Summary It is the most important divide in 1993, before that, the broadcasting in Taiwan is self-contained and monopolized. The government authorities had made applications of channels open to the public access officially for 10 years since 1993. Early and late, there¡¦re more than 100 low-powered, medium-powered, and high-powered radio stations have established and the amount has reached around 300~350 ones if you count illegal underground broadcasting stations in. That is the highest density and most chaotic area all over the world. Not only variety devices but also new fantastic guise, the broadcasting market in Taiwan with furious and flaming competitions, and each one goes his own way. Because an excess of radio stations, all of them are tired out to operate. Opening up newspapers and TV programs, as a result of high initiative limits, few companies have acceded to the market and competed with each other intensely. Recently years, most mess mediums are in a red. As long as you can talk, you can have a chance to be a DJ. Not going into the program quality, it still has specific audiences. And even more some radio stations are striving for their listeners by showing political standpoints instead of caring about the profit and custom. Therefore, the feature of broadcasting industry of Taiwan is carrying on broadcasting stations¡¦s extremely difficult and tough. The superficial measure of Taiwan is not vast and the population is not multitudinous either, and the social structure between northern and southern part is widely dissimilar. Professor Wang ming-sheng said, the people who live in south part in Taiwan are short of citizen accomplishments, then it makes cultural standings are quite different. By this way, marketing tactics are changing, too. Such as languages, industries, educational standings and elder age level, they are business elements you have to consider. This is the key subject we want to keep researching and making a study constantly. Key words: Format, DAB, Internet Radio

Through out its history, traditional radio station has left part of its listener unsatisfied. Social media is a hot new media, that allows a group of stranger come together because of the same interest; share and exchange information. A lot of traditional media try to join this new media but for radio stations it¡¦s still at a early stage trying to uncover user¡¦s need without a clear direction. This research is a first attempts trying to discuss the relationship between social media user behavior and the traditional radio stations. This research attempts to discuss the relationship between social media user behavior and the operation of radio management. By analyzing radio station¡¦s Facebook fans page in order to understand users motivation, behavior and reasons of satisfaction. Through that hoping to understand user¡¦s need and design radio station base on their needs. Further reinforce the likeable towards the fan page even raise the loyalty the fans have for the station Assume user behavior will affect lever of satisfactory, look through the relationship between user behavior and lever of satisfactory, in the six behavior include pressing ¡§like¡¨, ¡§leave a massage¡¨, ¡§share¡¨, ¡§chat¡¨,¡¨read message¡¨,¡¨event¡¨. Four of then are related with level of satisfactory. Research design and method, the questions are structure to discuss questions includes: --Discuss what actions will satisfy the user on the radio station¡¦s Facebook fan page --Analyze what are the actions that are satisfying for the users on the radio station¡¦s Facebook fan page. By using surveys, analyzing data, and discussion. This result shows, the user on Facebook can receive satisfaction and willing to recommend it to friends.

The Reelin signaling pathway has been proven to play a critical role in human neural development, especially in the architectonic development of the central nervous system. Extracelltilar Reeiin binds to the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (VLDLR) or the Apolipoprotein -E Receptor Type 2 (ApoER2) on the neural cell membrane and then induces tyrosine phosphorylation· o( the adapter protein Disabled - 1 (Dab-1 ). The phosphorylated Dab-I then cross talk with Wnt pathway to regulate gene expression. Recent researches have shown the Reelin pathway, or more specifically, Dab 1 over expression inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3P (GSK-3P) of the Wnt pathway. Taken the effect that inhibition of GSK-3P frees and promotes the P-Catenin acumination in cell cytosol and nucleus, and demonstrated by recent researches, increased level of neuron differentiation of GSK-3 p inhibited cell, we suggest that Dab-1 's ability of inhibit GSK- 3P will also result in increase level of P-Catenin in the human neural stem cells (HNSC), thus inducing the HNSC cells to differentiate. Testing the HNSC cells separately with Reelin conditioned media treatment and Dab-1 over-expression show significant increasing of acumination of P-Catenin in cell nucleus. Furthermore, demonstrated by our studies, Dab-1 over-expression also increases the neuron differentiation in HNSCs.

