gehörsundervisning, spelglädje och musikalisk funktion, vilket hör till traditionen i den svenska folkmusikgenren. Detta är en stor del av det sociokulturella perspektivet där tradition, sociala sammanhang och fysiska artefakter är centralt. Dock är det möjligt att se ett tydligare inslag av institutionaliserade kunskaper bland de med formell lärarexamen. Här finns ett större användande av noter och en något mer uttalad progression i pedagogiken. Här finns också en större öppenhet för genrebredd, medan de utan musiklärarexamen mer renodlat inriktar sig på svensk folkmusik och vad genrens historik grundas på. / The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there are fundamental differences in methodologies and pedagogical approach between violin pedagogues of the genre of Swedish folk music. The comparison focuses on teachers with and without formal music teacher education in the genre. Four qualitative telephone interviews were the basis for the study, where two people each represented those with and without a degree. The theoretical starting point for the study has been the socio-cultural perspective. The results demonstrate that there is more connecting than separating the four teachers ate. Here is an emphasis on ear training teaching, joy and musical function, which belongs to the tradition of the Swedish folk music genre. This way of working is connected to the socio-cultural perspective, where tradition, social context, and physical artefacts are in focus. However, it is possible to see a clearer part of institutionalized knowledge among the teachers with formal teaching qualification. These teachers have a greater use of notes and a slightly more pronounced progression in education. They also have a greater openness to all music, while those without a music teacher education more purely focuses on Swedish folk music and what the genre's history is based on.

The main domain in which eating disorders are defined is medical, whereas socio-cultural perspectives are less common. Because social workers seeks to explain different problems taking societal factors into account, we asked ourselves if social workers have a way of understanding eating disorders, that is different from a medical point of view. Two focus group interviews were conducted; the one composed by social workers with experience of working with eating disorders, and the other by social workers without that experience, which enabled comparisons. The interviews were analyzed using socio-cultural and feminist perspectives. The result showed that the social workers use socio-cultural perspectives in explaining eating disorders. Both groups also emphasized the medical perspective, but the first group where less willing than the other to depart from this perspective. The conclusion were made that the social workers having experience of working with eating disorders are more into the medical discourse than are the ones without this experience. / Ätstörningar tolkas företrädesvis utifrån ett medicinskt perspektiv, medan förklaringar med utgångspunkt i perspektiv som betonar samhälleliga och kulturella orsaker är mindre vanliga. Eftersom sociokulturella faktorer, inom det sociala arbetets disciplin, är en central referenspunkt till de förklaringar som söks till olika problem, frågade vi oss om socionomer har ett annat sätt att se på ätstörningar, som skiljer sig från ett medicinskt synsätt. Två fokusgruppintervjuer genomfördes med socionomer med respektive utan erfarenhet av arbete med ätstörningar. På så sätt kunde jämförelser mellan grupperna göras. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av sociokulturella och feministiska perspektiv. Resultatet visade att socionomerna har en syn på ätstörningar som inkluderar sociokulturella faktorer. Även det medicinska perspektivet framhölls av båda grupperna, men gruppen med erfarenhet av arbete med ätstörningar var mindre benägen att frångå detta perspektiv. Av detta drogs slutsatsen att socionomerna som arbetar med ätstörningar är mer influerade av det medicinska synsättet än socionomerna utan denna erfarenhet.

För att kunna hantera konflikter krävs olika kompetenser, vilka som krävs och hur vi behärskar dessa genom olika erfarenheter som vi skapat oss i olika sammanhang är en central fråga i denna studie. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka kompetenser sektionschefer inom statliga myndigheter upplever sig behöva för att hantera konflikter på arbetsplatsen mellan sina medarbetare. Vi vill också belysa under vilka omständigheter de samlat på sig dessa erfarenheter. För att besvara syftet tog vi hjälp av följande frågeställningar: “vilka kompetenser anser sektionschefer vara relevanta för att hantera en konflikt?”, “vilka tidigare erfarenheter anser de vara användbara?” samt “hur använder de sig av tidigare erfarenheter för att hantera konflikter på arbetsplatsen?”. En forskningsöversikt över olika fält presenteras under följande rubriker: vad konflikthantering innebär, vad som krävs för konflikthantering som tredje part, nödvändiga kompetenser samt relationen till statliga myndigheter. För att undersöka syftet genomförde vi intervjuer med sju sektionschefer på två statliga myndigheter. Med utgångspunkt i Lev Vygotskijs teori om sociokulturella perspektiv samt Mikhail Bakhtin har vi analyserat och redovisat resultatet. Resultatet visar att sektionscheferna anser sig behöva kompetenser såsom ödmjukhet, vara lyhörd, att kunna se vad som händer på kontoret samt vara modig och våga ta tag i saker. Vikten av att hålla sig neutral nämner de också som en viktig aspekt. De omständigheter som sektionscheferna berättat bidragit med erfarenheter inom konflikthantering är livserfarenhet det viktigaste som de fått sig till livs i familjesammanhang, sportsammanhang samt tidigare arbetslivserfarenheter. I diskussionen behandlas även relationen till tidigare forskning samt resoneras kring framtida forskning. / In order to manage conflict, different competencies are required, which competences are required and how we master them through different experiences, from different contexts, are a key issue in this study. This study aims to investigate which competences section managers within government agencies feel they need to manage conflict at work between their co-workers. We also want to highlight the circumstances under which they amassed these experiences. To be able to answer the purpose, we took the help of these issues: "Which competencies does section managers believe to be relevant to manage conflict?” "Which past experiences do they believe to be useful?" and "How do they use past experience to deal with conflicts in the workplace?". A research across various fields is presented under the following headings: what is conflict, what is required from the third party in conflict management, essential competencies and the relationship to government agencies. To examine the purpose, we conducted interviews with seven heads of sections of two different state agencies. On the basis of Lev Vygotskij's theory about sociocultural perspective, and Mikhail Bakhtin, we have analyzed and reported the results from the empirical material. The results shows that the section heads considers necessary competencies such as humility, to be responsive, to be able to see what happens in the office and to be brave and be able to address problems. The importance of being able to stay neutral was also mentioned as an important aspect. The circumstances that seem to be the most important in the contribution with experience in conflict management seems to the section managers be life experience in different ways. These experiences they received from family context, sporting and previous work experience. In the discussion we also deal with the relation to previous research, and there is also a discussion about future research.

Background: A variety of factors may interplay between nurses and maternity clients of diverse ethnic origins to disrupt effective ethnocultural care encounters. Study Aim/Research Questions: The aim of this study was to explore maternity nurses care experiences with African immigrant/refugee women. Methodology: Focused ethnography. Methods: Data collection through a purposive sample using semi-structured interviews. Location/Setting: Maternity units of three acute care hospitals in Alberta, Canada. Participant Number & Characteristics: Twelve maternity nurses of RN or LPN designation. Approach to Analysis: A cyclical, iterative process of data collection & analysis with Atlas.ti6. Findings: Maternity nurses use multiple ways of gaining knowledge and information to negotiate ethnocultural care encounters. Awareness of larger social structures that impede deeper critical reflection and assessment is needed. Implications: This research study has the potential to affect positive learning outcomes amongst nurses such as improved therapeutic communication, care decision making and subsequent nurse-client relationships in ethno-cultural encounters.