This work presented is DC-DC isolated ZVS Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) single phase converter, based three-state switching cell is presented. The proposal is to apply it in photovoltaic systems with battery bank into smart networks. Basically the drive control is the duty cycle (D) of the switches and the Phase Shift (φ) of the fundamental tensions between the bridges. The gyrator modeling of the converter is presented, highlighting its natural operating characteristic as gyrator. Shows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the converter, realizing the full study of the stages of operation of the topology and checking all sixteen regions of operation. To obtain the regions of soft-switching, the fundamental model is applied. The design procedure of the converter is presented, and the results of simulations. A 2kW prototype was developed, aimed at obtaining experimental results validate the theoretical analysis / Neste trabalho à apresentado o conversor CC-CC ZVS isolado bidirecional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) monofÃsico, baseado na cÃlula de comutaÃÃo de trÃs estados. A proposta à aplicÃ-lo em sistemas fotovoltaicos com banco de baterias em redes inteligentes. Basicamente o controle do conversor consiste na razÃo cÃclica (D) dos interruptores e o Phase Shift (φ) entre as componentes fundamentais das tensÃes entre as pontes. A modelagem por gyrator do conversor à apresentada, destacando-se sua caracterÃstica natural de funcionamento como gyrator. Mostra-se a anÃlise qualitativa e quantitativa do conversor, realizando o estudo completo das etapas de operaÃÃo da topologia e verificando todas as dezesseis regiÃes de operaÃÃo. Para obtenÃÃo das regiÃes de comutaÃÃo suave, à aplicado o modelo fundamental. O procedimento de projeto do conversor à apresentado, alÃm dos resultados de simulaÃÃes. Um protÃtipo de 2 kW foi desenvolvido, visando a obtenÃÃo dos resultados experimentais e validando a anÃlise teÃrica.

Paired box protein - 8 (PAX8) är ett protein kodat av PAX8-genen som lokaliseras i kromosom 2. PAX8 reglerar transkriptionen för organogenesen av tyreoidea, placenta, njure samt innerörat. MRQ-50 är en klon mot PAX8 som används för klinisk patologisk diagnostik inom Region Skåne. Det har visat sig att MRQ-50 korsreagerar med lymfocyter och andra PAX-proteiner i vävnaden. Syftet med studien var att utveckla och optimera ett protokoll för maskinell immunhistokemisk färgning med en alternativ klon av PAX8 antikropp, klon SP348. Immunhistokemi (IHC) används för detektion av antigen i vävnadssnitt och används som komplement inom histopatologi. I denna studie undersöktes två olika varianter av samma klon SP348, Anti PAX8 antibody [SP348] –N- terminal (PAX8-N) samt Anti PAX8 antibody [SP348] - BSA and Azid free (PAX8-B). Flera olika förbehandlingsprotokoll testades i Roche Ventana Benchmark ultra. Förbehandlingsprotokollen hade olika tid och temperatur samt två olika förbehandlingsbuffertar, CC1 och CC2. Två olika visualiserings kit användes, OptiView DAB IHC detektion kit och UltraView Universal DAB kit. Protokollnummer 4818 med buffert CC1 ansågs som bäst där inkubationstiden var 48 minuter med temperaturen 100C. PAX8-N hade en betydligt renare kontrastinfärgning och starkare intensitet jämfört med PAX8-B som hade måttlig till stark kontrast i majoriteten av vävnaderna som analyserades. Vid jämförelse med MRQ-50, klon som används kliniskt inom Region Skåne, visar PAX8-N en renare infärgning. / Paired box protein - 8 (PAX8) is a protein encoded by the PAX8 gene located on chromosome 2. PAX8 regulates the transcription for organogenesis of thyroid, placenta, kidney and inner ear. MRQ-50 is a clone directed against PAX8 and used for clinical diagnostics within Region Skåne. MRQ-50 has been shown to cross-react with lymphocytes and other PAX genes in tissues. The purpose of the study was to optimize a protocol for automated immunohistochemical staining with an alternative antibody clone directed to PAX8, clone SP348. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used to detect antigens in tissue sections and is used as a complement within histopathology. In this study, two different variants of the same clone SP348, Anti PAX8 antibody [SP348] -N terminal (PAX8-N) and Anti PAX8 antibody [SP348] - BSA and Azide free (PAX8-B) were investigated. Several pre-treatment protocols were tested on Ventana Benchmark ultra from Roche. The pre-treatment protocols had different incubation time, temperature and two different pre-treatment buffers, CC1 and CC2. Two different detection kits were used, OptiView DAB IHC detection kit and UltraView Universal DAB kit. The protocol number 4818 with buffer CC1, incubation time of 48 minutes and temperature of 100C was considered optimal. PAX8-N had a significantly clearer contrast staining och stronger intensity compared to PAX8-B which had a moderate to strong contrast in the majority of the tissues analyzed. When compared to MRQ-50, the currently used clone clinically in Region Skåne, PAX8-N shows a cleaner staining.

Hardware updates and feature updates of electronic equipment can take a long time for market implementations. Technology tends to become obsolete by the time the update is launched into the market. In the automotive industry, the service entertainment module (SEM) containing the core logic for Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radio tuners lack the facility for software-based updates. One of the major challenges for the infotainment/entertainment modules in the automotive industry is to have a single radio module that can support software updates and multistandard radio technologies from different countries. Software Defined Radios (SDR) can be used to deal with this problem as SDR is a platform to prototype or develop new communication protocols as well as add new features or capabilities to the existing protocols without requiring major capital expenditures. SDR is a cost-effective radio platform because it can update radio equipment on the fly and provide additional functionality without requiring hardware modifications. By means of software instead of hardware updates, development loops could be shortened and manufacturing costs are reduced. In this thesis, a thorough comparison of a hardware-based tuner and a software-based tuner is performed in the presence of AM/FM/DAB modulated signals based on the metrics specified in ETSI EN 303 345-1 including sensitivity, adjacent channel suppression, far-off channel suppression, cross-modulation, third-order intermodulation, etc. After performance evaluation and comparison, it can be proven that the SDR based system can perform as well as the hardware tuner used in the SEM unit. / Hårdvaruuppdateringar och funktionsuppdateringar av elektronisk utrustning kan ta lång tid för marknadsimplementeringar. Teknik tenderar att bli föråldrad när uppdateringen lanseras på marknaden. Inom fordonsindustrin saknar servicunderhållningsmodulen (SEM) som innehåller kärnlogiken för Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM) och Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) radiostemmare möjligheten för programvarubaserade uppdateringar. En av de största utmaningarna för infotainment/ underhållningsmodulerna i bilindustrin är att ha en enda radiomodul som kan stödja programvaruuppdateringar och multistandardradioteknologier från olika länder. Programvarudefinierade radioapparater (SDR) kan användas för att hantera detta problem eftersom SDR är en plattform för att prototypa eller utveckla nya kommunikationsprotokoll samt lägga till nya funktioner eller kapaciteter till de befintliga protokollen utan att kräva stora investeringar. SDR är en kostnadseffektiv radioplattform eftersom den kan uppdatera radioutrustning i farten och ge ytterligare funktionalitet utan att kräva hårdvaruändringar. Med hjälp av mjukvara istället för hårdvaruuppdateringar kan utvecklingsslingor förkortas och tillverkningskostnaderna reduceras. I denna avhandling utförs en grundlig jämförelse av en hårdvarubaserad tuner och en mjukvarubaserad tuner i närvaro av AM / FM / DABmodulerade signaler baserade på mätvärden som specificeras i ETSI EN 303 345-1 inklusive känslighet, intilliggande kanalsuppression, avlägsna kanalundertryckning, tvärmodulering, tredje ordning intermodulering etc. Efter utvärdering och jämförelse av prestanda kan det bevisas att det SDR-baserade systemet kan fungera liksom hårdvarutunern som används i SEM-enheten.

This work developed a deep investigation about different three level three level modulation patterns that the DAB converter can operate, and the impact of these different patterns over the converter power flow and efficiency. The DAB converter can be controlled by three design variables, here defined as control trio (D1, D2, φ). D1 is the duty cycle applied to the high voltage Full Bridge, D2 is the duty cycle applied to the low voltage Full Bridge and φ is the angle between the voltages. For the selection of the control trio that allow the current flow reduction and the efficiency maximization, two algorithms based on the sweep of these variables have been developed. First, the switching frequency (fs), the transformation ratio (a) and the inductance (LHV) are defined by the weighted average efficiency (standards) which result in an optimum design (maximum efficiency) considering the transformer load curve. On the second algorithm, one figure of merit is used, here called current factor , which finds the control trio to mitigate the power flow for each operation point, specified by input and output voltages and power. As result, this work figures out the best relation of design parameters (fs, a, LHV) and of the control trio (D1, D2, φ) for all the operation range (power and voltages variations in a defined period) that results in a maximum efficiency to the DAB converter, according with the component technologies. An analysis of the conditions to get zero voltage switching on semiconductors is also performed. / Este trabalho realiza uma investigação aprofundada sobre os diferentes padrões de modulação três níveis três níveis que o conversor DAB pode assumir, e o impacto que esses diferentes padrões provocam sobre a energia circulante na estrutura e sobre o rendimento. O conversor DAB pode ser controlado por três variáveis de projeto, aqui definidos como trio de controle (D1, D2, φ). D1 é a razão cíclica aplicada ao Full Bridge do lado de alta tensão, D2 a razão cíclica aplicada ao Full Bridge do lado de baixa tensão e φ o ângulo de defasagem entre as duas tensões. Para a seleção do trio de controle que permita a redução da corrente circulante e a maximização do rendimento, foram desenvolvidos dois algoritmos baseados na varredura destas variáveis. No primeiro, através do rendimento médio ponderado (normatizado), são encontradas a frequência de comutação (fs), a relação de transformação (a) e a indutância (LHV) que resulta em um projeto ótimo (máximo rendimento) considerando a curva de carga do transformador. Já, no segundo algoritmo, é utilizada uma figura de mérito, aqui denominada de fator de corrente que encontra o trio de controle que mitiga a energia circulante para cada ponto de operação especificado pelas tensões de entrada e saída e potência. Como resultado final, este trabalho aponta a melhor combinação de parâmetros de projeto (fs, a, LHV) e do trio de controle (D1, D2, φ) para toda a faixa de operação (variações de tensões e potências no período de tempo) que implica no máximo rendimento do conversor DAB, de acordo com as tecnologias. Também é realizada uma análise das condições a serem satisfeitas para que a comutação das chaves ocorra sob zero de tensão.

This study examines the social shaping of digital radio in Europe and provides new insights about the main competing technologies and the discourses built around their capabilities. The radio frequency spectrum is a limited resource and in order to be used in the most efficient way different organizations have been researching optimizing standards since the mid-1980s. The Eureka-147 project produced the first European digital broadcasting standard DAB whose development have been initially fostered by public service broadcasters and electronics manufacturers, consequently by commercial broadcasters and governmental institutions. The design and policy of DAB did not manage to grasp the attention and support of all the actors present in the nascent digital radio industry. A decade after its launch DAB was followed by other digital radio standards, as DAB+ and DRM, in the role of complements/competitors. At the same time the Internet started to be used as infrastructure for delivering radio or sound entertainment content. Thirty years after the beginning of the European digital radio experience, the picture is still complex and no technology achieved a complete and harmonized implementation. Across Europe, countries have been involved in the digitalization of radio to different extent: Norway announced FM transmissions shutdown in 2017, UK and Switzerland have developed an almost nationally wide digital network coverage and are about to run their switchover plans, some other countries as Sweden and Italy are still in a transmission-trial and evaluation phase. The history of digital radio in Europe offers ground for a Social Shaping of Technology analysis as exposed in “The Social construction of technological systems” (1987) by Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch. The Social Shaping of Technology claims that technologies and their outcomes are always socially negotiated. According to this theoretical framework and in particular to the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) methodology, it is possible to highlight a number of social groups negotiating the final technology in the development of every artefact. In particular SCOT allows to find points of interpretative flexibility, namely diverging interpretations that different groups have of a same technology or a particular feature of it. These arguments or discourses are built around a technology or its features in order to foster a particular concerns of the corresponding group. This master thesis analyses the development of digital radio in Europe according to the framework provided by the Social Shaping of Technology, enriching the number of case studies that have been conducted following this framework. In this way the dissertation “The Social Shaping of European Digital Radio” provides an overview on the social, political and economic forces which negotiated the technology throughout its development and provides a deeper understanding of the overall digital media technology industry.

Factum Electronics AB develops and manufactures equipment for Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB). The increasing availability of IP networks has made the possibility to distribute the DAB signal, which is traditionally distributed over dedicated telecom links, over an IP backbone an interesting issue. This thesis investigates the possibilities to do this. Since distribution over IP is an unreliable service, it discusses techniques that can be used to eliminate the lack of reliability in IP. It also examines the advantages and drawbacks of using IP multicast, which would make it possible for many receivers to take part of the same signal. During the work behind this thesis, a protocol was developed including features to make the distribution more reliable. A prototype application including a client and a server was constructed to test and evaluate the protocol. Implementation issues of the protocol and test results drawn from the application are described in this thesis.

<p>TV and radio services have always been distributed over analogue broadcasting networks and been received on a TV -set or a radio receiver. Today this situation is changing due to digitalization and convergence between broadcasting, telecommunications and data communications. Other terminals, such as a PC, can also receive TV and radio services. Digital TV and radio can offer additional services such as e-commerce, electronic program guides and content synchronized to the TV and radio shows. If these services are to be received by several receiving terminals with different properties, the services must be adapted to the terminals. This can be done by scaling the services, meaning that the appearances and functionality of the services vary depending on the terminals’ properties. In this thesis scalable services are examined from a terminal point of view. Present and future receivers, platforms and possible methods to achieve scalability are presented, and their effects on scalable services are discussed.</p> / <p>TV- och radiosändningar har fram till nyligen endast distribuerats över analoga TV- och radionät och tagits emot av traditionella TV- och radioapparater, men detta håller på att ändras i och med att sändningarna digitaliseras och konvergens sker mellan broadcasting, telekom och datakom. Nu kan även andra terminaler fungera som mottagare, t.ex. en PC med ett digital-TVkort eller ett digital-radiokort. Digital TV och radio erbjuder tilläggstjänster som t.ex. ehandel, tjänster kopplade till radio- eller TV-program och elektroniska programguider. Om samma tjänst ska kunna tas emot på flera olika mottagarterminaler med olika egenskaper, måste tjänsten anpassas efter terminalerna. Detta kan göras genom att skala tjänsten, dvs. utseendet och funktionerna varierar beroende på bl.a. terminalens kapacitet. I detta arbete har terminalaspekterna på skalbara tjänster undersökts. Aktuella och framtida terminaler, plattformar och eventuella skalbarhetslösningar presenteras, och deras påverkan på skalbara tjänster diskuteras.</p>